Estimation of Block Sizes for Rock Masses with Non-persistent Joints

Summary  Discontinuities or joints in the rock mass have various shapes and sizes. Along with the joint orientation and spacing, the joint persistence, or the relative size of the joint, is one of the most important factors in determining the block sizes of jointed rock masses. Although the importance of joint persistence on the overall rock mass strength has long been identified, the impact of persistence on rock strength is in most current rock mass classification systems underrepresented. If joints are assumed to be persistent, as is the case in most designs, the sizes of the rock blocks tend to be underestimated. This can lead to more removable blocks than actually exist in-situ. In addition, a poor understanding of the rock bridge strength may lead to lower rock mass strengths, and consequently, to excessive expenditure on rock support. In this study, we suggest and verify a method for the determination of the block sizes considering joint persistence. The idea emerges from a quantitative approach to apply the GSI system for rock mass classification, in which the accurate block size is required. There is a need to statistically analyze how the distribution of rock bridges according to the combination of joint orientation, spacing, and persistence will affect the actual size of each individual block. For this purpose, we generate various combinations of joints with different geometric conditions by the orthogonal arrays using the distinct element analysis tools of UDEC and 3DEC. Equivalent block sizes (areas in 2D and volumes in 3D) and their distributions are obtained from the numerical simulation. Correlation analysis is then performed to relate the block sizes predicted by the empirical equation to those obtained from the numerical model simulation. The results support the concept of equivalent block size proposed by Cai et al. (2004, Int. J. Rock Mech. Min. Sci., 41(1), 3–19).     

山东开元洞发现典型"北方型"石笋微生长层

石笋中微层的形成一般认为与地表气候环境具有明显的季节变化有关~([1,2]).石笋微层的发育不仅具有明确的年代学意义~([2]),还具有重要的气候环境变化指示意义~([2,3]).     

引起广西西风系统特大暴雨的低空急流分析

对1990～2004年的15年间特大暴雨天气过程进行分析研究,探讨低空急流的发生发展规律和急流对广西西风系统特大暴雨的影响。     

东海陆架盆地南部中生界沉积模式

在沉积相综合分析基础之上,通过地震相分析的手段明确了东海陆架盆地南部中生界的沉积特征;结合古地理背景分析,建立了该区侏罗纪和白垩纪的沉积模式。侏罗纪时雁荡低凸起和瓯江凹陷均未形成,闽江凹陷和基隆凹陷连为一体,物源来自浙闽隆起区,发育滨浅海沉积体系,火山作用较为强烈。白垩纪晚期-古新世,随着太平洋板块俯冲角度的加大,浙闽隆起区发生裂陷,雁荡低凸起形成。西部的瓯江凹陷沉积了一套陆相的冲积扇-河流-三角洲-湖泊沉积体系;由于此间台北低凸起尚未起到分割作用,东部的闽江凹陷与基隆凹陷仍然连为一体,物源来自浙闽隆起带和台北水下火山岩带,发育滨浅海沉积体系,火山作用影响强烈。     

西藏申扎县索尔碎屑岩岩石学特征及其成因

索尔碎屑岩出露于西藏中部索尔—戈昂错一带,角度不整合覆盖于果芒错蛇绿混杂岩中的地幔橄榄岩之上,粗碎屑岩层和细碎屑岩层互层产出,并见有角砾状灰岩夹层。索尔碎屑岩中粗碎屑岩主要由灰黑色碎屑和土黄色基质所组成;细碎屑岩呈灰黑色,块状构造。碎屑的主体成分为蛇纹岩,并含有少量的尖晶石和斜长石,基质为泥晶结构碳酸盐。碎屑主要呈棱角状—次圆状,边界平直,可能是构造破碎后快速堆积而形成的。在蛇纹岩碎屑边部普遍可见垂直边界生长的板状或粒状方解石,部分碎屑之中方解石呈逐步向内部生长的趋势,而在少量的岩石中已形成了交代残余结构,反映索尔碎屑岩中的碎屑受到了碳酸盐不同程度的交代作用。通过与Gebel Mohagara蛇绿质碳酸盐岩和West Magnitogorsk古岛弧中出露的蛇绿质碳酸盐岩对比研究,初步认为索尔碎屑岩是地幔橄榄岩发生破碎后受到碳酸盐热液流体的交代所形成的。     

A Large-Eddy Simulation and Lagrangian Stochastic Study of Heavy Particle Dispersion in the Convective Boundary Layer

Large-eddy simulation and Lagrangian stochastic dispersion models were used to study heavy particle dispersion in the convective boundary layer (CBL). The effects of various geostrophic winds, particle diameters, and subgrid-scale (SGS) turbulence were investigated. Results showed an obvious depression in the vertical dispersion of heavy particles in the CBL and major vertical stratification in the distribution of particle concentrations, relative to the passive dispersion. Stronger geostrophic winds tended to increase the dispersion of heavy particles in the lower CBL. The SGS turbulence, particularly near the surface, markedly influenced the dispersion of heavy particles in the CBL. For reference, simulations using passive particles were also conducted; these simulation results agreed well with results from previous convective tank experiments and numerical simulations.     

ESTIMATE OF METHANE EMISSIONS FROM RICE FIELDS IN CHINA BY CLIMATE-BASED NET PRIMARY PRODUCTIVITY

1INTRODUCTIONIrrigated ricefieldsarecharacterizedbylargespatialandtemporalvariationsin CH4 emissiontotheatmo-sphere.Accordingly,thereisagreatuncertaintyintheestimate ofCH4 emissionsfromricefields.GreateffortshavebeenmadetoestimatetheCH4 emissionsfromricefieldsandseveralapproacheshavebeendeveloped.TherepresentativemethodsincludetheIPCC(Inter-governmentPanelofClimateChange)region-specificemissionfactormethodandthemodelcalculationmethod.Toimprovethecalculationaccuracy,theIPCCmethodreq…     

末次冰盛期-全新世东海陆坡滑塌沉积的地质年代与沉积学证据

基于东海陆坡区OT12-01孔长度为5.35 m沉积物AMS 14C测年、高分辨率粒度分析和XRF岩芯元素扫描数据,识别出了末次冰盛期(LGM)至全新世期间发生的多次滑塌事件。研究发现,OT12-01孔全新世晚期沉积层缺失,LGM至全新世期间呈现AMS 14C年龄模式频繁倒转、沉积物粒度、元素比值垂向上多处突变或"错动"等特征,保存了LGM至全新世非连续的沉积记录。OT12-01孔沉积物主要来源于低海平面时期的长江/黄河物质,OT12-01孔是由中国大陆陆源物质在东海陆架经水动力分选,细颗粒被搬运至东海陆坡后,发生多次滑塌形成。LGM时期物源供给是OT12-01孔形成滑塌沉积的重要因素,末次冰消期海平面快速上升可能是高频滑塌沉积的触发原因,而低海平面时期甲烷水合物溢出、频繁的地震和火山喷发可能是海底滑坡作用发生的诱因。     

非均匀各向异性储层地震AVAZ响应模拟及分析

基于波动理论的各向异性反射率方法能够充分考虑地震波动力学特征。对单界面理论模型、实际非均匀各向异性模型分别进行正演模拟及分析,比较Ruger理论与反射率方法模拟结果的波动力学特征。结果表明,对于界面模型两种方法均能得到相同的计算结果,但对于实际非均匀各向异性介质,基于Ruger理论的算法受时间采样率的影响,而基于波动理论的反射率方法输入实际空间域模型,计算结果不受时间采样率的限制。