资料同化对2017年登陆广东沿海台风的短期降水与路径预报影响

利用华南精细数值天气预报模式,设计了无同化资料(CTRL)、同化雷达反演水汽(EXP1)以及同化雷达反演水汽、地面和探空资料(EXP2)三个试验,对2017年登陆广东沿海的四个台风降水预报与路径预报进行模拟,以评估资料同化对登陆台风短期降水预报、路径预报的影响。分析结果如下:雷达反演水汽同化后对未来24小时降水预报技巧均有正的改善,对台风路径预报影响不大;在此基础上同化地面、探空资料后对台风路径预报有改进,对降水预报改进不明显(与EXP1比)。通过诊断分析台风“玛娃”,发现模式初值场水汽的增量配合对流上升区有利于短时间内成云致雨,从而提高短时降水预报;地面及探空资料同化有利于登陆台风的短时路径预报。      

地形重力波拖曳参数化方案在华南中尺度模式（GRAPES）中的应用试验

在华南中尺度模式GRAPES中发展KA95方案地形重力波拖曳参数化方案(GWDO),并对2012年的2月8—12日影响华南冷空气过程、8月23—24日发生在广东的局地性暴雨和5—8月共4个月的KA95方案预报试验进行检验。结果表明,KA95地形重力波拖曳参数化方案的引入,改善了GRAPES模式对冬、春季低层南风偏强和地面温度偏高的现象,一定程度上纠正了在模式积分过程中出现的南风偏差,改正了在业务预报中因南风偏强而导致温度偏差过大的现象;改善了模式对局地强降水强度和落区的预报,减小了大雨和暴雨的漏报率和预报偏差,提高了GRAPES模式对降水的预报效果。      

EXPERIMENTS OF ENSEMBLE FORECAST OF TYPHOON TRACK USING BDA PERTURBING METHOD

A new method, BDA perturbing, is used in ensemble forecasting of typhoon track. This method is based on the Bogus Data Assimilation scheme. It perturbs the initial position and intensity of typhoons and gets a series of bogus vortex. Then each bogus vortex is used in data assimilation to obtain initial conditions. Ensemble forecast members are constructed by conducting simulation with these initial conditions. Some cases of typhoon are chosen to test the validity of this new method and the results show that: using the BDA perturbing method to perturb initial position and intensity of typhoon for track forecast can improve accuracy, compared with the direct use of the BDA assimilation scheme. And it is concluded that a perturbing amplitude of intensity of 5 hPa is probably more appropriate than 10 hPa if the BDA perturbing method is used in combination with initial position perturbation.     

飞机报资料在0506华南致灾暴雨过程模拟中的应用

利用常规和非常规观测资料,对2005年6月18～24日华南地区的一次致灾暴雨过程进行了分析,并对18～19日的过程进行了模拟研究。由于常规观测资料的分析对于描述暴雨的系统结构等方面尚显不足,因此利用GRAPES模式对此次暴雨过程进行了模拟研究。采用不同资料,利用模式同化系统经过12小时的同化,将得出的不同的同化分析场作为模式的初始场,对此次过程进行24小时的数值模拟做对比模拟试验,来对比分析飞机报同化场对于模式预报的改进作用。试验证明,利用有飞机报加入的同化分析场做初始场的模拟结果不仅能够模拟出主要的降水区域,而且降水强度与实况更加吻合,比未加入飞机报的控制试验结果的准确率提高了。飞机报资料的使用对于提高此次暴雨过程模拟效果是可行的、必要的,而且也为该资料用于华南暴雨的预报奠定了基础。     

快速更新循环同化预报系统的汛期试验与分析

为了支持短时临近预报,利用新一代数值预报技术,结合高时空分辨的新一代探测所提供的观测信息,开发了基于快速更新循环同化的数值预报系统。基于GRAPES预报模式及其三维变分,开发了逐时循环同化,包括雷达、卫星、飞机、常规地面和探空等观测资料的同化模块,并采用nudging技术,引入雷达回波,订正模式的初始云水、雨水等信息,实现快速更新预报。多种测试和汛期连续试验表明,系统运行稳定可靠。逐时同化场合理,与实况基本一致。通过1个月的滚动预报综合分析和个例预报分析均表明,预报稳定有效,与观测分布基本一致,初步具备开展短时临近预报的能力。     

APPLICATION EXPERIMENT OF ASSIMILATING RADAR-RETRIEVED WATER VAPOR IN SHORT-RANGE FORECAST OF RAINFALL IN THE ANNUALLY FIRST RAINY SEASON OVER SOUTH CHINA

A scheme of assimilating radar-retrieved water vapor is adopted to improve the quality of NWP initial field for improvement of the accuracy of short-range precipitation prediction. To reveal the impact of the assimilation of radar-retrieved water vapor on short-term precipitation forecast, three parallel experiments, cold start, hot start and hot start plus the assimilation of radar-retrieved water vapor, are designed to simulate the 31 days of May, 2013 with a fine numerical model for South China. Furthermore, a case of heavy rain that occurred from 8—9 May 2013 over the region from the southwest of Guangdong province to Pearl River Delta is analyzed in detail. Results show that the cold start experiment is not conducive to precipitation 12 hours ahead; the hot start experiment is able to reproduce well the first 6 hours of precipitation, but badly for subsequent prediction; the experiment of assimilating radar-retrieved water vapor is not only able to simulate well the precipitation 6 hours ahead, but also able to correctly predict the evolution of rain bands from 6 to 12 hours in advance.     

EXPERIMENTS ON ASSIMILATION OF INITIAL VALUES IN NUMERICAL PREDICTION OF A WARM-SECTOR PRECIPITATION IN SOUTH CHINA

In order to understand the impact of initial conditions upon prediction accuracy of short-term forecast and nowcast of precipitation in South China, four experiments i.e. a control, an assimilation of conventional sounding and surface data, testing with nudging rainwater data and the assimilation of radar-derived radial wind, are respectively conducted to simulate a case of warm-sector heavy rainfall that occurred over South China, by using the GRAPES_MESO model. The results show that (1) assimilating conventional surface and sounding observations helps improve the 24-h rainfall forecast in both the area and order of magnitude; (2) nudging rainwater contributes to a significant improvement of nowcast, and (3) the assimilation of radar-derived radial winds distinctly improves the 24-h rainfall forecast in both the area and order of magnitude. These results serve as significant technical reference for the study on short-term forecast and nowcast of precipitation over South China in the future.     

地形重力波拖曳参数化对热带气旋强度和路径预报影响的研究

本文在GRAPES_TMM（Global/Regional Assimilation and Prediction System for Tropical Mesoscale Model）——中国南海台风模式版（面向南海和东南亚）中发展和引进了KA95（Kim and Arakawa,1995）地形重力波拖曳参数化方案（GWDO）,并对2012年主要的9个登陆台风进行了试验对比研究,考察了不同标准Richardson数（Ri_c）的GWDO试验对台风路径和强度预报的影响。结果表明,在引入地形重力波拖曳参数化过程后,模式对台风登陆时路径和强度的预报能力均要有提高,对台风预报时长越长,GWDO的影响也更为显著。对双台风“SAOLA”和“DAMREY”试验结果表明,GWDO对台风外围距台风中心150 km的对流层中下层风速减弱较为明显,减弱了GRAPES区域模式对台风强度预报偏强的现象,对台风强度长时间预报改善更为明显。不同标准Ri_c对重力波拖曳力的计算较为敏感,当Ri_c取1.0时,动能迅速的在低层被频散,能量无法有效地上传;Ri_c取0.25时,大部分的能量在中高层被频散。总的来说,Ri_c取0.75时对台风路径和强度预报改进更为显著,其结果可为业务预报提供指导意义。     

中国南海台风模式(TRAMS-v2.0)技术特点及其预报性能

中国南海台风模式(TRAMS)是基于GRAPES的非静力中尺度模式,采用半隐半拉格朗日时间差分方案,借助Helmholtz方程进行隐式求解,并在原模式的基础上,采用三维静力参考大气、非线性项分步计算、物理过程倾向隐式处理及与动力过程耦合等技术,形成新的模式动力过程计算方案。模式物理过程主要包括:长短波辐射、云微物理、湍流和深浅对流和海陆面等下垫面参数化方案,新版南海台风模式重点研发了海陆面参数化方案(SMS方案),改进了积云参数化方案(NSAS方案),并且引入地形重力波拖曳参数化方案(KA95方案)。预报模式的覆盖范围:81~161°E,0~51°N。水平格距为0.18°,垂直方向分65层,时间积分步长为100 s。2015年批量试验结果表明,新版南海台风模式预报性能稳定,误差较小,与EC全球模式同样本比较,发现短时效(如0~24 h)两模式台风路径预报误差水平基本相当,而较长时效(如48~72 h),南海台风模式的预报误差小于EC全球模式,具备较好的业务应用价值。     

华南暖区强对流降水系统的结构和闪电特征分析

利用加密地面观测资料、多普勒雷达资料及广东省地闪资料,研究了24h内影响华南珠江三角洲的两次中尺度强降水系统的结构特征和地闪特征。结果表明：（1）第一次对流系统以后建型方式（back-building）组建,垂直结构类似海上对流,水平结构类似平行层状的对流系统。第二次对流系统垂直结构倾向于陆地的对流,水平结构类似于拖曳...