热带东风气流中低压形成的非线性过程

从有水平辐合辐散的赤道β平面浅水方程出发,采用变量替换和小参数展开法,推导出了热带纬向气流作用下的非线性近似方程,给出了非线性方程孤立波解和一阶近似方程u1、v1、1的形式解.由此讨论了热带东风气流中的低压形成.结果表明:(1)在热带东风气流或热带东风弱切变气流中,可以得到低压形势结构;东风气流弱切变不影响低压纬向宽度,而对低压强度和低压中心位置有一定的影响.(2)当热带东风气流减弱时,低压中心位置偏北,低压强度增强,低压纬向宽度变大;在东风气流中,低压中心位于15～20°N之间,低压中心位置跟实际热带东风气流中低压形成位置比较一致.     

用GRAPES模式输出变量因子作广东沿海海雾预报

通过分析5年(2004—2008年)NCEP的1°×1°再分析气象资料,结合2004—2008年的台站观测资料和2006—2008年海雾野外试验的观测资料建立预报变量因子,利用GRAPES模式得到并输出变量因子。结合NCEP资料分析海雾出现的各种判据和条件,选取湛江、珠海、汕头3站为代表,建立了广东沿海自西向东各地区的海雾MOS判别预报方法,实现了24h的海雾判别预报。对2008年3月湛江和汕头、4月珠海的预报检验表明,该海雾MOS判别预报方法对广东沿海海雾具有一定的预报能力,预报准确率为84%～90%,Ts评分为0.40～0.53,Hss评分为0.52～0.56。     

A SIMULATION STUDY OF THE INFLUENCE OF LAND FRICTION ON LANDFALL TROPICAL CYCLONE TRACK AND INTENSITY

A quasi-geostrophic barotropic vorticity equation model is used to simulate the influences of topographic forcing and land friction on landfall tropical cyclone track and intensity. The simulation results show that tropical cyclone track may have sudden deflection when the action of topographic friction dissipation is considered, and sudden deflection of the track is easy to happen and sudden change of tropical cyclone intensity is not clear when the intensity of tropical cyclone is weak and the land friction is strong.The land friction may be an important factor that causes sudden deflection of tropical cyclone track around landfall.     

一种初始涡旋重定位方法及热带气旋路径数值模拟试验

采用平滑滤波和柱形滤波技术,从背景场中分离出初始涡旋环流和大尺度环境场,然后把分离出的涡旋环流进行平移和再植入到观测位置,最终得到一种初始涡旋重定位方法。针对2006—2007年7个热带气旋共23个时次,采用背景场直接加入热带气旋bogus模型和背景场进行初始涡旋重定位后加入热带气旋bogus模型2种方案,分别进行了对比模拟试验。结果表明:对背景场进行初始涡旋重定位后加入热带气旋bogus模型的方案模拟的24和48小时热带气旋路径平均误差都相对较小,初始涡旋重定位方法可以减小热带气旋模式因热带气旋初始位置偏差而引起的误差,有助于提高热带气旋模式的路径预报水平,有较好的业务应用前景。     

EXPERIMENTS OF ENSEMBLE FORECAST OF TYPHOON TRACK USING BDA PERTURBING METHOD

A new method, BDA perturbing, is used in ensemble forecasting of typhoon track. This method is based on the Bogus Data Assimilation scheme. It perturbs the initial position and intensity of typhoons and gets a series of bogus vortex. Then each bogus vortex is used in data assimilation to obtain initial conditions. Ensemble forecast members are constructed by conducting simulation with these initial conditions. Some cases of typhoon are chosen to test the validity of this new method and the results show that: using the BDA perturbing method to perturb initial position and intensity of typhoon for track forecast can improve accuracy, compared with the direct use of the BDA assimilation scheme. And it is concluded that a perturbing amplitude of intensity of 5 hPa is probably more appropriate than 10 hPa if the BDA perturbing method is used in combination with initial position perturbation.     

一种分析台风路径预报误差的新方法

台风路径预报误差应包括距离误差和方向误差两个方面,而在以往的业务应用和科学研究中偏向于只考虑对应时刻预报和观测位置点间的距离误差。本文对评估台风路径误差的方法进行了改进,在距离误差基础上建立了一种新的表征台风路径误差的方法——多因子误差法。本文以中国气象局整编的热带气旋最佳路径数据为标准,对2008和2009年中国气象局、美国台风联合预警中心和日本气象厅预报的西北太平洋热带气旋路径,采用新的表征热带气旋路径预报误差的多因子误差法进行分析,并与普遍采用的距离误差法进行对比,结果表明:多因子误差分析方法和距离误差分析方法存在比较明显的差异,多因子误差法优势比较明显。本文是对更科学的台风路径预报误差评定方法的有益探索,有一定的参考价值。     

MICAPS二次开发实践及分析

该文介绍广东省在建立基于MICAPS天气預报平台开发实践中遇到的若干问題及处理办法。实践表明,MICAPS是开放及灵活的。此外,通过借鉴其它系统的设计方法,对MICAPS后续版本的发展方向提出建议,     

不同海表面温度对南海台风“杜鹃”的影响试验

采用水平分辨率0.25 °×0.25 °的日平均和周平均的卫星微波成像仪(TMI)和卫星微波辐射计(AMSRE)的海温资料(TMI-AMSRE SST)作为下强迫源,利用中尺度数值模式MM5对南海过境台风"杜鹃"进行了模拟.试验结果表明:台风中心附近SST的差异会导致大气风场的差异,从而使模式对SST有比较快速而且明显的响应;不同的SST对台风的强度和路径都有一定的影响,而对台风降水和台风中心附近潜热通量有明显的影响;不同SST对台风的影响主要是通过改变海-气潜热通量来实现的.     

A 28-Year Climatological Analysis of Size Parameters for Northwestern Pacific Tropical Cyclones

A 28-year best track dataset containing size parameters that include the radii of the 15.4 m s^-1 winds （R15） and the 25.7 m s^-1 winds （R26） of tropical cyclones （TCs） in the Northwestern Pacific, the NCEP/ NCAR reanalysis dataset and the Extended Reconstructed Sea Surface Temperature （ERSST） dataset are employed in this study. The climatology of size parameters for the tropical cyclones in the Northwestern Pacific from 1977 to 2004 is investigated in terms of the spatial and temporal distributions. The results show that the major activity of TCs in the Northwestern Pacific is from July to October. A majority of TCs lie over the ocean west of 150°E, and a few TCs can intensify to the Saffir-Simpson （S-S） categories 4, 5. Both R15 and R26 tend to increase as the tropical cyclones intensify. The values of R15 and R26 are larger for intense TCs in the Northwestern Pacific than in the North Atlantic generally. Both R15 and R26 peak in October, and before and after October, R15 and R26 decrease, which is different from the case in the North Atlantic. The smaller R15s and R26s occur in a large range over the Northwestern Pacific, while the larger R15s and R26s mainly lie in the eastern ocean from Taiwan Island to the Philippine Islands where many tropical cyclones develop in intense systems. The tropical cyclones with size parameters of R15 or R26 on average take a longer time to intensify than to weaken, and the weak tropical cyclones have faster weakening rates than intensification rates. From 1977 to 2004, the annual mean values of R15 increase basically with year; during the 28-year period, the value of R15 increases by 52.7 kin, but R26 does not change with year obviously.     

OBSERVATIONAL ANALYSIS OF ASYMMETRIC DISTRIBUTION OF CONVECTION ASSOCIATED WITH TROPICAL CYCLONES “CHANCHU” AND “PRAPIROON” MAKING LANDFALL ALONG THE SOUTH CHINA COAST

Observational data of mesoscale surface weather stations and weather radars of Guangdong province are employed to analyze the asymmetric distribution of convection prior to, during and after landfall for tropical cyclones of Chanchu and Prapiroon making landfall on the south China coast in 2006. The results showed that strong convection is located in the eastern and northern sectors of the landfalling Chanchu and Prapiroon, namely in the front and right portions of the TC tracks, for a period of time starting from 12 h prior to landfall to 6 h after it. Their convection also had distinct differences in the vertical direction. The analysis indicated that although the landfall of Chanchu and Prapiroon has the same asymmetric distribution of convection, the causes are not exactly the same. The asymmetric distribution of convection in the case of Chanchu is mainly correlated with the impacts of a strong environmental vertical wind shear, low-level horizontal wind shear, and low-level convergence and divergence. In the case of Prapiroon, however, the asymmetric distribution of convection is mainly associated with the impacts of low-level convergence and divergence.