Ellerman Bombs,Type Ⅱ White—light Flares and Magnetic Reconnection in the Solar Lower Atmosphere

Ellerman bombs and type Ⅱ white-light flares share many common features despite the large energy gap between them.Both are considered to result from local heation in the solar lower atmosphere.This paper presents numerical simulations of magnetic reconnection occurring in such a deep atmosphere,with the aim to account for the common features of the two phenomena.Our numerical results manifest the following two typical characteristics of the assumed reconnection process:(1)magnetic reconnection saturates in-600-900s,which is just the lifetime of the two phenomens;(2)ionization in the upper chromosphere consumes quite a large part of the energy released through reconnection,making the heation effect most significant in the lower chromosphere.The applicationof the reconnection model to the two phenomena is discussed in detail.     

作为决策支持工具的地理信息系统的演变

地理信息系统(GIS)界是由多种人组成的集体。林学家、地理学者、地方政府机关、公共服务部门和科学研究工作者都在探讨这同一领域,但方向有所不同。联系的纽带是他们都涉及到空间参照数据,即地球表面上具体地区的属性。     

甲午海战后的清朝海军

清海军自甲午战败后,恢复十分缓慢。宣统元年(1909年),清政府为维护其风雨飘摇的统治,着手加强陆海军力量,决定第一年拨给海军开办经费700万两,以后每年拨绘经费500万两。同时,决定设立筹办海军事务处,任命郡王衔贝勒载洵和提督萨镇冰为筹办海军大臣,负责海军的整建工作。载洵是清代第一位海军大臣醇亲王奕谭的第6个儿子,光绪皇帝的弟弟。光绪死后,载洵另一个哥哥载沣     

PROPAGATION OF 30—60 DAY LOW FREQUENCY OSCILLATIONS AND THEIR INFLUENCE UPON THE SUBTROPICAL WESTERLIES JET STREAM DURING NORTHERN HEMISPHERE WINTER

Based on daily ECMWF gridpoint data of two winters during 1981—1983 including an ENSOyear,propagation of low frequency oscillations(LFO)during Northern Hemisphere winters andtheir influences upon 30—60 day oscillations of the subtropical jet stream are studied with the sta-tistical methods as complex empirical orthogonal function(CEOF)and so on.Results show that inthe winter of a normal year(1981—1982),30—60 day oscillations in the subtropical zone aremainly in the northern and southern flanks of exit region of jet stream.In the ENSO year(1982—1983),they are mainly in the vicinity of entrance and exit regions of jet stream.Intraseasonalchanges of subtropical jet stream manifested themselves as latitudinal fluctuation or longitudinalprogression or regression of about 40 day period.There are marked differences between propagat-ing passages of low frequency modes responsible for changes of subtropical jet stream in the normalyear(1981—1982)and in the ENSO year(1982—1983).Changes of oscillation amplitude showobvious phases.In general,the one in late winter is stronger than that in early winter,strongestone occurs in February.     

A MESO-β SCALE SIMULATION OF THE EFFECTS OF BOREAL FOREST ECOSYSTEM ON THE LOWER ATMOSPHERE

Based on the Intensive Field Campaign(IFC-1)data of Boreal Ecosystem-Atmosphere Study(BOREAS).a three-dimensional meso-β scale model is used to simulate the effect of boreal forests onthe lower atmosphere.A fine horizontal resolution of 2 km×2 km is used in order to distinguish thevegetative heterogeneity in the boreal region.A total of 20×25 grid points cover the entire sub-modeling area in BOREAS' South Study Area(SSA).The ecosystem types and their coverage ineach grid square are extracted from the North American Land Cover Characteristics Data Base(NALCCD)generated by the U.S.Geographical Survey(USGS)and the University of Nebraska-Lincoln(UNL).The topography of the study area is taken from the Digital Elevation Map(DEM)of USGS.The model outputs include the components of the energy balance budget within the canopyand at the ground.the turbulence parameters in the atmospheric boundary layer and the wind.temperature and humidity profiles extending up to a height of 1500 m.In addition to the fine timeand spatial step,the unique feature of the present model is the incorporation of both dynamic andbiological effects of the Boreal forest into the model parameterization scheme.The model resultscompare favorably with BOREAS' IFC-1 data in 1994 when the forest was in the luxuriant growingperiod.     

流褶层及韧变带研究

流褶层与韧变带是地壳拉伸变形，顺层固态流变作用下的产物。流褶层是以原始层理为变形面或再经递进变形的褶皱变形岩层或岩石共生组合层位。韧变带具明显的层控性，受岩石成分和应变程度控制，不同环境和不同成分岩石的韧变带具有相异的组合型式和变形机制，井具有一定的递变规律。流褶层和韧变带可分属不同层位，但流褶层可实现向韧变带的转化。     

Optical Flash of GRB 990123: Constraints on the Physical Parameters of the Reverse Shock

The optical flash accompanying GRB 990123 is believed to be powered by the reverse shock of a thin shell. With the best-fit physical parameters for GRB 990123 and the assumption that the parameters in the optical flash are the same as in the afterglow, we show that: 1) the shell is thick rather than thin, and we have provided the light curve for the thick shell case which coincides with the observation; 2) the theoretical peak flux of the optical flash accounts for only 3×10~-4 of the observed. In order to remove this discrepancy, the physical parameters, the electron energy and magnetic ratios, εe and εB, should be 0.61 and 0.39, which are very different from their values for the late afterglow.     

黄土土性的空间自相关性研究

运用土层的随机场模型研究了绛帐、潼关和延安黄土主要物理力学指标沿深度的统计规律,计算出黄土土性的自相关距离,探讨了黄土土性的空间变异性,结果认为:黄土的物理力学指标沿深度均是统计非均匀的,在实际工程的设计中,如果把土层看成统计均匀,其土性参数的标准差会比实际情况大,从而会导致较大的误差。     

加强中俄矿业开发合作 实施“双向优势互补”战略

经济全球化是新世纪经济发展的基本趋势，其所带来的最大好处是实现世界资源的最优配置。资源配置的前提是资源及工业布局的分布特点；以及两者之间的关系及互补性。 辽宁省曾是全国的资源大省和矿业大省，在共和国工业化进程中曾发挥了举足轻重的作用。但是随着工业的飞速发展，辽宁省矿产资源后备产地已严重不足，部分矿产已近枯竭。目前，全省铜、铅的保有储量分别只相当于一个中型矿床的规模，锌也只相当于一个大型矿床的规模。辽宁省矿产资源的枯竭性与其强大加工能力间的悬殊性差别日益加大。因此，走出国门，寻找短缺资源，挽救辽宁…