Spatial patterns of Tropospheric Biennial Oscillation and its numerical simulation

In order to investigate the spatial patterns of the Tropospheric Biennial Oscillation （TBO） on the global scale, the Climate Prediction Center （CPC） Merged Analysis of Precipitation （CMAP） monthly averaged precipitation and the Climate Diagnostics Center （CDC） monthly outgoing long-wave radiation （OLR） and SST are used in conjunction with TBO bandpass-filtering. The results indicate active biennial variability in the tropical eastern-central Pacific regions. It is evident that observations reflect the biennial component of the ENSO rather than the TBO itself. Since some studies have pointed out that the TBO is a broad-scale phenomenon differing from the ENSO, to investigate the pure TBO the ENSO signal must be excluded. The Scale Interaction Experiment-FRCGC （SINTEX-F） coupled general circulation model （CGCM） developed at Japan Frontier Research Center for Global Change （FRCGC） can capture both the ENSO and the biennial signals. Air-sea interactions in the tropical eastern-central Pacific are decoupled to eliminate the effects of ENSO in a experiment by SINTEX-F and the results show that biennial variability still exists even without ENSO. It seems to mean that the TBO and ENSO are independent from each other. Furthermore, the model results indicate that the two key regions are southwest Sumatra and the tropical western Pacific for the TBO cycle.     

THE CHARACTERISTICS OF TEMPORAL AND SPATIAL DISTRIBUTION OF TROPICAL CYCLONE FREQUENCIES OVER THE SOUTH CHINA SEA AND ITS AFFECTING OCEANIC FACTORS IN THE PAST 50 YEARS

The characteristics of temporal and spatial distribution of tropical cyclone frequencies over the South China Sea areas and its affecting factors in the past 50yrs are analyzed based on typhoon data that provided by CMA and Simple Ocean Data Assimilation (SODA). The results show that the tropical cyclone frequencies from June to October show concentrated geographic distribution, for they mainly distribute over the SCS area from 15 - 20 °N. The characteristics present significant interdecadal changes. The impact of oceanic factors on the tropical cyclone frequencies in the SCS area is mainly realized by La Ni(n)a and La Ni(n)a-like events before 1975 but mainly by El Ni(n)o and El Nifo-like events after 1975.     

DIFFERENCES OF SOUTH CHINA SEA SUMMER MONSOON DERIVED BY NCEP AND ECMWF REANALYSIS DATA

1 INTRODUCTIONDue to long-term time series and many elements,reanalysis data of National Centers for EnvironmentalPrediction (NCEP) and European Center for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) are widely usedin present climate studies. Even so, there arediscrepancies between NCEP and ECMWF reanalysis.Some climate fields may be better reproduced byNCEP than by ECMWF. On the other hand,ECMWFmay describe some climate characteristics morerealistically than NCEP. Xu et al.…     

CHARACTERISTICS OF FREQUENCY SPECTRUM VARIATION OF INTRASEASONAL OSCILLATION OF CONVECTION DURING SOUTH CHINA SEA SUMMER MONSOON

Datasets of equivalent temperature of black body (TBB) and sea surface temperature (SST) ranging from 1980 to 1997 are used to diagnose and analyze the characteristics of frequency spectrum and strength of intraseasonal variation of convection. The relationship between the strength of intraseasonal oscillation of convection, strength of convection itself and SST in the South China Sea (SCS) is studied. It is shown that, there are distinguishable annual, interannual and interdecadal variations in both strength and frequency spectrum of intraseasonal variation of convection in SCS. There are connections between strength of convection, strength of ISO1 in the summer half (s.h.) year and SST in ensuing winter half (w.h.) year in SCS. The strong (weak) convection and strong (weak) ISO1 are associated with negative (positive) bias of SST in ensuing w.h. year in SCS.     

流域水资源开发阈值模型及其在黄河流域的应用

流域水资源开发阈值是流域水资源合理利用的基础和流域生态系统健康的保证。随着水资源短缺引起的 问题日益突出, 人们对水资源开发阈值的认识也在不断加深, 从最初的“水资源总量”、“可利用量”和“可供水量” 等, 到考虑生态需水和水质保护的水资源可利用量。本文在这些理念的基础上, 提出一种新的流域水资源开发阈值 及其计算模型, 即考虑水资源量、不可利用的洪水量、被污染水量、生态需水量及重复计算水量, 综合计算流域水资 源开发阈值。黄河流域作为我国水资源严重短缺地区, 水资源开发面临严峻挑战。以黄河流域为例, 运用该阈值模 型对黄河流域水资源开发阈值进行初步计算, 得到开发阈值多年平均约为238 亿m3, 占黄河天然径流量的40%左 右, 符合国际公认的流域水资源开发标准。     

环境代际公平判别模型及其应用研究

环境代际公平是可持续发展的重要思想之一。本文根据代际公平概念建立环境代际公平判断模型 ,定义了环境代际公平度和环境代际冲突度的概念。把该模型运用到晋陕蒙接壤区 ,判断该区域污染环境代际公平状况 ,结果表明从 1 980年以来 ,接壤区污染环境越来越差 ,1 990年与 1 980年的代际公平系数为 0 .2 89,冲突度为 0 .71 1 ;2 0 0 0年与 1 990年的代际公平系数为 0 .2 1 8,冲突度为 0 .782。它们都是上一代对下一代的环境不公平 ,而且代际冲突度越来越大。最后提出设立代际环境补偿基金是达到代际环境公平的一种基本思路 ,并针对接壤区提出一些达到代际环境公平措施和建议。     

热带季节内振荡对广东6月降水的影响

利用1979—2008年共30年广东省86个测站的地面观测逐日降水资料和NCEP-DOE第二套分析资料的大气多要素日平均资料,分析热带大气沿赤道东传的季节内振荡（MJO）对广东6月降水的影响及其物理过程。结果表明:6月MJO活动对广东降水的调制作用与前汛期（4—6月）期间其它月份不同,对6月广东省降水正（负）异常有指示意义的是强MJO事件的第3（第６）位相。当赤道MJO处于第3位相时,西太平洋副热带高压明显加强西伸,来源于西太平洋地区的水汽随副高边缘向广东输送明显加强,广东水汽通量明显增加,从而导致广东降水加强。而第６位相的情况基本相反。强MJO第3位相造成西太平洋副热带高压偏强偏西的物理机制与大气对东印度洋非对称热源的响应有关。2010年6月广东两次持续性强降水过程与MJO强度较强且处于第3位相这种活动状态密切相关,进一步证明赤道MJO活动对广东6月强降水的重要指示作用。该结果有助于拓展广东强降水的预报思路,结合动力模式产品将有助于延长预报时效。      

2003年我国夏季西南季风活动概况

利用NCEP再分析资料、OLR和TRMM资料 ,分析了 2 0 0 3年影响我国的夏季西南季风活动的一些基本特征。主要包括南海夏季风的建立日期的确定、夏季风的推进过程、强度变化和南海地区夏季风季节内振荡特征。结果表明 2 0 0 3年南海夏季季风爆发日期正常偏晚 ( 5月 2 4日 ) ,强度偏弱 ,其季节内振荡过程对淮河流域洪涝有重要影响。     

西太平洋海温和南方涛动与中国冬季气候异常关系年代际变化的对比分析

利用NCEP/NCAR再分析资料和全球海温海冰GISST2.3b资料、英国CRU提供的南方涛动指数以及中国160站月平均降水和气温资料, 分析了冬季西太平洋海温和南方涛动与中国冬季气候异常关系年代际变化特征。结果表明:最近50年, 西太平洋海温指数 (WPI) 与南方涛动指数 (SOI) 之间相关关系的年代际变化在冬季很明显。当WPI-SOI相关关系不显著时, 在西太平洋赤道北侧的对流层低层存在高 (低) 海温-反气旋 (气旋) 异常环流系统, 不利于维持ENSO与西太平洋海温变化间的紧密联系; 与此相对应, 冬季整个对流层环流呈相当正压结构。在WPI-SOI相关显著 (不显著) 时段, 冬季中国降水、气温与西太平洋海温之间的相关较弱 (较强)。     

黄河流域分区天然径流量趋势性与持续性特征

水资源具有趋势性和持续性特征。利用Kendall秩次相关和Hurst指数分别分析了黄河流域15个分区1951-1998年天然径流量的趋势性和持续性特征，结果显示：黄河流域15个分区天然径流量的趋势性和持续性各不相同；对黄河流域而言，年径流量与汛期径流量都通过了显著性检验，且呈下降趋势，并具有一定的持续性。