一个三维变分海洋资料同化系统的设计和初步应用

介绍了新完成的一个基于三维变分方法的通用海洋资料同化系统OVALS(Ocean Variational Analysis System)的设计方案和在热带太平洋海洋资料同化中的初步应用. OVALS可以同化常规的现场海洋温盐观测资料和卫星高度计资料, 其中在海面高度资料同化中引入了一个新的基于三维变分的同化方案, 该方案考虑了背景场误差的垂直相关性和非线性的温-盐关系. 非线性的温-盐关系是通过将三维变分方法中的线性平衡约束方案推广到非线性的情况来实现的, 从而通过同化高度计资料来直接调整模式的温度和盐度场. 另外, OVALS还可以同化近年来投入运行的国际ARGO漂流浮标的温、盐廓线资料以及其他海温和盐度资料, 如船报海温资料和一些浮标阵列资料等. 利用OVALS和大洋环流模式在热带太平洋进行了21 a的同化试验. 试验结果表明, 同化系统通过对各种海洋资料的同化, 可以有效改进对海洋温度和盐度的估计, 其在420 m深度以浅的上层海洋的月平均温、盐度估计误差分别为0.63℃和0.34 psu.     

Impacts of XBT, TAO, Altimetry and ARGO Observations on the Tropical Pacific Ocean Data Assimilation

This study aims at assessing the relative impacts of four major components of the tropical Pacific Ocean observing system on assimilation of temperature and salinity fields. Observations were collected over a period between January 2001 through June 2003 including temperature data from the expendable bathythermographs （XBT）, thermistor data from the Tropical Ocean Global Atmosphere Tropical Atmosphere-Ocean （TOGA-TAO） mooring array, sea level anomalies from the Topex/Poseidon and Jason-1 altimetry （T/P-J）, and temperature and salinity profiles from the Array for Real-time Geostrophic Oceanography （ARGO） floats. An efficient three-dimensional variational analysis-based method was introduced to assimilate the above data into the tropical-Pacific circulation model. To evaluate the impact of the individual component of the observing system, four observation system experiments were carried out. The experiment that assimilated all four components of the observing system was taken as the reference. The other three experiments were implemented by withholding one of the four components. Results show that the spatial distribution of the data influences its relative contribution. XBT observations produce the most distinguished effects on temperature analyses in the off-equatorial region due to the large amount of measurements and high quality. Similarly, the impact of TAO is dominant in the equatorial region due to the focus of the spatial distribution. The Topex/Poseidon-Jason-1 can be highly complementary where the XBT and TAO observations are sparse. The contribution of XBT or TAO on the assimilated salinity is made by the model dynamics because no salinity observations from them are assimilated. Therefore, T/P-J, as a main source for providing salinity data, has been shown to have greater impacts than either XBT or TAO on the salinity analysis. Although ARGO includes the subsurface observations, the relatively smaller number of observation makes it have the smallest contribution to the assimilation syst     

集合KALMAN滤波和最优插值方法在不同观测分布的比较理想试验

目前一种比较流行并且可行的同化方法-集合Kalman滤波(EnKF)能够计算依赖于流的误差统计量。理论上,EnKF能够比最优插值、三维变分等更准确地计算误差统计量,能更好地融合背景场和观测场的信息。作者利用二维平流扩散方程经过10天的同化循环,比较不同观测分布的情况下EnKF和最优插值(OI)的模拟能力。理想试验结果显示,随着观测分布密度的减小,尤其是当观测的分辨率大于OI估计的相关尺度时,集合Kalman滤波的结果比最优插值有更明显的改进。     

集合卡尔曼平滑和集合卡尔曼滤波在污染源反演中的应用

此文目的是讨论污染源反演问题的统计方法.基于Bayes估计理论,该文将资料同化中的集合平滑、集合卡尔曼平滑和集合卡尔曼滤波应用在污染源反演问题中.在详细给出污染源反演的集合平滑、集合卡尔曼平滑和集合卡尔曼滤波的严格数学表达后,用一个简单的模型演示了集合卡尔曼平滑和集合卡尔曼滤波在污染源反演中的可行性,并且通过对比理想试验结果比较了集合卡尔曼平滑和集合卡尔曼滤波方法在反演污染源排放的效果,讨论了观测误差和污染源先验误差估计对反演结果的影响.试验结果表明在观测间隔小和观测误差小的情况下,集合卡尔曼滤波和集合卡尔曼平滑都可以有效地反演出随时间变化的污染源排放.当观测误差增大时,集合卡尔曼滤波和集合卡尔曼平滑的反演效果都有一定降低,但是反演误差的增加少于观测误差的增加,同时集合卡尔曼平滑(Ensemble Kalman smoother,简称EnKS)对观测误差比集合卡尔曼滤波(Ensemble Kalman filter,简称EnKF)更为敏感.当观测时间间隔较大时,EnKF不能对没有观测时的污染源排放进行估计,仅能对有观测时的污染源排放进行较好的反演.而EnKS可以利用观测对观测时刻前的污染源排放进行反演,因此其效果明显好于EnKF,并且在观测时间间隔较大的情况下依然可以较好地反演出污染源排放.试验结果还显示污染源排放的先验误差估计对反演的结果有较大影响.     

A ＂Dressed＂ Ensemble Kalman Filter Using the Hybrid Coordinate Ocean Model in the Pacific

The computational cost required by the Ensemble Kalman Filter (EnKF) is much larger than that of some simpler assimilation schemes, such as Optimal Interpolation (OI) or three-dimension variational assimilation (3DVAR). Ensemble optimal interpolation (EnOI), a crudely simplified implementation of EnKF, is sometimes used as a substitute in some oceanic applications and requires much less computational time than EnKF. In this paper, to compromise between computational cost and dynamic covariance, we use the idea of ``dressing' a small size dynamical ensemble with a larger number of static ensembles in order to form an approximate dynamic covariance. The term ``dressing' means that a dynamical ensemble seed from model runs is perturbed by adding the anomalies of some static ensembles. This dressing EnKF (DrEnKF for short) scheme is tested in assimilation of real altimetry data in the Pacific using the HYbrid Coordinate Ocean Model (HYCOM) over a four-year period. Ten dynamical ensemble seeds are each dressed by 10 static ensemble members selected from a 100-member static ensemble. Results are compared to two EnKF assimilation runs that use 10 and 100 dynamical ensemble members. Both temperature and salinity fields from the DrEnKF and the EnKF are compared to observations from Argo floats and an OI SST dataset. The results show that the DrEnKF and the 100-member EnKF yield similar root mean square errors (RMSE) at every model level. Error covariance matrices from the DrEnKF and the 100-member EnKF are also compared and show good agreement.     

长江口自适应网格的构造与水流和泥沙冲淤的数值模拟的初步研究

随着沿海经济带的开发利用,河口海岸动力学问题,如航道淤积、河口演变、港湾建设及污染物的排放和扩散等,日益引起人们的重视.数值模拟方法是研究这些海岸环境问题的理想工具之一,但由于河口区域的海岸线和河岸线的形状非常复杂,加上众多的岛屿,给模式网格的划分造成很大的困难.为此,我们将自适应网格的生成方法应用于河口港湾的数值模拟研究,以长江口和杭州湾的水动力学模拟为例,该法较好地克服了均匀网格拟合边界的困难,得到了较合理的计算结果.     

A mathematical formulation for optimal control of air pollution

In recent years the urban air pollutions caused by emissions from industry, transportation and energy consuming for daily living are getting worse in many major cities of China. Peoples awareness on air quality is increasing. Routine monitoring and foreca…     

2020年上半年“COVID-19”疫情期间气象条件变化对四川盆地城市污染物质量浓度影响初步分析

大气污染物质量浓度变化主要受气象条件和人为排放变化所控制。2020年上半年在“新冠”疫情影响背景条件下,四川盆地的六项主要污染物质量浓度较往年有不同程度的变化,为了区分这些变化受气象条件和人为排放变化各自的影响程度,开展了气象条件变化对四川盆地污染物质量浓度影响的初步分析。分析结果表明:2020年1～6月整体空气质量优于2019年同期。主要影响污染物浓度的气象参数中,成都平原、川东北地区平均风速与往年相当,川南地区平均风速低于往年。从2020年3月开始,盆地各个城市的总降水量明显偏少,其中5月降水偏少情况最为严重,对应的相对湿度在5月同比较低。平均温度2020年高于2019年,尤其是5、6月平均温度较往年偏高大约4～5°C。月日照总时长从3、4月开始明显长于往年。用固定污染源,改变初始气象条件的方法进行数值模拟结果表明,PM2.5和PM10相似,1、2月模拟结果低于2019年,3、4月高于往年,5、6月同比偏低,主要偏差区域在川南城市群。SO₂ 在1、2月气象条件有利于扩散,3月川东北不利扩散,其余月份差距不明显。NO₂在2月气象条件较为不利,CO不利的月份为4月。4月气象条件有利于臭氧扩散,而5、6月盆地气象条件对O₃污染过程起了较强的推动作用。定量分析各个城市污染物浓度贡献率表明,受疫情影响,除臭氧外的颗粒物和气体污染物在1~4月人为排放贡献为负,5、6月由于全面复工复产,导致盆地的污染物浓度也有所上升,人为排放贡献率也大幅增加。O₃由于人为排放增加与不利气象条件叠加,导致盆地O₃污染情况较为严重。     

陕西防雷社会管理中存在问题和对策

1 防雷行政管理工作的历史和现状 陕西防雷工作起步于1989年,十几年来,历经坎坷,不断发展壮大.防雷工作的内容由最初单纯的检测技术服务,逐步扩大为雷电技术防护、雷电预警预报、雷击风险评估、防雷装置设计审核和竣工验收以及行政许可等,防雷社会管理由最初与公安、劳动、保险等部门合作借力发展,发展到现在运用法律独立行使管理职能,防雷社会管理工作的地位由过去从属地位发展到成为行业管理主体,防雷社会管理工作机构从无到有,发展到现在全省各级防雷管理机构规范设置,执法工作受到各级领导重视,得到快速发展.     

气象计算网格平台资源监视模块的设计与实现

气象计算网格聚合的计算资源具有地理分布、系统异构、运行状况与使用负载各不相同等特点。气象计算网格平台软件系统的资源监视模块, 涉及了远程气象网格节点、资源状态信息获取、web展示等3个层次。资源状态信息获取层可分为轮询、收集、整理等功能, web展示通过资源地理视图和资源列表栏目实现。基于ARCON客户工具箱技术开发实现了资源信息轮询和收集功能。现已实现对国家级网格节点及北京、成都、广州、沈阳4个区域级中心网格节点和安徽省级网格节点的10个高性能计算机系统的集中监视。