全文获取类型
收费全文 | 1943篇 |
免费 | 44篇 |
国内免费 | 15篇 |
学科分类
工业技术 | 2002篇 |
出版年
2022年 | 7篇 |
2021年 | 26篇 |
2020年 | 14篇 |
2019年 | 21篇 |
2018年 | 31篇 |
2017年 | 25篇 |
2016年 | 27篇 |
2015年 | 19篇 |
2014年 | 46篇 |
2013年 | 108篇 |
2012年 | 76篇 |
2011年 | 109篇 |
2010年 | 62篇 |
2009年 | 104篇 |
2008年 | 115篇 |
2007年 | 75篇 |
2006年 | 78篇 |
2005年 | 55篇 |
2004年 | 66篇 |
2003年 | 70篇 |
2002年 | 47篇 |
2001年 | 42篇 |
2000年 | 34篇 |
1999年 | 47篇 |
1998年 | 110篇 |
1997年 | 76篇 |
1996年 | 54篇 |
1995年 | 48篇 |
1994年 | 37篇 |
1993年 | 36篇 |
1992年 | 25篇 |
1991年 | 31篇 |
1990年 | 23篇 |
1989年 | 27篇 |
1988年 | 16篇 |
1987年 | 20篇 |
1986年 | 21篇 |
1985年 | 18篇 |
1984年 | 20篇 |
1983年 | 18篇 |
1982年 | 15篇 |
1981年 | 6篇 |
1980年 | 9篇 |
1979年 | 21篇 |
1978年 | 10篇 |
1977年 | 6篇 |
1976年 | 11篇 |
1975年 | 8篇 |
1972年 | 6篇 |
1970年 | 6篇 |
排序方式: 共有2002条查询结果,搜索用时 15 毫秒
51.
Recent development of open-loop electric potential microscopy (OL-EPM) has enabled to measure local potential distribution at a solid/liquid interface. However, the operating environment of OL-EPM has been limited to a weak electrolyte solution (<1 mM). This has significantly limited its application range in biology and chemistry. To overcome this limitation, we have developed dual frequency (DF) mode OL-EPM. In the method, an ac bias voltage consisting of two frequency components at f(1) and f(2) is applied between a tip and sample. The local potential is calculated from the amplitudes of the f(1) and |f(1) - f(2)| components of the electrostatic force. In contrast to the conventional single frequency (SF) mode OL-EPM, the detection of the 2f(1) component is not required in DF mode. Thus, the maximum bias modulation frequency in DF mode is twice as high as that in SF mode. The high bias modulation frequency used in DF mode prevents the generation of electrochemical reactions and redistribution of ions and water, which enables to operate OL-EPM even in a strong electrolyte solution. In this study, we have performed potential measurements of nanoparticles on a graphite surface in 1 and 10 mM NaCl solution. The results demonstrate that DF mode OL-EPM allows measurements of local potential distribution in 10 mM electrolyte solution. 相似文献
52.
Koichiro Hirano Masafumi Fukuda Mikio Takano Yoshio Yamazaki Toshiya Muto Sakae Araki Nobuhiro Terunuma Masao Kuriki Mitsuo Akemoto Hitoshi Hayano Junji Urakawa 《Nuclear instruments & methods in physics research. Section A, Accelerators, spectrometers, detectors and associated equipment》2006,560(2):233-239
A multi-bunch photo-cathode RF gun system has been developed as an electron source for the production of intense quasi-monochromatic X-rays based on inverse Compton scattering. The desired multi-bunch beam is 100 bunches/pulse with a total charge of 500 nC and a bunch spacing of 2.8 ns. We modified the gun cavity of a ‘BNL-type IV’ RF gun to allow a CsTe cathode plug in the end plate. The system uses a four-dipole chicane beam line to allow the injection of laser light normal to the cathode surface. We compensate the gun cavity beam loading caused by the high-intensity multi-bunch electron beam by injecting the laser pulse before RF power has filled the cavity. We have achieved a total intensity of 220 nC in 100 bunches with a bunch-to-bunch energy spread under 1.3% (peak-to-peak). This paper concentrates on experiments to generate the high-intensity multi-bunch beam with compensation of the bunch-to-bunch energy spread due to heavy beam loading. 相似文献
53.
Hitoshi Takamura Hiroshi Sugai Masato Watanabe Takehiro Kasahara Atsunori Kamegawa Masuo Okada 《Journal of Electroceramics》2006,17(2-4):741-748
The preparation and oxygen permeation properties of the (Ce0.8Pr0.2)O2−δ − x vol% MnFe2O4 composites, where x = 0 to 35, have been investigated. The samples were prepared by the Pechini method. In the case of Ce0.8Pr0.2O2−δ, an oxygen flux density of 6 μmol⋅cm−2⋅s−1 (L = 0.0247 cm) and the maximum methane conversion of 50% were attained at 1000∘C. Unlike composites consisting of Gd-doped CeO2 and MnFe2O4, the oxygen permeability of the (Ce0.8Pr0.2)O2−δ – x vol% MnFe2O4 composites was almost constant regardless of the volume fraction of MnFe2O4; however, the optimum volume fraction of MnFe2O4 was determined to be 5 to 25 in the context of the chemical and mechanical stabilities under methane conversion atmosphere.
In addition, the surface modification of the (Ce0.8Gd0.2)O2−δ – 15 vol% MnFe2O4 composite was performed by using the FePt nanoparticles. The catalyst loading of 2.8 mg/cm2 on the both side of the 0.3 mm-thick (Ce0.8Gd0.2)O2−δ – 15vol% MnFe2O4 composite increased the oxygen flux density from 0.30 to 0.76 μmol⋅cm−2⋅s−1 in the case of He/air gradients; however, the effect seems to be reduced in the case of high oxygen flux density caused by
a large pO2 gradient. Moreover, the Langmuir-Blodgett film of the FePt nanoparticles were successfully prepared on the tape-cast (Ce0.8Gd0.2)O2−δ – 15vol% MnFe2O4 composite. Hydrophobic treatments for the surface of the composite were crucial to achieve high transfer ratio for the deposition
of the LB film. 相似文献
54.
55.
Semiconductor materials with wide band gap have been extensively used to fabri-cate the blue laser light emitting diodes and ultraviolet photodetectors, which are impor-tant elements of semiconductor instruments, such as displays, optical data storages, ul-traviolet sensors, electroluminescent devices and solar-blind detectors. This kind of ma-terials is now becoming a hot research object in semiconductor physics. GaN was the first suitable ultraviolet laser material people found in this real… 相似文献
56.
Quinjiao Wang Kenji Itaka Hideki Minami Hitoshi Kawaji Hideomi Koinuma 《Science and Technology of Advanced Materials》2004,5(5-6):543
La1−xCaxVO3 composition-spread film library was fabricated by combinatorial pulsed laser deposition and their thermoelectric properties were evaluated paralelly by the multi-channel probes of Seebeck coefficient and electric conductivity. Concurrent X-ray analysis verified the formation of solid soluted films in the full composition range (0x1) as judged from the linear variation of the lattice constants. The Seebeck coefficients of La1−xCaxVO3 changed from a large negative value to almost zero with the increase of x, due presumably to the variation of valence in vanadium ions.The power factor in this library was as high as 0.6 μW/cm K2, which was obtained at x=0, i.e. pure LaVO3 grown at 800 °C. 相似文献
57.
Hitoshi Iyatomi Author Vitae Masafumi Hagiwara Author Vitae 《Pattern recognition》2004,37(10):2049-2057
An adaptive fuzzy inference neural network (AFINN) is proposed in this paper. It has self-construction ability, parameter estimation ability and rule extraction ability. The structure of AFINN is formed by the following four phases: (1) initial rule creation, (2) selection of important input elements, (3) identification of the network structure and (4) parameter estimation using LMS (least-mean square) algorithm. When the number of input dimension is large, the conventional fuzzy systems often cannot handle the task correctly because the degree of each rule becomes too small. AFINN solves such a problem by modification of the learning and inference algorithm. 相似文献
58.
Ohta Y Yano H Suzuki R Yoshida M Kawashima N Nakazawa K 《Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers. Part H, Journal of engineering in medicine》2007,221(6):629-639
A number of orthoses have been developed to restore stance and walking in paraplegic subjects. Compliance, however, has been limited, mainly owing to walking effort. Use of the forces produced by actuators is an effective way to solve the problem of the considerable effort required for orthotic gait, namely high muscular effort and high energy expenditure. The purpose of the present study was to investigate the effects of assistance by external actuators on the orthotic gait of spinal cord injury (SCI) patients. Two kinds of linear actuator were developed by using direct current (d.c.) motors for assisting the knee and hip joint of a gait orthosis. They were mounted on the knee and hip joint of a commercial advanced reciprocating gait orthosis (ARGO), and a new two-degree-of-freedom externally powered gait orthosis was thus developed. The orthosis was assessed through inter-subject experiments on five male adult complete SCI patients. Owing to the short training period available for the assisted gait, simultaneous operation of both joint actuators was not conducted: either the knee actuation or the hip actuation was executed only. Thus, the knee actuator and the hip actuator were assessed with a T12 subject and with subjects for T5, T8, T11, and T12 respectively. The motions of the gaits, assisted by the linear actuators, were measured by a Vicon 370 system, and the general gait parameters and compensatory motions were evaluated. Results demonstrated that (a) all subjects could walk without falling, assisted either by the knee or the hip actuator; (b) both the knee and hip joint actuator increased the gait speed and the step length; (c) the knee flexion produced by the orthosis improved the dynamic cosmesis of walking; and (d) lateral compensatory motions as well as vertical ones tended to decrease when the hip joint was assisted, which could contribute to a reduction in walking effort. 相似文献
59.
Heungsoon Felix Lee Mandyam M. Srinivasan Candace Arai Yano 《International Journal of Flexible Manufacturing Systems》2006,18(4):239-268
We consider the problem of simultaneously determining the number of machines (and/or workers), the assignment of tasks (and
related tools and components) to these machines, and the number of jobs circulating in a flexible assembly system (FAS), to
satisfy steady-state throughput requirements for a family of similar products at minimum cost. We focus on situations where
there are precedence relations among the various tasks, as is common in assembly systems. We present a framework for solving
this problem based on a heuristic decomposition approach which involves the solution of only a few types of sub-problems.
We demonstrate the efficiency and effectiveness of the overall procedure using a number of example problems. 相似文献
60.
Application of an ultrahigh-resolution scanning electron microscope (UHS-T1) to biological specimens
Keiichi Tanaka Akira Mitsushima Yuzuru Kashima Takashi Nakadera Hitoshi Osatake 《Microscopy research and technique》1989,12(2):146-154
In 1985 we developed an ultrahigh-resolution scanning electron microscope with a resolution of 0.5 nm. It is equipped with a field emission gun and an objective lens with a very short focal length. In this study we report a survey of some different preparation techniques and biological specimens using the new scanning electron microscope. Intracellular structures such as cell organelles were observed surprisingly sharper than those observed by ordinary scanning electron microscopes. However, at magnifications over 250,000 X, platinum particles could be discerned as scattered pebbles on the surface of all structures in coated materials. Using an uncoated but conductively stained specimen, we successfully observed ribosomes on a rough endoplasmic reticulum at a direct magnification of 1 million. In these images some protrusions were recognized on the ribosomes. Ferritin and immunoglobulin G were used as samples of biological macromolecules. These samples were observed without metal coating and conductive staining. The ferritin particles appeared as rounded bodies without any substructure on the surface and immunoglobulin G as complexes of three-unit bodies. In the latter the central body might correspond to the Fc fragment and two side ones to Fab fragments. We assume that ultrahigh-resolution scanning electron microscopy is an effective means for observation of the cell fine structures and biological macromolecules. It will open a new research field in biomedicine. 相似文献