Variations in Spectral Slope in Lake Taihu,a Large Subtropical Shallow Lake in China

Spectral slope (S), describing the exponential decrease of the absorption spectrum over a given wavelength range, is an important parameter in the study of of chromophoric dissolved organic matter (CDOM) dynamics, and also an essential input parameter in remote sensing models. Furthermore, S is often used as a proxy for CDOM composition, including the ratio of fulvic to humic acids and molecular weight. The relative broad range in S values reported in the literature can be explained by the different spectral ranges and fitting methods used. A single exponential model is used to fit the S values for 17 investigations involving 458 samples in Lake Taihu from January to October in 2004. The average S value was 15.18 ± 1.39 μm⁻¹ for the range of 280–500 nm, which fell within the range reported in the literature. The frequency distribution of S value basically obeyed a normal distribution. Significant differences in S values between summer and other seasons showed that phytoplankton degradation was one of the important sources of CDOM in summer, whereas CDOM mainly came from the river input in other seasons. Furthermore, the estimated S value decreased with increasing wavelength range used in regression. The maximum and minimum values derived from the regression were 17.89 ± 1.25 μm⁻¹ and 13.62 ± 2.11 μm⁻¹ for the wavelength ranges of 280–380 nm and 400–500 nm, respectively, a decrease of 23.9%. S values significantly decreased with the increase of CDOM absorption coefficients. CDOM absorption coefficients could be more appropriately estimated from exponential model introducing the variation of S with absorption coefficients, making them useful for a remote sensing bio-optical model of Lake Taihu. DOC-specific absorption coefficient a*(λ) and the parameter M describing molecular size of the humic molecules could also be used as a proxy for the sources and types of CDOM. A general relationship was found between S and a*(λ), and M values. S increased with the decrease of DOC-specific absorption coefficient and the increase of M corresponding to the decrease of molecular weight.     

解析曾懿《中馈录》——兼论川菜菜系雏形的形成

川菜菜系不是短时间内突然出现的,它有一个萌芽、雏形(开始形成)、成熟和发展的过程。本文尝试通过解析川菜经典食谱之一的曾懿《中馈录》,来探讨川菜菜系雏形的形成。     

勇闯十字路口:祝贺《建筑创作》100期

《建筑创作》出刊已100期,它不仅发表了许多令人赞赏的建筑作品,许多发人深思的文章,而且组织茶室、考察、访旧等活动,已经成为我国建筑文化研究和开拓的一个中心.希望它越办越好.……     

On the behavior of microstructures with multiple length scales

The current study aims to provide fundamental insight into the behavior of microstructures containing grain sizes that span multiple length scales. A commercial 5083 Al alloy was selected as the material of interest to facilitate comparison with recently published data. The materials studied here were prepared via the thermal consolidation of powders that were cryomilled for different times (i.e., 0, 2, 4, and 8 hours). Following consolidation, the resultant microstructure was characterized by an equiaxed grain morphology with a size distribution centered around 200∼300 nm. Dispersed among the 200- to 300-nm grains were coarse-grained regions or ligaments with a grain size ranging from 600 nm to 2 μm. The occurrence of coarse-grained regions is rationalized on the basis of recrystallization or subgrain coarsening, whereas the occurrence of equiaxed fine regions is proposed to be a result of continuous grain growth. Two types of microstructures were selected for study, containing coarse-grained volumes of approximately 28 pct and 43 pct that corresponded to an ultimate tensile strength (UTS) of 566 MPa and 535 MPa, and a fracture strain of 3.2 pct and 3.5 pct, respectively. The observed ductility and the relevant toughening mechanisms were discussed in light of the presence of multiple length scales.     

基于项目的大学英语在线合作学习研究

本文根据教育部外语教学改革的总体要求和建构主义教学理论，总结了两年来作者将计算机技术和网络资源整合于大学英语教学，开展基于项目的大学英语在线合作学习研究的探索和实践。     

利用高酸值餐饮废油脂制备生物柴油

以高酸值餐饮废油脂为原料,在酯化反应后再经两步酯交换反应制备生物柴油。在酯化反应中添加吸水剂可降低油脂的酸值,经一次酯化反应即可将油脂的酸值降至2m g/g左右,满足酯交换反应的要求。考察了酯化反应中吸水剂的添加方式、种类及其用量对酯化反应的影响,以及酯交换催化剂的种类及用量对脂肪酸甲酯(FAME)收率和产物组成的影响。实验结果表明,以凹凸棒土为吸水剂(用量为餐饮废油脂中游离脂肪酸质量的3%),且在酯化反应30m in时加入,酯化效果较好;以质量比为1∶1的NaOH和KOH混合物为催化剂进行两步酯交换反应时,催化剂的最佳用量依次为1.00%和0.75%(质量分数,基于油脂的质量),FAME收率最高达到96.33%。     

Sediment chemistry and nutrient influx in a hydrologically restored bottomland hardwood forest in Midwestern USA

Exchanges of total N and C between a river and its floodplain forest have been enhanced by sedimentation processes during flood pulses at a 5‐ha bottomland hardwood forest located at the Olentangy River Wetland Research Park in central Ohio. In the spring of 2000, the forest was hydrologically restored by notching an artificial levee that had separated the Olentangy River and its floodplain forest for 100 years. One‐hundred flat sediment traps (30 cm × 30 cm) were used to collect sediment samples during spring/summer flooding events from 2003 to 2005. Results showed that sediment deposition is determined by the landscape variability during flooding events, Net sediment deposit in the wettest area averaged 134 ± 12 g‐dry wt m^?2 in 2003, 127 ± 17 g‐dry wt m^?2 in 2004 and 149 ± 23 g‐dry wt m^?2 in 2005. Total N and C sedimentation ranged from 0.49 to 0.92 g‐N m^?2 and 5.2 to 19.9 g‐C m^?2. Fe dominates the sediment chemistry and results show the elemental abundance in the order of Al > Fe > Ca > K > Mg > S > P > Na > Mn > Zn > B > Cu > Mo. A hydrologic pulsing index (HPI) could be used as an indicator for mass changes of energies with hydrologic pulsing events. Restoration of seasonally flooded bottomland forests could stimulate potentially large nutrient and Fe releases, which would eventually lead to an enhanced forest productivity and biodiversity. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

三峡地下电站主厂房顶拱开挖施工

三峡工程地下电站主厂房顶拱跨度32．60m，上覆山体最薄处仅35m，属埋深浅、局部围岩偏薄的超大型地下洞室。通过合理的施工组织、质量和安全控制，主厂房顶拱开挖按时、保质完成。三峡工程地下电站主厂房顶拱开挖施工技术及管理经验可供有关工程参考。     

高效铣环在胜科1井事故处理中的应用

胜科1井是中国石化的一口重点科学探井,在钻至井深5001m时因井眼缩径发生了卡钻事故。由于井底存在直翼扩大器、PDC钻头等含有硬质合金的落鱼,普通铣鞋无法完成套铣打捞作业,为此,专门设计了一种高效铣环。该铣环的切削元件选用了一种硬度达93.2 HRA的钛合金,经铣槽镶焊在本体上;本体选用了40CrNiMo厚壁管材,并进行了调质处理;连接螺纹选用了双级梯形同步螺纹。在胜科1井的应用表明：切削元件的强度满足了切削扩大器切削翼和PDC钻头胎体的需要,其齿形、布齿方向和出刃高度设计合理,提高了切削速度;本体性能高,切削元件焊接性能较好;双级梯形同步螺纹有效增加了连接部位的强度,具有较高的上扣扭矩,承受冲击载荷能力强。高效铣环在该井的成功应用,为今后同类型井的事故处理提供了借鉴。     

抽水蓄能电站备用效益研究综述

随着电力体制改革及电力系统的不断完善,抽水蓄能电站在电力系统中的动态作用越来越显著,但如果其动态作用体现的价值得不到合理的收益,将严重影响抽水蓄能电站自身的财务生存能力。通过对抽水蓄能电站动态效益的主要组成部分——备用效益进行的研究,对抽水蓄能电站承担备用容量的特点以及备用效益的研究现状、量化理论及方法进行的综合分析,为抽水蓄能电站动态效益的合理量化提供了参考依据。