Antihyperglycemic activity of phenolics from Pterocarpus marsupium

Glucose levels in rats with hyperglycemia induced by streptozotocin were determined after i.p. administration of marsupsin (1), pterosupin (2), and pterostilbene (3), three important phenolic constituents of the heartwood of Pterocarpus marsupium. Marsupsin and pterostilbene significantly lowered the blood glucose level of hyperglycemic rats, and the effect was comparable to that of 1,1-dimethylbiguanide (metformin).     

Feature Selection for Detecting ICMPv6-Based DDoS Attacks Using Binary Flower Pollination Algorithm

Internet Protocol version 6 (IPv6) is the latest version of IP that goal to host 3.4 × 10³⁸ unique IP addresses of devices in the network. IPv6 has introduced new features like Neighbour Discovery Protocol (NDP) and Address Auto-configuration Scheme. IPv6 needed several protocols like the Address Auto-configuration Scheme and Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMPv6). IPv6 is vulnerable to numerous attacks like Denial of Service (DoS) and Distributed Denial of Service (DDoS) which is one of the most dangerous attacks executed through ICMPv6 messages that impose security and financial implications. Therefore, an Intrusion Detection System (IDS) is a monitoring system of the security of a network that detects suspicious activities and deals with a massive amount of data comprised of repetitive and inappropriate features which affect the detection rate. A feature selection (FS) technique helps to reduce the computation time and complexity by selecting the optimum subset of features. This paper proposes a method for detecting DDoS flooding attacks (FA) based on ICMPv6 messages using a Binary Flower Pollination Algorithm (BFPA-FA). The proposed method (BFPA-FA) employs FS technology with a support vector machine (SVM) to identify the most relevant, influential features. Moreover, The ICMPv6-DDoS dataset was used to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed method through different attack scenarios. The results show that the proposed method BFPA-FA achieved the best accuracy rate (97.96%) for the ICMPv6 DDoS detection with a reduced number of features (9) to half the total (19) features. The proven proposed method BFPA-FA is effective in the ICMPv6 DDoS attacks via IDS.     

Intrusion Detection Systems Using Blockchain Technology: A Review,Issues and Challenges

Intrusion detection systems that have emerged in recent decades can identify a variety of malicious attacks that target networks by employing several detection approaches. However, the current approaches have challenges in detecting intrusions, which may affect the performance of the overall detection system as well as network performance. For the time being, one of the most important creative technological advancements that plays a significant role in the professional world today is blockchain technology. Blockchain technology moves in the direction of persistent revolution and change. It is a chain of blocks that covers information and maintains trust between individuals no matter how far apart they are. Recently, blockchain was integrated into intrusion detection systems to enhance their overall performance. Blockchain has also been adopted in healthcare, supply chain management, and the Internet of Things. Blockchain uses robust cryptography with private and public keys, and it has numerous properties that have leveraged security’s performance over peer-to-peer networks without the need for a third party. To explore and highlight the importance of integrating blockchain with intrusion detection systems, this paper provides a comprehensive background of intrusion detection systems and blockchain technology. Furthermore, a comprehensive review of emerging intrusion detection systems based on blockchain technology is presented. Finally, this paper suggests important future research directions and trending topics in intrusion detection systems based on blockchain technology.     

In‐situ fabrication of zirconium–titanium nano‐composite and its coating on Ti‐6Al‐4V for biomedical applications

In this study, nanocomposite powder consisting of zirconia and titania (Zr–Ti) have been synthesised by sol–gel method, with the aim of protecting Ti‐6Al‐4V surface. A simple and low cost electrophoretic deposition (EPD) technique has been employed for coating the nanocomposite material on Ti‐6Al‐4V. The prepared nanocomposite powder was characterised for its functional groups, phase purity, surface topography by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, powder X‐ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy. Further, the biocompatibility nature of the composite powder was studied by [3‐(4, 5‐dimethylthiazol‐2‐yl)‐2, 5‐diphenyltetrazolium bromide] colorimetric assay and fluorescence analysis with MG63 osteoblast cell lines. The electrochemical behaviour of composite coating was investigated by potentiodynamic polarization and electrochemical impedance method. The results obtained from the electrochemical techniques indicate more corrosion resistance behaviour with increase of R _ct value with the corresponding decrease in R _dl values. From the above findings, the composite coating acts as a barrier layer against corrosion by preventing the leaching of metal ions from a dense and defect free coating. A scratch test analyser was used to assess the integrity of the coating; the lower traction force value of composite coating with increase in load has confirmed the presence of thick adherent layer on the substrate.Inspec keywords: zirconium compounds, titanium compounds, titanium alloys, aluminium alloys, vanadium alloys, nanofabrication, nanocomposites, nanoparticles, sol‐gel processing, electrophoretic coating techniques, surface topography, Fourier transform infrared spectra, X‐ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, X‐ray chemical analysis, fluorescence, cellular biophysics, biomedical materials, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, corrosion resistance, corrosion protection, corrosion protective coatings, adhesionOther keywords: in‐situ fabrication, zirconium‐titanium nanocomposite powder, biomedical applications, zirconia, titania, sol‐gel method, electrophoretic deposition, EPD, functional groups, phase purity, surface topography, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, powder X‐ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, energy dispersive X‐ray analysis, biocompatibility, 3‐(4, 5‐dimethylthiazol‐2‐yl)‐2,5‐diphenyltetrazolium bromide colorimetric assay, acridine range fluorescence analysis, MG63 osteoblast cell lines, electrochemical behaviour, composite coating, potentiodynamic polarization, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, corrosion resistance, barrier layer, leaching, defect free coating layer, scratch test analysis, adherent layer, TiAlV‐ZrO₂ ‐TiO₂      

Optical detection of CA 15.3 breast cancer antigen using CdS quantum dot

The present study focus on optical sensing of breast cancer antigen 15.3 (CA 15.3) using cadmium sulphide quantum dot (CdS‐QD) in saline and serum samples spiked with antigen. The surface of CdS‐QD was modified by cysteamine capping followed by tagging of CA 15.3 antibody. The samples were characterised using UV‐visible absorption spectroscopy (UV‐VIS Spectroscopy), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), high‐resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM) attached with energy‐dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy, phase contrast inverted epi‐fluorescence microscopy and photoluminescence (PL) spectrophotometry (EDS). The CdS‐QD showed a mean diameter of 3.02 ± 0.6 nm. The complex formed after antigen‐antibody interaction resulted in distinguishable optical and fluorescence intensity with respect to varying concentration of antigen. The PL study revealed that CA 15.3 antibody labelled CdS QD can detect CA 15.3 tumour marker even at very low concentration of 0.002 KU/L with a constant response time of 15 min. This study clearly indicates that detection of CA 15.3 at low concentration is possible using surface modified CdS QD in serum samples and can find immense applications in biosensor development for detection of breast cancer marker similar to various automated detection kits available in market.Inspec keywords: semiconductor quantum dots, cadmium compounds, II‐VI semiconductors, wide band gap semiconductors, cancer, tumours, optical sensors, biosensors, biomedical equipment, visible spectra, ultraviolet spectra, Fourier transform infrared spectra, transmission electron microscopy, X‐ray chemical analysis, fluorescence, optical microscopy, photoluminescence, proteins, molecular biophysics, nanosensors, nanomedicine, nanoparticlesOther keywords: optical detection, CA 15.3 breast cancer antigen, optical sensing, cadmium sulphide quantum dot, saline samples, serum samples, cysteamine capping, CA 15.3 antibody, UV‐visible absorption spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, high‐resolution transmission electron microscopy, energy dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy, phase contrast inverted epifluorescence microscopy, photoluminescence spectrophotometry, antigen‐antibody interaction, fluorescence intensity, optical intensity, CA 15.3 tumour marker, surface modified CdS QD, biosensor development, time 15 min, CdS     

Synthesis of Co3 O4 /graphene nanocomposite using paraffin wax for adsorption of methyl violet in water

This study discusses the use of Co₃ O₄ impregnated graphene (CoOIG) as an efficient adsorbent for the removal of methyl violet (MV) dye from wastewater. CoOIG nanocomposites have been prepared by pyrolyzing paraffin wax with cobalt acetate. The synthesised nanocomposite was characterised by X‐ray diffraction, field emission scanning electron microscope, transmission electron microscope, Fourier transform infrared spectroscope, Raman spectroscopy, and Brunauer–Emmett–Teller isotherm studies. The above studies indicate that the composites have cobalt oxide nanoparticles of size 51–58 nm embedded in the graphene nanoparticles. The adsorption studies were conducted with various parameters, pH, temperature and initial dye concentration, adsorbent dosage and contact time by the batch method. The adsorption of MV dye by the adsorbent CoOIG was about 90% initially at 15 min and 98% dye removal at pH 5. The data were fitted in Langmuir, Freundlich, Temkin, and Dubinin–Radushkevich and Sips isotherm models. Various thermodynamic parameters like Gibbs free energy, enthalpy, and entropy of the on‐going adsorption process have also been calculated.Inspec keywords: cobalt compounds, graphene, nanoparticles, nanocomposites, nanofabrication, adsorption, dyes, scanning electron microscopy, field emission electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, Raman spectra, Fourier transform infrared spectra, free energy, enthalpy, entropyOther keywords: nanocomposite, paraffin wax, adsorption, methyl violet dye, water, X‐ray diffraction, field emission scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy, Brunauer‐Emmett‐Teller isotherm, cobalt oxide nanoparticles, graphene nanoparticles, thermodynamic parameters, Gibbs free energy, enthalpy, entropy, Co₃ O₄ ‐C     

Double Layer Coatings: A New Technique for Maintaining Physico-Chemical Characteristics and Antioxidant Properties of Dragon Fruit During Storage

A double layer coating was evaluated for maintenance of quality of dragon fruit during storage at 10?±?2 °C and 80?±?5 % RH for 28 days. Significant differences (p?<?0.05) were observed between control and the treated fruit. However, a double layer coating with 600 nm droplet size?+?1.0 % conventional chitosan showed promising results in all the tested parameters, while the fruit treated with 1,000 nm droplet size?+?1.0 % conventional chitosan showed some negative effects on fruit surface. Increase in weight loss was 12.0 % in fruit treated with 600 nm droplet size and 1.0 % conventional chitosan as compared to the control. Antioxidants and gaseous analysis also proved the efficacy of double layer coatings with 600 nm droplet size?+?1.0 % conventional chitosan. Thus it can be concluded from the present investigation that double layer coating could be used for maintaining quality in dragon fruit for up to 28 days without any off-flavours.     

Ascorbic Acid-Assisted Eco-friendly Synthesis of NiCo<Subscript>2</Subscript>O<Subscript>4</Subscript> Nanoparticles as an Anode Material for High-Performance Lithium-Ion Batteries

We have synthesized NiCo₂O₄ nanoparticles (NCO NPs) using an ascorbic acid-assisted co-precipitation method for the first time. When NCO NPs are used as an anode material for lithium-ion batteries, the cell exhibits superior lithium storage properties, such as high capacity (700 mA h g^?1 after 300 cycles at 200 mA g^?1), excellent rate capabilities (applied current density range 100–1200 mA g^?1), and impressive cycling stability (at 1200 mA g^?1 up to 650 cycles). The enhanced electrochemical properties of NCO NPs are due to the nanometer dimensions which not only offers a smooth charge-transport pathway and short diffusion paths of the lithium ions but also adequate spaces for volume expansion during Li storage. Hence, this eco-friendly synthesis approach will provide a new strategy for the synthesis of various nanostructured metal oxide compounds, for energy conversion and storage systems applications.     

Fertilizer requirements for specified yield targets. II. Field verification of mathematical models for the estimation of soil and fertilizer nutrient efficiencies

Sugarcane response data from field experiments conducted between May 1979 and August 1981 on a sandy clay loam soil (Udic Haplustalf) of Coimbatore district, Tamil Nadu State, India were used in the present investigation. Soil () and fertilizer () nutrient efficiencies for the amount of fertilizer required for specified cane yield targets were computed from this data by three procedures, viz., conventional deduction procedure, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University Model I [TNAU Model I] and Model II [TNAU Model II].In the case of nitrogen, both TNAU Model I and TNAU Model II gave more realistic estimates of and than those determined by the conventional deduction procedure. The differences in the predicted amounts of fertilizer nitrogen required between these two models were well within the permissible limits of variation indicating that both these approaches can be followed for the amount of nitrogen required for specified yield targets.The Olsen's procedure for available phosphorus estimation was inadequate to explain the relationship between soil available phosphorus and sugarcane response as indicated by results obtained using the TNAU Model II. The incorporation of the term in this model caters for the actual situation in the field in respect of the relationship between soil and fertilizer phosphorus availabilities and phosphorus uptake by sugarcane proving usefulness of this model for assessing the amount of phosphorus required for specified cane yield targets.The results indicated that a considerable amount of potassium from the soil reserve was released into the soil available pool due to a priming effect. This fraction was preferentially absorbed by sugarcane compared to the fractions extracted by 0.1 N HNO₃ as indicated by results obtained using the TNAU Model II. In this case too, the actual situation regarding the relationship between soil and fertilizer potassium availabilities and potassium uptake by sugarcane is catered for by this model proving its superiority over the other two procedures for assessing the amount of potassium required for specified yield targets.