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This case study examines a nonlegislative task force as it struggled to reach internal consensus despite external political constraints. The study highlights the convergence of politics and science, revealing complex issues likely to be confronted by advocates and public health officials. Three themes capture participants' experiences: context, sizing up the opportunities and constraints; task force process, tacit strategy to operate outside the political context and play the science card; and aftermath, a glass half full. The task force took advantage of ambiguous parameters, crafting a comprehensive statewide plan to reduce tobacco use and breaking out of the common public health paradigm of allowing budget considerations to drive program design. These internal victories could not sustain a policy success in the legislature. However, the group's product sets science-based standards for future program development, and the task force's process provides valuable insights into other states developing tobacco prevention and control policies.  相似文献   
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Paired groups of male rabbits were challenged with Treponema pallidum and Mycobacterium bovis BCG. One group had been sensitized to BCG by inoculation 3 weeks before challenge. All animals were challenged intradermally at multiple sites with T. pallidum alone, BCG alone, and both organisms into the same sites. The resulting lesions were followed clinically and histologically. BCG lesions enlarged more rapidly in sensitized rabbits, but they were otherwise no different from those in the controls. T. pallidum lesions enlarged and regressed simultaneously in both groups, but in the BCG-sensitized animals they became twice as large as those in the unsensitized rabbits. Mixed BCG-T. pallidum lesions showed the greatest differences in the two groups of animals. Like the pure BCG lesions, they enlarged more rapidly in the sensitized rabbits but began to recede after 1 week. The corresponding lesions in the controls enlarged more slowly and reached their maximum size after 3 weeks when the receding lesions in the sensitized animals were much smaller. The most marked histological-histochemical difference between the two groups of animals was in the number and activation of macrophages. These cells were more numerous in the mixed lesions of BCG-sensitized animals than in similar lesions of the controls and more activated as determined by beta-galactosidase staining. Although sparsely distributed, activated macrophages were more numerous in the pur T. pallidum lesions of sensitized animals than in those of control animals. Silver-stained sections revealed fewer treponemes in mixed lesions of sensitized animals than in the mixed lesions of control animals. Quantitation of treponemes in pure T. pallidum versus mixed lesions was determined in two groups of rabbits challenged intratesticularly. The total number of treponemes per testis in the mixed lesions of BCG-sensitized rabbits was significantly less than the number in the mixed lesions of control animals, and also less than the number in pure T. pallidum lesions of both groups of animals.  相似文献   
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Treponema pallidum were extracted from testicular syphilomas of corticosteroid-treated rabbits and purified by differential centrifugation. The steroid therapy allowed a longer holding time for infected rabbits, which produced greater treponeme yields, averaging 1.58 × 1010 treponemes per rabbit. The treatment, which also diminished cellular infiltration and increased the extracellular mucoid material in lesions, produced much cleaner suspensions than preparations from nontreated animals. Most of the treponemes in the purified suspensions were still motile, and none carried demonstrable host immunoglobulin. The preparations were free of recognizable host tissue debris and they contained, on the average, 1.9 × 10−7 μg of protein per treponeme.  相似文献   
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Genetic polymorphisms for apolipoprotein E (apo E) and methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) are believed to modulate risk of coronary heart disease (CHD) acting through regulation of lipid and homocysteine metabolism, respectively. The distributions of apo E and MTHFR alleles in Black South Africans, a population with a low CHD incidence, and UK Caucasians from the Cambridge area, with a higher CHD incidence, were therefore compared. Clinically healthy volunteers (207), including 107 UK Caucasians from the Cambridge area and 100 Black South Africans, participated in the study. Apo E and MTHFR genotypes were determined in all of them. Analyses for serum total cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, HDL cholesterol, triglycerides and plasma fibrinogen were carried out in 65 UK Caucasians and 60 Black South Africans. The apo E epsilon4 allele, which is associated with elevated CHD risk, was present in 48% of Black South Africans compared to 20.8% of Caucasians (P < 0.0001); however, both total and LDL cholesterol levels in Black South Africans were 18-32% lower than in Caucasians with similar apo E genotypes. Hyperhomocysteinemia-causing MTHFR 677T variant was detected in only 20% of Black South Africans (no homozygotes) versus 56% of Caucasians with 12% homozygotes (P<0.0001). Our findings suggest that the potentially unfavourable pattern of apo E allele distribution in Black South Africans does not result in increased CHD incidence due to protection by dietary and/or other life style related factors. The exceptionally low frequency of MTHFR mutant homozygotes in this population suggests that this polymorphism should not be regarded as an important CHD risk factor among Black South Africans.  相似文献   
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