基于计算流体力学的寒区土壤水热耦合模型研究

土壤水文过程（水分运移和传热）及其对气候变化的响应是寒区水文学的前沿问题。然而,冻土的存在使得寒区土壤水文过程变得极其复杂。此外,寒区自然环境恶劣,较难获取长时间序列和高分辨率的野外观测资料。近年来,充分利用已有的观测数据,构建寒区土壤水热耦合模型,并开展相应的数值模拟研究,已成为理解寒区土壤水文物理过程,揭示其动力学机制的重要途径。基于寒区土壤水文物理过程和计算流体力学方法,构建了高分辨率、适用于完全饱和状态下的寒区土壤水热耦合模型,且自主研发了相应的数值求解器和软件包。随后,通过一系列完全饱和状态下的验证算例,如经典的一维传热方程解析解、被广泛应用的二维基准测试算例和室内土柱冻结实验等,对已构建的模型进行了系统的检验。模型模拟结果与解析解、基准算例的结果以及实验数据相比,均有较好的一致性,表明该模型较为准确且高效地模拟了寒区土壤在完全饱和状态下的水分运移和传热过程,尤其能够精细刻画冻土水-冰相态变化等关键过程,有望成为研究寒区土壤水文过程的有力工具。     

黑河流域土地利用变化对土壤有机碳和全氮储量的影响——元分析（英文）

Land use and cover change(LUCC) is an important indicator of the human-earth system under climate/environmental change,which also serves as a key impact factor of carbon balance,and a major source/sink of soil carbon cycles.The Heihe River Basin(HRB) is known as a typical ecologically fragile area in the arid/semi-arid regions of northwestern China,which makes it more sensitive to the LUCC.However,its sensitivity varies in a broad range of controlling factors,such as soil layers,LUCCs and calculation methods(e.g.the fixed depth method,FD,and the equivalent mass method,ESM).In this study,we performed a meta-analysis to assess the response of soil organic carbon(SOC) and total nitrogen(TN) storage to the LUCC as well as method bias based on 383 sets of SOC data and 148 sets of TN data from the HRB.We first evaluated the calculation methods and found that based on the FD method,the LUCC caused SOC and TN storage to decrease by 17.39% and 14.27%,respectively;while the losses estimated using the ESM method were 19.31% and 18.52%,respectively.The deviations between two methods were mainly due to the fact that the FD method ignores the heterogeneity of soil bulk density(BD),which may underestimate the results subsequently.We then analyzed the response of SOC and TN storage to various types of the LUCC.In particular,when woodland and grassland were converted into cultivated land or other land types,SOC and TN suffered from heavy losses,while other LUCCs had minor influences.Finally,we showed that increasing the depth of the soil layers would reduce the losses of SOC and TN storage.In summary,we identified a series of controlling factors(e.g.soil layer,the LUCC and calculation method) to evaluate the impact of the LUCC on SOC and TN storage in the HRB,which should be considered in future research.     

农村土地整治创新模式思考——基于重庆“先建后补”土地整治项目的启示

基于实地走访、座谈、问卷调查,对重庆“先建后补”土地整治实施模式的基本做法、取得的成效与经验进行了分析,在此基础上对比现行制度,提出了改进完善农村土地整治实施模式的制度建议.研究结果认为:重庆市开展的“先建后补”土地整治项目,增加了有效耕地面积,改善了耕作条件,提高了土地利用率与产出率,有利于农业机械化作业、产业结构调整和规模经营,促进了农民增收、农业增效,激发了多元主体参与土地整治的积极性与主动性.但需进一步强化土地整治的市场多元化运作模式,建立适应农业规模化、产业化发展需求的多元化项目选择机制;科学界定政府与市场作用,优化项目组织模式,简化项目管理程序;加快土地整治“先建后补”实施办法和补助标准研究;创新统筹权益、责任、目标“三位一体”的投融资机制,鼓励与引导企业、社会团体、农民等不同土地整治主体投资土地整治项目.