深圳市结核病一线抗结核药的耐药监测结果分析

目的了解深圳市结核分枝杆菌耐药情况,为深圳市结核病控制提供科学依据。方法依据(WHO/IUALD)结核病耐药指南,将深圳市1999-2008年间所有新涂阳和新登记的复治涂阳的肺结核作为监测对象,对6702例成功分离的结核分枝杆菌菌株,用比例法进行药物敏感实验。结果总耐药率37.8%,初始耐药率22.1%,获得性耐药率37.8%;耐多药率4.7%,初始和获得性耐多药率分别为3.8%和16.3%;初治和复治患者的耐单药率和单药耐药频率均以S和H为主,复治组R的耐单药率显著高于初治组;初治患者含耐R的病例共333例,其中耐HR211例,占60%;复治患者含R耐药的患者共99例,其中耐HR78例,占79%。结论深圳市耐药结核病的发生率较高,耐药现状应该引起高度重视。 更多还原…     

北京市海淀区综合医院肺结核报告转诊检查结果

综合医院报告转诊是发现肺结核的主要方式[1]。为了解掌握该区综合医院肺结核报告转诊工作现状,本区疾病预防控制中心结防所(以下简称“结防所”),于2008年2月和2008年11月对该区二、三级综合医院肺结核报告转诊工作进行2次专项监督检查,现报告如下。1资料和方法1.1监督检查方案2次监督检查均根据北京市卫生局京卫监字〔2008〕25号《2008年北京市结核病控制管理工作专项监督检查方案》的精神,由区卫生局、区疾控中心结防所和区卫生监督所工作人员组成督导检查组,并制定督导方案。1.1.1区结防所针对检查标准对检查工作成员进行系统培训,按照统一的督导方法、标准和规范进行督导检查。1.1.2检查对象 更多还原…     

左前下纵隔肿块1例影像学表现

1病例资料1.1病史及检查患者,女,60岁。左胸部不适1个月。患者于入院前1个月无明显诱因下出现左胸部不适,无明显咳嗽、咳痰及发热、痰血等其他临床表现。当时未予以重视。后自觉症状有所加重,遂至就近医院诊治,X线胸片示左肺异影。外院予以头孢西丁静脉滴注5d后症状无明显缓解...     

安徽巢湖市丝虫病控制、消除历程和监测报告

【摘要】 目的  回顾并总结巢湖市丝虫病的流行、控制,以及消除丝虫病的历程。 方法  统计分析1970~1989年在该市采取以消灭传染源、切断传播途径为主的防治策略,以及展开大规模防治的各个阶段。 结果  1989年,采用分层整群抽样调查方法调查,微丝蚴率下降至0.032%,以行政村为单位,微丝蚴率已控制在1.0%以下,达到卫生部规定的基本消灭丝虫病标准;1991年,经省级调查考核,认定全市已达到卫生部规定的基本消灭丝虫病标准。1996年,省级审评确认已达到卫生部颁布的消灭丝虫病标准。经过10年的监测和跟踪治疗,到2005年,全市丝虫病病原学监测未查见微丝蚴阳性者,解剖镜检人房内淡色库蚊1 348只,蚊体内均未查见人体幼丝虫。 结论  巢湖市达到了消除丝虫病的标准。     

重视对慢性病毒性肝炎合并肝脂肪变的研究

慢性乙型肝炎是我国最常见的慢性传染病之一,资料显示,全球至少有20亿人感染过HBV,我国HBV携带率为9.75%,约有1.2亿人感染过HBV.丙型肝炎呈全球性流行,以往文献报道我国一般人群抗HCV阳性率为3.2%,感染者约为4100万,根据中国疾病预防控制中心提供的数据,我国每年的新发丙型肝炎已从2003年的2万多人发展为2005年的近6万人.     

2018 年安徽省血吸虫病疫情分析

目的 报告并分析 2018 年全省血吸虫病疫情状况与近年的变化趋势。 方法 对 2004 年以来,特别是 2018 年的全省血吸虫病疫情资料进行统计与分析。 结果 截至 2018 年底,全省共有 9 个市的 50 个县(市、区)流行 血吸虫病,其中 27 个达到传播控制标准、13 个达到传播阻断标准、10 个达到消除标准。 2018 年,全省共询检 214. 7 万人,发现阳性 470 689 人;血检 98. 9 万人,发现阳性 11 759 人;粪检 12. 7 万人,未发现阳性病人;全省现有病人数 为 5 890 人,其中推算慢性病人 538 例、晚期血吸虫病 5 352 例,无急性血吸虫病病例,人群平均感染率为 0. 08%;全 省流行村牛存栏 26 470 头,共血检 528 头,粪检 12 992 头,未发现病牛。 全省共调查钉螺 84 365. 2 hm² ,查出钉螺面 积 20 269. 3 hm² ,其中新发现钉螺 15. 0 hm² 、复现钉螺 45. 9 hm² ,未发现感染性钉螺;累计药物灭螺面积 10 763. 8 hm² ,消灭钉螺面积 137. 4 hm² ,年底尚有钉螺面积 26 434. 0 hm² 。 2018 年,全省 50 个国家级血吸虫病监测点病情监 测未发现病人、病畜,钉螺监测显示有螺框出现率 11. 2%,活螺平均密度 0. 38 只/ 0. 11m² ,未发现感染性钉螺。 2004 ~ 2018 年,全省人群和牛的平均感染率均呈现明显的下降趋势,分别下降了 90.4%和 100%,有螺面积在 2. 64 亿 m² ~ 3. 10 亿 m² 间徘徊波动并有小幅下降,已连续 6 年未发现急性血吸虫病例和感染性钉螺。 结论 全省血吸虫病疫 情进一步下降,局部地区仍然存在血吸虫病传播风险。 为达到血吸虫病传播阻断乃至消除血吸虫病的目标,仍需要 加大防治及监测工作的力度。     

肺结核病患者治疗依从性的研究进展

我国有5·5亿人感染结核菌,活动性肺结核患者为451万。菌阳肺结核患者为196万,每年死亡人数约15万[1]。这些数据表明:我国结核病流行严重,目前已成为影响人类健康的公共卫生问题。而肺结核病是慢性传染性疾病,需要长期规律全程治疗,良好的用药依从性是有效控制结核病和减少肺结...     

2010年安徽亳州市饮水型地方性氟中毒监测分析

目的 掌握毫州市饮水型地方性氟中毒病情及降氟改水工程等防治措施落实情况,为进一步开展防治地氟病工作提供科学依据。方法  2010年在市辖3个县(区)谯城区、涡阳县、蒙城县的地氟病监测点,对所有改水工程运行情况、水氟含量进行了调查。对每县区的3个固定监测村的人口学资料、水氟含量、8~12岁儿童氟斑牙、25岁以上成人氟骨症等情况开展了调查工作。结果 共调查了134个集中式改水设施,无经费运行或损坏的有14个,水氟>1.0mg/L的有93个。共采集9个病区村的48份水样,全市水氟浓度检测结果的算术平均值范围为1.37mg/L,最大值为4.91mg/L。726名8~12岁儿童氟斑牙检出率为21.26%(158/726),缺损率为1.24%(9/726),氟斑牙指数为0.74;25岁以上成人X线氟骨症检出率为15.4%(69/448)。结论 亳州市饮水型地氟病病情尚未完全控制,防控形势仍很严峻,需进一步加强降氟改水监管力度,使群众能够饮用低氟水。     

超声引导手术治疗颅内出血的效果

目的  探讨超声引导下手术治疗颅内出血的效果。 方法  选择2009年7月至2012年12月在本院接受超声引导手术治疗的38例颅内出血患者为研究对象,以中国脑卒中临床神经功能缺损程度评分量表（CSS）评分作为患者术前及术后14 d神经功能和近期恢复评价指标,应用Barthel指数分级法对患者术后6个月日常生活活动能力（Activities of Daily Living,ADL）进行评估,并比较分析。 结果  38例患者术前平均CSS评分为28.42±5.59分,高于术后平均CSS评分（12.39±6.87分）（P < 0.05）。术后5个月随访,34例患者术后恢复良好（Barthel指数＞60）,生活基本自理。 结论  超声引导手术治疗颅内出血效果较好,值得推广应用。     

人胎儿肝组织形态学及蛋白质组学分析

目的 探讨不同发育时期胎儿肝组织形态学及蛋白质表达谱的差异.方法 胎儿肝组织常规切片、HE染色、光学显微镜下观察肝组织形态.采用基于双向电泳-基质辅助激光解吸电离飞行时间质谱的蛋白质组学分析方法,分析早,晚期胎儿肝脏蛋白质表达谱的差异,并与肝癌组织蛋白质表达谱比较;用Mascot软件对差异表达的蛋白质在蛋白质数据库中进行检索并鉴定.结果 早、晚期胎儿肝脏不仅组织形态学上存在明显差异,而且蛋白质表达谱也存在明显差异.与肝癌组织蛋白质表达谱比较,对有差异的和相似的32个蛋白质点进行分析,初步鉴定出26个蛋白质.它们涉及细胞的增殖、凋亡及各种物质代谢等方面.结论 提示肝癌的发生是原始胎儿肝细胞发育分化的重现,在肝癌的发生过程中由于癌细胞遗传特性的紊乱获得了某些胎儿肝细胞的特性.     

Three layer functional model and energy exchange concept of aging process

Relying on a certain degree of abstraction, we can propose that no particular distinction exists between animate or living matter and inanimate matter. While focusing attention on some specifics, the dividing line between the two can be drawn. The most apparent distinction is in the level of structural and functional organization with the dissimilar streams of ‘energy flow’ between the observed entity and the surrounding environment. In essence, living matter is created from inanimate matter which is organized to contain internal intense energy processes and maintain lower intensity energy exchange processes with the environment. Taking internal and external energy processes into account, we contend in this paper that living matter can be referred to as matter of dissipative structure, with this structure assumed to be a common quality of all living creatures and living matter in general. Interruption of internal energy conversion processes and terminating the controlled energy exchange with the environment leads to degeneration of dissipative structure and reduction of the same to inanimate matter, (gas, liquid and/or solid inanimate substances), and ultimately what can be called ‘death.’ This concept of what we call dissipative nature can be extended from living organisms to social groups of animals, to mankind. An analogy based on the organization of matter provides a basis for a functional model of living entities. The models relies on the parallels among the three central structures of any cell (nucleus, cytoplasm and outer membrane) and the human body (central organs, body fluids along with the connective tissues, and external skin integument). This three-part structural organization may be observed almost universally in nature. It can be observed from the atomic structure to the planetary and intergalactic organizations. This similarity is corroborated by the membrane theory applied to living organisms. According to the energy nature of living matter and the proposed functional model, the decreased integrity of a human body's external envelope membrane is a first cause of the structural degradation and aging of the entire organism. The aging process than progresses externally to internally, as in single cell organisms, suggesting that much of the efforts towards the restoration and maintenance of the mechanisms responsible for structural development should be focused accordingly, on the membrane, i.e., the skin. Numerous reports indicate that all parts of the human body, like: bones, blood with blood vessels, muscles, skin, and so on, have some ability for restoration. Therefore, actual revival of not only aging tissue of the human body's membrane, but the entire human body enclosed within, with all internal organs, might be expected. We assess several aging theories within the context of our model and provide suggestions on how to activate the body's own anti-aging mechanisms and increase longevity. This paper presents some analogies and some distinctions that exist between the living dissipative structure matter and inanimate matter, discusses the aging process and proposes certain aging reversal solutions.     

Unusual responses of nocturnal pineal melatonin synthesis and secretion to swimming: Attempts to define mechanisms

Abstract: The effect of swimming at night on rat pineal melatonin synthesis was compared with that of light exposure at night. Rats were forced to swim at 0030 hr (lights out at 2000 hr) and sacrificed by decapitation 15 and 30 min later, immediately after swimming. Other groups of animals were exposed to white light (650μW/cm²) for 15 and 30 min at same time. Swimming caused a rapid and highly significant drop in the melatonin content in the pineal gland; however, the activity of N-acetyltransferase (NAT), the supposed rate limiting enzyme in the melatonin production, was not changed. Despite the drop in pineal melatonin levels, serum concentrations of the indole remained elevated in the rats that swam. In contrast, melatonin levels in the pineal and serum of light exposed rats fell precipitously, accompanied by a significant suppression of NAT activity. Since we anticipated that the strenuous exercise associated with swimming may induce release of artrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) from the heart, which in turn could cause the release of pineal melatonin, in a second study we injected physiological saline intravenously to stretch the cardiac muscle and release ANP. Three milliliters of normal saline was injected during the day into the jugular vein of anesthetized rats that were pretreated with isoproterenol to stimulate pineal melatonin production. Animals were killed 15 min after the saline injection, and pineal NAT activity and pineal melatonin levels were measured. The saline injections caused no alteration in the elevated levels of either NAT or melatonin. These data suggest that the disparity in pineal NAT activity (which was high) and pineal melatonin (which was low), in animals swum at night, may not be caused by ANP which is released during strenuous exercise such as swimming.     

Melatonin and photoperiodic time measurement: Seasonal breeding in the sheep

Abstract: Well-established circadian physiology supports the view that photoperiodic time measurement utilizes the coincidence between the presence of light and a photosensitive phase of a 'biological clock' to alter reproductive status—the so-called external coincidence model of seasonal breeding. In this review, we examine the mechanism whereby photoperiod interacts with presumed suprachiasmatic nuclei activity to allow endogenous melatonin to normally synchronize reproductive activity to the optimal time of year. The Romney Marsh sheep is particularly explored as an experimental model. It is suggested that the on/off activity of seasonal reproduction may be a robust mechanism able to be predictably manipulated by the judicious use of the light/dark cycle and exogenous melatonin, but firmly based on circadian principles.     

The immunoneuroendocrine role of melatonin

Abstract: A tight, physiological link between the pineal gland and the immune system is emerging from a series of experimental studies. This link might reflect the evolutionary connection between self-recognition and reproduction. Pinealectomy or other experimental methods which inhibit melatonin synthesis and secretion induce a state of immunodepression which is counteracted by melatonin. In general, melatonin seems to have an immunoenhancing effect that is particularly apparent in immunodepressive states. The negative effect of acute stress or immunosuppressive pharmacological treatments on various immune parameters are counteracted by melatonin. It seems important to note that one of the main targets of melatonin is the thymus, i.e., the central organ of the immune system. The clinical use of melatonin as an immunotherapeutic agent seems promising in primary and secondary immunodeficiencies as well as in cancer immunotherapy. The immunoenhancing action of melatonin seems to be mediated by T-helper cell-derived opioid peptides as well as by lymphokines and, perhaps, by pituitary hormones. Melatonin-induced-immuno-opioids (MHO) and lymphokines imply the presence of specific binding sites or melatonin receptors on cells of the immune system. On the other hand, lymphokines such as -γ-interferon and interleukin-2 as well as thymic hormones can modulate the synthesis of melatonin in the pineal gland. The pineal gland might thus be viewed as the crux of a sophisticated immunoneuroendocrine network which functions as an unconscious, diffuse sensory organ.     

Serological survey of HIV and syphilis in pregnant women in Madagascar

Objectives Peripartal transmission of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and Treponema pallidum, the causative agent of syphilis, leads to severe consequences for newborns. Preventive measures require awareness of the maternal infection. Although HIV and syphilis testing in Madagascar could be theoretically carried out within the framework of the national pregnancy follow‐up scheme, the required test kits are rarely available at peripheral health centres. In this study, we screened blood samples of pregnant Madagascan women for HIV and syphilis seroprevalence to estimate the demand for systemic screening in pregnancy. Methods Retrospective anonymous serological analysis for HIV and syphilis was performed in plasma samples from 1232 pregnant women that were taken between May and July 2010 in Ambositra, Ifanadiana, Manakara, Mananjary, Moramanga and Tsiroanomandidy (Madagascar) during pregnancy follow‐up. Screening was based on Treponema pallidum haemagglutination tests for syphilis and rapid tests for HIV, with confirmation of positive screening results on line assays. Results Out of 1232 pregnant women, none were seropositive for HIV and 37 (3%) were seropositive for Treponema pallidum. Conclusions Our findings are in line with previous studies that describe considerable syphilis prevalence in the rural Madagascan population. The results suggest a need for screening to prevent peripartal Treponema pallidum transmission, while HIV is still rare. If they are known, Treponema pallidum infections can be easily, safely and inexpensively treated even in pregnancy to reduce the risk of transmission.     

Conservative management of perforated duodenal diverticulum： A case report and review of the literature

Duodenal diverticula are a relatively common condition. They are asymptomatic, unless they become complicated, with perforation being the rarest but most severe complication. Surgical treatment is the most frequently performed approach. We report the case of a patient with a perforated duodenal diverticulum, which was diagnosed early and treated conservatively with antibiotics and percutaneous drainage of secondary retroperitoneal abscesses. We suggest this method could be an acceptable option for the management of similar cases, provided that the patient is in good general condition and without septic signs.     

Changes in connexin43, the gap junction protein of astrocytes, during development of the rat pineal gland

Abstract: The abundance of gap junctions between rat pineal astrocytes formed by connexin43 (Cx43) was studied during development. Levels and distribution of Cx43 were measured by immunoblotting and indirect immunofluorescence, respectively. The amount of Cx43 in cells located within the gland was low until about the 7th postnatal day and increased to adult values between the 14th and 21st days postpartum. Although astrocytes, recognized by their vimentin immunoreactivity, were scarce before birth, they were abundant by the 7th postnatal day suggesting that the low levels of Cx43 found at this age corresponded to a low expression of this protein. Localization of the immunoreactivity to Cx43 and vimentin showed a close correlation, indicating that mature or immature pineal astrocytes form gap junctions made of Cx43. Since Cx43 levels attained their adult values at about the time the innervation and the functional state of the gland reached maturity (2–3 weeks after birth), it is proposed that astrocyte gap junctions are involved in the function of the adult rat pineal gland.     

Variabilité des concentrations plasmatiques de l’angiotensinogène et risque d’hypertension artérielle chez le rat transgénique

Aim

Genetic polymorphisms of the human angiotensinogen gene are frequent and may induce up to 30% increase of plasma angiotensinogen concentrations with a blood pressure increase of up to 5 mmHg. Their role for the pathogenesis of human arterial hypertension remains unclear. High plasma angiotensinogen levels could increase the sensitivity to other blood pressure stressors.

Methods

Male transgenic rats with a 9-fold increase of plasma angiotensinogen concentrations and male non-transgenic rats aged 10 weeks were treated or not with NG-Nitro-L-arginine-methyl ester for 3 weeks in their drinking water (n = 3/group). Systolic blood pressure and body weight were measured at baseline and at the end of the study when left ventricular weight and ventricular expression of angiotensin I-converting enzyme and procollagen Iα1 were determined (polymerase chain reaction).

Results

At baseline, transgenic rats had +18 mmHg higher bood pressure and –8% lower body weight compared to non-transgenic rats (P < 0.05) without significant changes for the vehicle groups throughout the study (P > 0.05). NG-Nitro-L-arginine-methyl ester increased blood pressure, left ventricular weight and left ventricular weight indexed for body weight by +41%, +17.6% and +18.6% (P < 0.05) in transgenic and +25%, +5.3% and +6.7% (P > 0.05) in non-transgenic rats compared to untreated animals, respectively. Cardiac gene expression showed no differences between groups (P > 0.05).

Conclusion

Increased plasma angiotensinogen levels may sensitize to additional blood pressure stressors. Our preliminary results point towards an independent role of angiotensinogen in the pathogenesis of human hypertension and associated end-organ damage.