狼疮性肾炎患者40例临床病理分析

目的 探讨狼疮性肾炎(LN)的病理类型与临床及实验室检查的关系.方法 对40例狼疮性肾炎患者进行肾活检(其中9例重复肾活检)及病理分型,分析各病理类型的临床特点、实验室检查特点、临床活动性及肾脏病理活动性.结果 所有患者均有病理学异常,Ⅳ型最多见(占42.5%),Ⅳ型LN高血压、肾功能不全及血液系统损害发生率高,血清补体C3下降明显;临床活动性及肾脏病理活动性明显;Ⅳ型、Ⅴ型LN肾病综合征发生率高.结论 狼疮性肾炎的病理类型与临床表现、实验室检查有一定联系;根据狼疮性肾炎的临床表现、实验室检查可以大致推测其病理类型,估计肾损害的严重程度;恰当地治疗可以缓解病情,改善预后.     

狼疮肾炎患者肾组织中吲哚胺2,3-双加氧酶的表达及意义

目的检测Ⅳ型狼疮肾炎（LN）患者肾组织中吲哚胺2，3-双加氧酶（IDO）的表达情况及其与肾间质浸润炎细胞的增殖和肾小管-间质病理损害程度之间的关系。方法采用免疫组织化学染色法观察正常肾组织和Ⅳ型LN患者肾组织IDO的表达情况，并进一步分析其表达与肾间质浸润核增殖抗原（PCNA）阳性淋巴细胞数及肾小管-间质（TIL）病理损害程度之间的相关关系。结果正常肾组织未检测到IDO表达，而在Ⅳ型LN肾小管上皮细胞IDO的表达阳性，并且LN肾小管上皮细胞表达IDO的阳性强度与TIL PCNA＋浸润细胞数及TIL病理损害程度呈显著负相关。结论IDO在Ⅳ型LN肾小管上皮细胞中呈高表达，并与TIL浸润细胞增殖情况及TIL病理变化呈负相关，提示IDO可能参与LNTIL病理损害过程。     

狼疮性肾炎组织类型的转变

分析38例狼疮性肾炎(LN)患者,发现LN病程中组织学类型转变的发生率是44.7％,其中Ⅱ型发生转型的比例最高(66.7％),Ⅳ型为26.7％,Ⅴ型为33.3％。LN转型呈多向性,各型病变都可以互相转化,临床表现与实验室检查难以预测转型。然而,肾活检病理病变的活动指数、肾间质中CD_4~+、CD_8~+细胞的数量变化及分布特点,对判断组织类型的转变有一定意义。鉴于以往对LN的分型标准不尽合理,作者建议新的分类方法应包括体液及细胞免疫状态,肾小球、肾小管与间质病变,以及病变活动性与慢性化病变等内容。     

Ⅴ型狼疮性肾炎的临床及病理研究

本文回顾性地分析了４４例经肾活检诊断为Ⅴ型狼疮肾炎患者的临床及病理资料，并与５０例Ⅳ狼疮性肾炎患者进行比较。Ⅴ型狼疮肾炎患者中，男７例，女３８例，干均年龄２９．６±９．２岁，肾活检光镜下表现为纯膜性改变者１８例，非纯膜性改变者２６例。纯膜型与非纯膜狼疮性肾炎临床表现的比较表明、纯膜型组起病年龄大于非纯膜型组，肾外表现相对较少（关节受累率３８％∶７３％，血液系受累３３％∶５０％），纯膜型组血清肌酐升高患者的比例（０％）明显低于非纯膜型组（１１％），而非纯胰回组与Ⅳ型狼疮组的临床表现无显著差异：在肾病综合征比例、蛋白尿程度、镜下血尿比例上各组之间差异不显著，病理上除肾小球的基本改变外，纯膜型组小管间质改变较轻，较少伴有间质大量淋巴细胞浸润，而非纯膜型多伴系增殖及系膜插入，同时伴明显间质淋巴细胞浸润，血管周围炎细胞浸润，小管上皮细胞脱落、坏死、萎缩及慢性硬化性改变。免疫学检查表明纯膜型组患者高ＩｇＧ血症程度、补体Ｃ３，Ｃ４下降幅度以及血清Ａｎｔｉ－ＤｓＤＮＡ阳性滴度均不及非纯膜型组。通过以上结果的比较，我们认为Ⅴ型狼疮肾炎是一组不均一的疾病，至少可分成纯膜型与非纯膜型两大亚型，治疗上应区别对待。     

狼疮肾炎281例临床病理分析

目的 探讨狼疮肾炎(LN)临床表现、实验室检查与肾脏病理改变的特点及其相关性.方法 根据LN的最新病理学分类标准,收集整理281例经肾活检确诊的LN患者的临床病理资料,分析其临床表现、实验室检查和肾脏病理改变及其相关性.结果 281例患者中,男:女为1∶9.7.临床表现以蛋白尿合并血尿(35.2%)、肾病综合征(33.8%)为主.病理表现以Ⅳ型(35.9%)、Ⅴ型(15.7%)占多数,Ⅲ+Ⅴ和Ⅳ+Ⅴ型亦较多,Ⅲ、Ⅳ、Ⅴ型共占总数的89.0%.临床表现为.肾病综合征者主要病理改变为Ⅳ型和Ⅴ型,合并肾功能不全者主要为Ⅵ型和Ⅳ型,单纯血尿者病理改变较轻.47例尿蛋白定量(24 h)少于1.0 g且肾功能正常者中Ⅳ、Ⅴ型合计占40.4%.尿蛋白定量(24 h)以Ⅴ型最高,血肌酐和抗双链DNA(dsDNA)抗体水平以Ⅵ型和Ⅳ型较高,血补体C3水平以Ⅳ型最低.尿蛋白定量(24 h)与血C3呈负相关、与血肌酐呈正相关;血C3与抗dsDNA抗体和肌酐呈负相关;血肌酐和抗dsDNA抗体呈正相关.结论 本组LN病理改变以Ⅲ、Ⅳ、Ⅴ型为主.临床表现与肾脏病理改变有一定相关性,但亦可能不符.某些实验室指标之间及与肾脏病理改变之间存在一定相关性.尿蛋白增多、血C3下降、抗dsDNA抗体升高提示LN的严重性和活动性.肾活检对LN的诊断以及病情判断意义重大.     

59例狼疮肾炎病理评分与临床评分相关性探讨

目的 分析肾活检病理及相关实验室检测结果,探讨狼疮肾炎(LN)病理评分与临床评分的相关性,试图依据临床评分系统预测和评估其肾脏病理活动性.同时比较2种临床评分系统.方法 回顾性分析了59例肾活检患者的病例资料,根据国际肾脏病协会/肾脏病理学会(ISN/RPS)2003 LN分型标准进行病理分型,并分别进行活动性指数(AI)、慢件指数(CI)和肾小管间质病变(TIL)评分,同时应用英国狼疮评估组2004(BILAG2004)和系统性红斑狼疮疾病活动指数2000(SLEDA12000)2种临床评分系统判断其临床疾病活动度,并与病理评分进行相关性分析.结果 ①59例患者中,病理类型以弥漫性(Ⅳ型)最多,占44%.②LN患者Ⅱ、Ⅲ型及Ⅳ型的SLEDAI2000评分及BILAG2004评分均与其AI呈正相关(0相似文献   

PPARγ在狼疮肾炎患者肾组织中的表达及其意义

目的观察过氧化物酶体增殖物激活受体γ(PPARγ)在狼疮肾炎(LN)不同病变类型肾组织中的表达及其与肾脏病理改变之间的关系,探讨PPARγ在LN发病机制中的可能作用。方法根据临床及肾活检病理诊断,选择LN不同病变类型患者作为研究对象,其中Ⅱ型(6例),Ⅳ型(8例),Ⅴ型(7例)。以肾脏肿瘤切除术中远离肿瘤部位的正常肾组织(6例)为对照。光镜下观察并计数肾脏病变活动指数、间质病变指数；用免疫组织化学方法对各例肾组织PPARγ的表达进行检测,并对其与肾脏病变的相关性进行分析。结果LN患者肾组织。肾小管、肾小球及间质浸润细胞中PPARγ脚表达较正常对照组均显著上调,其中Ⅳ型LN肾组织肾小管、肾小球及间质浸润细胞PPARγ表达显著高于Ⅱ型、Ⅴ型；肾小球PPARγ染色阳性细胞数目与肾脏病理活动积分及间质病变指数之间呈显著正相关(r=0．94；P＜0．01)。结论PPARγ在LN肾组织肾小管、肾小球及间质浸润细胞高表达对于限制LN肾脏病变发展可能具有重要作用     

狼疮性肾炎17例病理和临床分析

对１７例狼疮性肾炎行肾穿刺活检，病理形态学分为：系膜增生型（Ⅱ型）３例（１７．６％），弥漫增生型（Ⅳ型）３例（１７．６％），膜型（Ⅴ型）１０例（５８．８％），进行性硬化型（Ⅵ型）１例（５．９％）。以膜型狼疮性肾炎最多。病程在５年内者１３例（７６．５％），疾病处于活动期，病理损害可见于各种类型，病理改变与病程无一定的关系，不同病理类型的狼疮性肾炎，其临床表现及预后有明显的差异。     

Defensinα1-3在狼疮肾炎患者肾组织中的表达及意义

目的探讨defensin α1-3在不同病理类型狼疮肾炎(LN)肾组织中的表达及意义.方法收集47例LN患者的肾活检的肾组织,包括世界卫生组织(WHO)Ⅱ型7例、Ⅲ型6例、Ⅳ型29例、Ⅴ型5例,以及11例泌尿外科手术切除的远离肿瘤的肾皮质区的肾组织作为正常对照,使用defensin α1-3单克隆抗体进行免疫组织化学染色,定量分析defensin α1-3在各个病理类型LN肾组织及正常肾组织中的表达及分布,并分别与相应的增殖细胞核抗原(PCNA)、肾小球病变活动指数(GAI)和肾间质病变活动指数(TIAI)进行相关性的分析.结果各个病理类型LN肾组织及正常肾组织的肾小球、肾间质中均有defensin α1-3的表达,其中肾小球的defensin α 1-3的表达在Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ型LN组明显高于正常对照组,肾间质中defensin α1-3表达在Ⅳ型LN组高于其他类型的各组及正常对照组.Ⅳ型LN组的肾小球区域的defensin α1-3的表达与Ⅳ型LN组的肾小球区域的PCNA阳性细胞数(r=0.785,P＜0.05)、及GAI评分之间(r=0.749,P＜0.05)呈正性线性相关.Ⅳ型LN组的肾间质的defensin α 1-3的表达与其TIAI之间呈正性线性相关(r=0.767,P＜0.01).结论defensin α 1-3可能参与了Ⅳ型LN的发病.     

狼疮肾炎患儿外周血CD62P和CD44的表达及意义

目的 研究狼疮肾炎(LN)患儿外周血CD62P和CD44的表达水平,并探讨其临床意义.方法 22例活动期LN患儿按临床表现分为肾病综合征组(NS组)12例和非肾病综合征组(非NS组)10例;按肾活检病理分为病理Ⅱ+Ⅲ级组6例,病理Ⅳ+Ⅴ级组16例;按肾小管间质病变(TIL)程度分为TIL0级组5例.Ⅰ级组13例和Ⅱ级组4例.其中18例经治疗病情稳定3个月后复查血标本,作治疗前后的比较.同期门诊体检的健康儿童20名为对照组.分别采用放射免疫法(RIA)和酶联免疫吸附试验(ELISA)测定患儿外周血CD62P和CD44表达水平,并分析其与临床指标的相关性.结果 ①活动期LN患儿外周血CD62P和CD44水平明显高于稳定期患儿和健康对照组(均P<0.01).②NS组、病理Ⅳ+Ⅴ级组患儿外周血CD62P和CD44水平分别高于非NS组患儿(均P<0.01)、病理Ⅱ+Ⅲ级组(均P<0.01).③外周血CD62P和CD44水平与尿蛋白定量(24 h)、红细胞沉降率(ESR)、尿N-乙酰-氨基葡萄糖苷酶(NAG)、尿β2微球蛋白(β2-MG)和TIL病变分级呈正相关(分别P<0.01和P<0.05),与血补体C3和血白蛋白(ALB)水平负相关(P<0.05).外周血CD62P水平和CD44水平正相关(P<0.05).结论 CD62P和CD44参与了儿童LN的发生,外周血CD62P和CD44水平与LN的活动性和肾病变程度.尤其是与TIL程度密切相关,动态监测其表达水平可作为反映狼疮活动、判断LN严重程度、观察疗效和评估预后的指标之一.     

Three layer functional model and energy exchange concept of aging process

Relying on a certain degree of abstraction, we can propose that no particular distinction exists between animate or living matter and inanimate matter. While focusing attention on some specifics, the dividing line between the two can be drawn. The most apparent distinction is in the level of structural and functional organization with the dissimilar streams of ‘energy flow’ between the observed entity and the surrounding environment. In essence, living matter is created from inanimate matter which is organized to contain internal intense energy processes and maintain lower intensity energy exchange processes with the environment. Taking internal and external energy processes into account, we contend in this paper that living matter can be referred to as matter of dissipative structure, with this structure assumed to be a common quality of all living creatures and living matter in general. Interruption of internal energy conversion processes and terminating the controlled energy exchange with the environment leads to degeneration of dissipative structure and reduction of the same to inanimate matter, (gas, liquid and/or solid inanimate substances), and ultimately what can be called ‘death.’ This concept of what we call dissipative nature can be extended from living organisms to social groups of animals, to mankind. An analogy based on the organization of matter provides a basis for a functional model of living entities. The models relies on the parallels among the three central structures of any cell (nucleus, cytoplasm and outer membrane) and the human body (central organs, body fluids along with the connective tissues, and external skin integument). This three-part structural organization may be observed almost universally in nature. It can be observed from the atomic structure to the planetary and intergalactic organizations. This similarity is corroborated by the membrane theory applied to living organisms. According to the energy nature of living matter and the proposed functional model, the decreased integrity of a human body's external envelope membrane is a first cause of the structural degradation and aging of the entire organism. The aging process than progresses externally to internally, as in single cell organisms, suggesting that much of the efforts towards the restoration and maintenance of the mechanisms responsible for structural development should be focused accordingly, on the membrane, i.e., the skin. Numerous reports indicate that all parts of the human body, like: bones, blood with blood vessels, muscles, skin, and so on, have some ability for restoration. Therefore, actual revival of not only aging tissue of the human body's membrane, but the entire human body enclosed within, with all internal organs, might be expected. We assess several aging theories within the context of our model and provide suggestions on how to activate the body's own anti-aging mechanisms and increase longevity. This paper presents some analogies and some distinctions that exist between the living dissipative structure matter and inanimate matter, discusses the aging process and proposes certain aging reversal solutions.     

Unusual responses of nocturnal pineal melatonin synthesis and secretion to swimming: Attempts to define mechanisms

Abstract: The effect of swimming at night on rat pineal melatonin synthesis was compared with that of light exposure at night. Rats were forced to swim at 0030 hr (lights out at 2000 hr) and sacrificed by decapitation 15 and 30 min later, immediately after swimming. Other groups of animals were exposed to white light (650μW/cm²) for 15 and 30 min at same time. Swimming caused a rapid and highly significant drop in the melatonin content in the pineal gland; however, the activity of N-acetyltransferase (NAT), the supposed rate limiting enzyme in the melatonin production, was not changed. Despite the drop in pineal melatonin levels, serum concentrations of the indole remained elevated in the rats that swam. In contrast, melatonin levels in the pineal and serum of light exposed rats fell precipitously, accompanied by a significant suppression of NAT activity. Since we anticipated that the strenuous exercise associated with swimming may induce release of artrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) from the heart, which in turn could cause the release of pineal melatonin, in a second study we injected physiological saline intravenously to stretch the cardiac muscle and release ANP. Three milliliters of normal saline was injected during the day into the jugular vein of anesthetized rats that were pretreated with isoproterenol to stimulate pineal melatonin production. Animals were killed 15 min after the saline injection, and pineal NAT activity and pineal melatonin levels were measured. The saline injections caused no alteration in the elevated levels of either NAT or melatonin. These data suggest that the disparity in pineal NAT activity (which was high) and pineal melatonin (which was low), in animals swum at night, may not be caused by ANP which is released during strenuous exercise such as swimming.     

The immunoneuroendocrine role of melatonin

Abstract: A tight, physiological link between the pineal gland and the immune system is emerging from a series of experimental studies. This link might reflect the evolutionary connection between self-recognition and reproduction. Pinealectomy or other experimental methods which inhibit melatonin synthesis and secretion induce a state of immunodepression which is counteracted by melatonin. In general, melatonin seems to have an immunoenhancing effect that is particularly apparent in immunodepressive states. The negative effect of acute stress or immunosuppressive pharmacological treatments on various immune parameters are counteracted by melatonin. It seems important to note that one of the main targets of melatonin is the thymus, i.e., the central organ of the immune system. The clinical use of melatonin as an immunotherapeutic agent seems promising in primary and secondary immunodeficiencies as well as in cancer immunotherapy. The immunoenhancing action of melatonin seems to be mediated by T-helper cell-derived opioid peptides as well as by lymphokines and, perhaps, by pituitary hormones. Melatonin-induced-immuno-opioids (MHO) and lymphokines imply the presence of specific binding sites or melatonin receptors on cells of the immune system. On the other hand, lymphokines such as -γ-interferon and interleukin-2 as well as thymic hormones can modulate the synthesis of melatonin in the pineal gland. The pineal gland might thus be viewed as the crux of a sophisticated immunoneuroendocrine network which functions as an unconscious, diffuse sensory organ.     

Melatonin and photoperiodic time measurement: Seasonal breeding in the sheep

Abstract: Well-established circadian physiology supports the view that photoperiodic time measurement utilizes the coincidence between the presence of light and a photosensitive phase of a 'biological clock' to alter reproductive status—the so-called external coincidence model of seasonal breeding. In this review, we examine the mechanism whereby photoperiod interacts with presumed suprachiasmatic nuclei activity to allow endogenous melatonin to normally synchronize reproductive activity to the optimal time of year. The Romney Marsh sheep is particularly explored as an experimental model. It is suggested that the on/off activity of seasonal reproduction may be a robust mechanism able to be predictably manipulated by the judicious use of the light/dark cycle and exogenous melatonin, but firmly based on circadian principles.     

Conservative management of perforated duodenal diverticulum： A case report and review of the literature

Duodenal diverticula are a relatively common condition. They are asymptomatic, unless they become complicated, with perforation being the rarest but most severe complication. Surgical treatment is the most frequently performed approach. We report the case of a patient with a perforated duodenal diverticulum, which was diagnosed early and treated conservatively with antibiotics and percutaneous drainage of secondary retroperitoneal abscesses. We suggest this method could be an acceptable option for the management of similar cases, provided that the patient is in good general condition and without septic signs.     

Changes in connexin43, the gap junction protein of astrocytes, during development of the rat pineal gland

Abstract: The abundance of gap junctions between rat pineal astrocytes formed by connexin43 (Cx43) was studied during development. Levels and distribution of Cx43 were measured by immunoblotting and indirect immunofluorescence, respectively. The amount of Cx43 in cells located within the gland was low until about the 7th postnatal day and increased to adult values between the 14th and 21st days postpartum. Although astrocytes, recognized by their vimentin immunoreactivity, were scarce before birth, they were abundant by the 7th postnatal day suggesting that the low levels of Cx43 found at this age corresponded to a low expression of this protein. Localization of the immunoreactivity to Cx43 and vimentin showed a close correlation, indicating that mature or immature pineal astrocytes form gap junctions made of Cx43. Since Cx43 levels attained their adult values at about the time the innervation and the functional state of the gland reached maturity (2–3 weeks after birth), it is proposed that astrocyte gap junctions are involved in the function of the adult rat pineal gland.     

Language of CTO interventions – Focus on hardware

The knowledge of variety of chronic total occlusion (CTO) hardware and the ability to use them represents the key to success of any CTO interventions. However, the multiplicity of CTO hardware and their physical character and the terminology used by experts create confusion in the mind of an average interventional cardiologist, particularly a beginner in this field. This knowledge is available but is scattered. We aim to classify and compare the currently used devices based on their properties focusing on how physical character of each device can be utilized in a specific situation, thus clarifying and simplifying the technical discourse.     

High prevalence of distal sensory polyneuropathy in antiretroviral-treated and untreated people with HIV in Tanzania

Objectives To describe the prevalence of distal sensory polyneuropathy (DSP), a complication of both advanced HIV disease and of antiretroviral therapy (ART), amongst Tanzanians with HIV, on and off ART (including stavudine) with CD4 counts above and below 200 cells/μl. Methods We recruited participants attending ART clinic into four groups: >6 months ART exposure and (i) CD4 < 200 cells/μl or (ii) CD4 > 200 cells/μl (ART/CD4 < 200 and ART/CD4 > 200, respectively); ART‐naïve and (iii) CD4 < 200 cells/μl or iv)CD4 > 200 cells/μl (noART/CD4 < 200 and noART/CD4 > 200, respectively). Primary outcome was DSP, as defined by presence of at least one symptom and one sign. Results Of 326 evaluable participants, 81 (32 men, median age 38 years, median CD4 142 cells/μl) were enrolled in the ART/CD4 < 200 group, 78 (17 men, median age 37 years, median CD4 345 cells/μl) in ART/CD4 > 200, 81 (30 men, median age 37 years, median CD4 128 cells/μl) in noART/CD4 < 200 and 86 (22 men, median age 33 years, median CD4 446 cells/μl) in noART/CD4 > 200. Numbness was the most commonly reported symptom. DSP prevalence ranged from 43.2% in ART/CD4 < 200 to 20.9% in noART/CD4 > 200. DSP was more common among men (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] 1.9, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.2–3.3) and older participants (aOR 2.7, 95% CI 1.1–6.2 for age 40 + vs. <30 years). Conclusion Distal sensory polyneuropathy is common amongst those attending this clinic, even those with no ART exposure and a CD4 count above 200 cells/μl. Stavudine and didanosine expose HIV‐infected patients to an additional avoidable risk of DSP. Access to non‐neurotoxic ART regimes as well as earlier HIV diagnosis and initiation of ART is needed.