Interaction between Pd and Ag on the surface of silica

Palladium, silver and palladium–silver catalysts supported on silica were prepared by coimpregnation of support with solution of AgNO₃ and Pd(NO₃)₂. The catalysts were characterized by X-ray powder diffraction (XRD), temperature programmed reduction (TPR), time of flight ion mass spectrometry (ToF-SIMS), chemisorption of carbon monoxide and were tested in the reaction of selective oxidation of glucose to gluconic acid.

XRD and TPR studies have shown that an interaction between Pd and Ag on the surface of silica after oxidation at 500 °C and reduction at 260 °C leads to the formation of solid solutions.

ToF-SIMS images of the surface of 5% Ag/SiO₂ catalyst after oxidation at 500 °C and reduction at 260 °C show that Ag atoms supported on silica are not distributed homogenously but tend to form regions of enhanced Ag concentration. Positive ions images of the surface of 5% Pd/SiO₂ catalyst also display regions of enhanced concentration of Pd atoms, but they are more homogenously distributed on silica.

ToF-SIMS peak intensity ratio ¹⁰⁸Pd⁺/¹⁰⁷Ag⁺ for bimetallic 5% Pd–5% Ag/SiO₂ catalysts has a lower value than that obtained for physical mixture 5% Pd/SiO₂–5% Ag/SiO₂ which indicates that the surface of bimetallic catalyst is enriched with silver atoms.     

A new assignment of IR vibrational modes in mullite

A new assignment of IR absorption bands of mullite is presented on the basis of empirical studies in the 1400–400 cm⁻¹ vibrational range of mullite-type compounds in the systems Al₂O₃–SiO₂, Al₂O₃–GeO₂, Ga₂O₃–GeO₂, and Al₂O₃–Me₂O, Ga₂O₃–Me₂O (Me=Na, K, Rb). The powder samples were prepared by heat treatment of sol–gel derived precursor powders and by reaction sintering of oxide powders. The FTIR powder spectra of Al–Si, Al–Ge, and Ga–Ge mullite compounds are characterized by three band groups, designated as (a), (b) and (c). Due to the lack of group (a) bands in the alkaline aluminate and gallate spectra, this high-energetic band group is assigned to Si---O and Ge---O stretching vibrations. Group (b) bands are essentially determined by Al---O and Ga---O stretching vibrations with Al and Ga on T sites in tetrahedral coordination and by T---O---T bending modes, while the low-energetic group (c) bands are due to Al---O and Ga---O stretching vibrations in octahedral structural units. Details of the vibrational modes are discussed on the basis of the deconvoluted spectra.     

Pt/HZSM-5基催化剂双功能协同性对正丁烷催化裂解反应机制的影响

轻质烷烃结构稳定,化工利用率低.催化裂解轻质烷烃是其高值利用的重要途径,相关研究同时对C-C键和C-H键活化和演变调控具有重要意义.本文在基于原子层沉积法构建高稳定Pt/HZSM-5基双功能模型催化剂的基础上,研究了不同酸性HZSM-5分子筛引入脱氢组分Pt对反应路径及目的产物低碳烯烃的影响规律.研究发现,双功能催化剂中, Pt的脱氢性能与分子筛的酸性裂解性能存在协同作用,不同硅铝比的分子筛上引入Pt,高硅铝比分子筛上Pt的引入对脱氢促进效应更明显.同时,将脱氢组分Pt引入到不同裂解能力的酸性分子筛载体上,会改变其低碳烯烃的生成路径,高硅铝比的分子筛上引入Pt后丁烯的生成路径增强,而低硅铝比的分子筛上则会增强乙烯与丙烯的生成路径,当分子筛硅铝比继续降低时,乙烯的生成路径进一步增强.本研究对多相复杂反应中反应路径调控及高效双功能催化剂设计具有指导意义.     

Analysis by DSC of the drying and sintering processes of alkoxide-derived SiO2–ZrO2 gels

The drying and sintering processes of SiO₂–ZrO₂ alkoxide-derived gels have been studied by means of DSC technique. In the drying process, most part of water and alcohols are removed from the gels. For the SiO₂ gel such elimination occurs at the end of the drying process, however for the ZrO₂ gel this elimination occurs during the whole drying time. An intermediate behavior is observed for the binary system SiO₂–ZrO₂ gels. In the sintering process, the DSC technique allows to determine the elimination of water and alcohols retained within the structure (open or close pores) and the well-known hydroxyl condensation of silica gel between 700° and 800°C is also observed. The ZrO₂ gel shows the final hydroxyl condensation at the heating temperature of 600°C. For the binary SiO₂–ZrO₂ gels, the hydroxyl condensation has been associated to the activation energy needed for the dissociation of silica hydroxyls. This energy decreases with the ZrO₂ concentration in the gel resulting in a sintering treatment of 500°C leading to the entire hydroxyl condensation for the gel with 75% ZrO₂–25% SiO₂.

By studying the temperature of the DSC peaks, it is possible to know the temperature at which most part of water and alcohols are leaving the gel, and these results can be used in order to select the corresponding drying or sintering schedules for obtaining a well-fabricated material.     

用脉冲色谱法研究Pd-V2O5体系催化剂的吸附作用

本文用脉冲色谱法测定了Pd-V氧化物体系催化剂对乙烯、氧和二氧化碳的吸附作用。指出在接近反应温度下(80-100°C),Pd-V氧化物体系的催化剂对乙烯有可逆与不可逆两种吸附作用,而单独的PdO和V₂O₅以及载体SiO₂则只有可逆吸附作用。测定了不同温度下可逆吸附等温线,计算了吸附热,考查了不可逆吸附与催化剂中Pd含量之间的关系,指出在Pd-V氧化物催化剂上,乙烯的不可逆吸附量与催化氧化活性一样,是与Pd含量有关的。测定了预吸附氧有利于乙烯的不可逆吸附,而CO₂则不能牢固的吸附在催化剂表面上。     

Y沸石中不同状态铁离子的还原和催化性质

制备了Fe(Ⅲ)处于骨架四面体内、阳离子位及以氧化物形式分散在沸石表面的含铁Y沸石.用TPR方法测定样品的可还原性,发现不同形态的Fe(Ⅲ)其还原情况不同,在800℃以下均不能被还原成金属Fe.以异丙醇脱水和脱氢为探针,考察了样品的酸碱性,证实在沸石结构内引入不同形态的Fe(Ⅲ)可调变沸石的酸碱性.用乙苯脱氢和裂解反应考察了样品的脱氢活性.当样品表面金属离子和强酸位同时存在时,由于二者的协同作用,裂解反应有可能占主导地位.消除强酸位,增加碱性位,可显著提高脱氢的选择性.     

Zn/SiO_2气相催化裂解1,1,2-三氯乙烷脱HCl:酸性与失活

用浸渍法制备了一系列SiO_2负载的过渡金属催化剂M/SiO_2(M为第Ⅳ周期过渡金属),用于气相催化裂解1,1,2-三氯乙烷(TCE)脱HCl的反应。研究发现,在M/SiO_2催化剂中,Zn/SiO_2催化性能最好,TCE转化率能达到98%,顺-1,2-二氯乙烯(cis-DCE)的选择性为82%。随着Zn负载量的增加,Zn/SiO_2催化剂上TCE转化率逐渐增加,与催化剂上总酸量变化一致。将总酸量以Zn负载量归一化得到比酸量,则比酸量越大,Zn/SiO_2催化剂比活性越高,表明Zn/SiO_2催化剂表面酸性中心是TCE脱氯反应的活性中心。Zn/SiO_2催化剂在TCE脱HCl反应中存在一定的失活现象,归因于反应过程中催化剂表面积炭。低Zn负载量催化剂上会产生较多积炭,归因于其具有较多强酸性中心,表明催化剂表面强酸中心是导致催化剂积炭和失活的主要原因。     

以钙钛矿型复合氧化物为前驱体构筑La-Ce氧化物修饰的Pt-Co纳米双金属催化剂及其对CO氧化的性能

利用钙钛矿型复合氧化物(PTO)可以将多种金属离子限域并均匀混合于钙钛矿晶格中的特点,提出了一种构筑氧化物修饰的纳米双金属催化剂团簇的新构想。以担载于大比表面积SiO_2上的钙钛矿型复合氧化物La_(1-y)Ce_yCo_(0.87)Pt_(0.13)O_3/SiO_2作为前驱体,将La、Ce、Co和Pt多种金属离子均匀混合并限域于PTO晶粒中,还原后得到Pt-Co/La-Ce-O/SiO_2催化剂;通过氮气吸附-脱附、XRD、H2-TPR和TEM等手段对Pt-Co/La-Ce-O/SiO_2催化剂进行了表征,考察了其对CO氧化的催化性能,研究了构效关系。结果发现,La-Ce-O-Pt-Co构成了纳米团簇,担载于SiO_2表面,形成了Pt-Co纳米双金属颗粒; Co修饰Pt提高了其催化活性,而添加Ce进一步改善了其催化性能。当Ce含量(y)为0.2时,催化剂La_(0.8)Ce_(0.2)Co_(0.87)Pt_(0.13)O_3/SiO_2的活性最佳,在120℃下即可实现CO完全转化,且在含体积分数15%H_2O及12.5%CO_2的气氛中仍具有较好的催化性能。稳定性测试表明,所制得的Pt-Co/La-Ce-O/SiO_2催化剂具有良好的稳定性和抗烧结性能。     

铈基复合氧化物催化剂在SiO_2表面的失活机制

以甲苯催化燃烧为模型反应,通过调节不同Cu-Mn-Ce(CMC)复合氧化物在多孔SiO_2(KIT-6)上的负载量,研究了SiO_2表面与CMC作用对催化剂物理化学性能的影响。发现低负载量下CMC氧化物出现明显失活现象,与SiO_2接触会抑制氧化物活性相的形成,SiO_2量的减少可使CMC复合氧化物活性得到逐步恢复。X射线衍射(XRD)、程序升温还原(H2-TPR)、N2吸附(BET)和透射电镜(HRTEM)等表征表明,SiO_2不对CMC晶相结构产生影响,这种失活机制是由于SiO_2表面的丰富羟基作用,导致表面氧化物高度分散,活性氧物种从晶格氧转变为表面氧。复合氧化物的晶格氧对催化燃烧起到关键性作用,通过焙烧去除SiO_2表面羟基和减少SiO_2用量,可使复合氧化物晶格氧的数量增加,恢复复合氧化物催化剂活性。     

载体对负载型NiSn催化剂丙烷脱氢性能的影响

研究了载体对负载型Ni Sn催化剂丙烷脱氢性能的影响,主要对比考察了以Si O2、Mg O、Al2O3、Mg Al2O4为载体的Ni Sn催化剂的丙烷脱氢性能。采用X射线衍射技术(XRD)、氮气吸附-脱附技术、氨气程序升温脱附技术(NH3-TPD)以及氢气程序升温还原技术(H2-TPR)对催化剂样品进行表征。结果表明,Si O2因具有较大的比表面积、大孔径、酸性较弱等特点,以其为载体制备所得催化剂中Ni2.67Sn2组分含量高,催化剂性能较高。     

High surface area nickel aluminate spinels prepared by a sol–gel method

The oxide spinel NiAl₂O₄ and spinel-type solid solutions Al₂O₃–NiAl₂O₄ (at Ni/Al=1:4, and Ni/Al=1:8) were prepared by controlled hydrolysis of mixed metal alkoxides, followed by calcination of the resulting gels. Powder X-ray diffraction showed that all samples prepared were single phase cubic materials having the spinel-type structure. The cubic lattice parameter, a_o, was found to decrease gradually with increasing aluminium content of the mixed metal oxides. The specific surface area (determined by nitrogen adsorption at 77 K) was found to be in the range of 200–300 m² g⁻¹. The materials were found to be basically mesoporous, the most frequent pore radius being in the range 3.2–6.4 nm. IR spectroscopy of CO adsorbed at liquid nitrogen temperature gave a main band at 2186–2195 cm⁻¹, which was assigned to the C---O stretching vibration of surface Al³⁺CO adducts where coordinatively unsaturated Al³⁺ ions act as Lewis acid centres.     

Cu+/SiO2-ZrO2催化剂的制备及其催化甲醇氧化羰基化性能

采用溶胶-凝胶法制备了SiO₂-ZrO₂复合氧化物载体,通过和CuCl₂进行离子交换制备了Cu⁺/SiO₂-ZrO₂催化剂,并研究其催化甲醇液相氧化羰基化合成碳酸二甲酯性能。结果表明,Zr以离子形式进入无定型SiO₂骨架结构中形成Si－O－Zr键,同时产生较强的B酸中心。CuCl₂通过热处理自还原为CuCl分散在SiO₂-ZrO₂载体表面,并与载体表面B酸发生离子交换形成Cu⁺物种,从而保留了活性金属组分Cu,脱除大部分的Cl元素,改善催化剂失活和设备腐蚀等问题。当焙烧温度为450℃时,催化剂表现出良好的催化活性,CH₃OH转化率、DMC选择性和时空收率分别达到10.0%、79.4%和1.45g/(g·h)。
     

不同载体Ni基催化剂生物质热解气甲烷化反应性能

采用浸渍法制备了Ni金属负载在不同载体(SiO2、ZrO2、CeO2、Al2O3和Al2O3-CeO2)表面形成的催化剂,研究了水蒸气和载体对生物质热解气甲烷化反应性能的影响。结果表明,随着水蒸气量的增加CO转化率逐渐增大,而甲烷选择性呈现先增加后降低的变化趋势,当nw ater/ngas比值为0.26时达到最大。载体Al2O3相比SiO2、ZrO2和CeO2具有更大的比表面积和Ni金属分散度,促进了生物质热解气甲烷化反应活性和选择性。相比于Ni-Al2O3催化剂,Al2O3-CeO2复合载体具有更多的镍金属负载量活性金属分散度,以及最好的低温甲烷化反应性能。在300℃的低温条件下,Ni-Al2O3-CeO2催化剂的CO转化率达到97%,CH4增长率达到110%。     

Ab initio and DFT studies on tautomerism of indazole in gaseous and aqueous phases

Electronic structure of optimized Ge₅, Ge₁₇, Ge₅–O and Ge₅ embedded in SiO₂ nanoparticles have been studied by density functional theory to find out the effect of cluster size and Ge–O bond(s) on the optical energy gap between LUMO and HOMO. It was found that the optical energy gap depends on both cluster size and the number of Ge–O bonds nonlinearly. The optical energy gap was found to be in visible light range when the Ge₅ nanoparticle has been embedded in SiO₂ matrix.     

Keggin型杂多酸表面和体相的催化活性和选择性之差异的研究

本文以异丙醇脱水、甲醇转化等为模型反应,采用改变12-钨磷酸在载体SiO₂上担载量的办法,对Keggin型杂多酸催化剂进行了研究,结果表明:HPA的表面和体相酸中心,对于极性较大可进入其体相内部的异丙醇分子的脱水反应,在担载量为5×10^-5-1.5×10^-1molHPA/(dm)³SiO₂的范围内,具有相同的转化频率。HPA的表面和体相酸中心具有不同的催化选择性。     

焙烧温度对TiO2-ZrO2复合氧化物性质及其对十八醇脱水制十八烯反应性能的影响

通过在ZrO_2中掺杂TiO_2,并在350-500℃下焙烧,制备了系列TiO_2-ZrO_2复合氧化物催化剂,将其应用于十八醇脱水制十八烯反应。随焙烧温度的升高,催化剂表面的Lewis酸性位量逐渐增加,450℃焙烧的催化剂Lewis酸性位量最多,焙烧温度继续升高则Lewis酸性位量降低;催化剂中未发现Br?nsted酸性位。焙烧温度≤400℃的TiO_2-ZrO_2复合氧化物形成Ti-O-Zr键,呈无定形态;焙烧温度400℃的TiO_2-ZrO_2复合氧化物呈单斜相和四方相ZrO_2晶型。晶相结构和酸性位量综合影响催化剂的十八醇脱水性能,具有单斜相和四方相ZrO_2晶型的催化剂上酸性位活性很低,具有无定形相的催化剂上酸性位活性显著增加,400℃焙烧的催化剂1-十八烯收率最高。     

TiOx/SiO2复合载体上高分散Au催化剂的CO氧化性能

负载型Au催化剂中金与载体间存在相互作用,载体性质能够影响Au纳米颗粒分散度及稳定性.本文通过表面溶胶-凝胶(SSG)法制备了TiO_x/SiO₂复合载体,以期增加氧化物载体表面配位不饱和度从而使其具有较高的金属分散性,并利用低能离子散射(LEIS)谱、X射线光电子能谱(XPS)、X射线衍射(XRD)、透射电子显微镜(TEM)及N₂物理吸附(BET)等手段对载体及催化剂进行表征分析.实验表明TiO_x/SiO₂复合载体表面TiO_x分散性良好,没有形成明显的TiO₂晶相,且与SiO₂间形成Ti―O―Si键.与Au/TiO₂相比, Au/TiO_x/SiO₂催化剂中Au纳米颗粒的分散性更好,因而CO氧化活性显著提高. TiO_x/SiO₂复合载体上的TiO₂膜是Au的主要表面键合位,导致Au与载体间相互作用增强,从而使得Au纳米颗粒抗烧结能力提高,同时催化剂反应稳定性得到改善.     

刷状结构的阳离子性接枝微粒QPDMAEMA/SiO_2对牛血清白蛋白的吸附特性

以微米级硅胶微粒为基质,通过接枝聚合和大分子反应,制备了具有刷状结构的阳离子性接枝微粒,深入研究了其对牛血清白蛋白(BSA)的强吸附能力、吸附机理和吸附热力学.首先使含叔胺基团的单体甲基丙烯酸二甲基氨基乙酯(DMAEMA)在硅胶微粒表面发生接枝聚合,制得接枝微粒PDMAEMA/SiO2,然后以氯乙胺为试剂,使接枝大分子PDMAEMA链中的叔胺基团发生季铵化反应,获得了具有刷状结构的阳离子聚电解质的功能接枝微粒QPDMAEMA/SiO2.测定了微粒QPDMAEMA/SiO2的zeta电位,实施了对BSA的等温吸附实验,考察了介质pH值、离子强度及温度对吸附作用的影响,研究了吸附热力学.研究结果表明,功能接枝微粒QPDMAEMA/SiO2比接枝微粒PDMAEMA/SiO2具有更高的zeta电位,在静电相互作用驱动下,微粒QPDMAEMA/SiO2对BSA具有很强的吸附能力.吸附容量随介质pH值的增大呈现先增大后减小的变化趋势,当pH值等于BSA的等电点(pI=4.7)时,具有最高的吸附容量(高达112 mg?g-1).以等电点为界,离子强度对吸附容量会产生完全相反的影响作用:当介质pH值小于BSA的等电点时,电解质浓度增大,吸附容量增高;当介质pH值等于BSA的等电点时,吸附容量几乎不随电解质的浓度发生变化.吸附过程熵值减小而且放出热量,是一个焓驱动的吸附过程.     

负载型铂催化剂中的载体效应

本文用程序升温热脱附法和氢氧滴定法研究了SiO₂、SiO₂·Al₂O₃、Al₂O₃、SiO₂·SnO₂和Al₂O₃·SnO₂等和Pt的相互作用,表明Pt和载体作用强弱的顺序为:Al₂O₃>SiO₂·Al₂O₃>SiO₂;发现SnO₂具有强化SiO₂和Al₂O₃载体效应的作用;提出Pt和载体相互作用较强部位可能是Pt和缺氧氧化物所形成的表面络合物--Pt-[Al₂O_x]和Pt-[SnO_x]。     

Synthesis and characterization of P2O5–SiO2–X (X = phosphotungstic acid) glasses as electrolyte for low temperature H2/O2 fuel cell application

A new class of proton conducting glass membranes for hydrogen fuel cell applications are being developed using phosphotungstic acid. These glasses are being design to yield high proton conductivities could be potential substitutes for electrolytes in H₂/O₂ fuel cell. P₂O₅–SiO₂–PWA glasses have been non-crystalline phases confirmed by structural studies. The glass materials showed good mechanical and thermal stability, and also found a maximum proton conductivity of 9.1 × 10⁻² S/cm at 90 °C and 30% RH. The average pore size less than 5 nm was determined by Barrett–Joyner–Halenda (BJH) desorption method. The electrochemical activity was investigated by polarization curves and current–voltage profiles. A maximum power density value of 10.2 mW/cm² was obtained using 0.15 mg/cm² of Pt/C loaded on electrode and 5P₂O₅–87SiO₂–8PWA glasses at 30 °C and 30% humidity.