电化学氢化物发生-原子荧光光谱法测定尿中砷的含量

正砷及其化合物广泛存在于土壤、水、空气、植物及动物等环境中,都有可能被人体吸收,从而引起砷中毒,砷含量高时有可能致人死亡,故对人体尿砷含量的检测有重要意义。目前,测定砷含量的方法有分光光度法[1]、氢化物发生-原子吸收光谱法[2]、原子荧光光谱法[3-4]、电感耦合等离子体原子发射光谱法[5]和电感耦合等离子体质谱法[6]等,其中,氢化物发生原子荧光光谱法具有仪器便宜,样品前处理简     

砷形态分析的研究进展

综述了砷的提取、分离和检测方法的研究进展。主要包括超声提取法、微波辅助提取法、固相萃取法等常用的提取方式;分别用于水样和海产品中砷的富集的共沉淀法和毛细管电泳法;以及高效液相色谱-电感耦合等离子体-质谱法、高效液相色谱-氢化物发生-原子吸收光谱法、氢化物发生-电感耦合等离子体-原子发射光谱法等用于砷形态分析的分离和检测方法(引用文献56篇)。     

氢化物发生-原子荧光光谱法测定土壤中砷

单质砷是一种斜方六面体的灰色非金属,在自然界中以多种形式广泛存在,如在地表水中,砷以AsO_2~-、As~(3+)、HAsO_4~(2-)、As~(5+)等形式存在,砷对人类及动物有很强的毒性,特别是无机砷毒性更强。目前测定砷的方法有原子吸收光谱法、电感耦合等离子体原子发射光谱法和原子荧光光谱法等。本工作中采用盐酸-硝酸-水(3+1+4)溶液消解样品,用氢化物发生-原子荧光光谱法测定土壤中砷的含量。     

手持固相萃取装置用于水砷现场分析

简便、快速、可操作性强的样品前处理方法是小型化原子光谱仪现场应用的关键。本实验构建了一种基于二氧化钛纳米管阵列(TiNTs)的手持式搅拌吸附仪,结合氢化物发生尖端放电微等离子体原子发射光谱法(HG-μPD-OES)对水中的砷进行现场分析。采用阳极氧化法合成TiNTs吸附片,将吸附片装载在小型搅拌电机上组成手持式自动化搅拌吸附仪,对地表水中的砷进行快速富集。富集后的砷经氢氧化钠溶液解析后泵入反应管中进行氢化物发生反应,生成的挥发性产物被载气吹扫进入尖端放电微等离子体中进行激发,采用手持式电荷耦合器件(CCD)采集砷的特征发射线及强度实现定性定量分析。在最优实验条件下,砷的检出限为0.02μg·L^-1,相对标准偏差优于6.5%,富集因子为53.4。通过对成都市多个河流湖泊进行水砷现场测定,并与ICP-MS的测定结果对比,验证了本方法的实用性和准确性,为快速、准确、灵敏的水砷现场分析提供了广阔的应用前景。     

HG—ICP—AES法同时测定纺织品中痕量可萃取砷和汞

建立纺织品中痕量可萃取砷和汞的氢化物发生一电感耦合等离子体原子发射光谱检测法(HG-ICP-AES).对氢化物发生条件和ICP-AES工作参数进行了优化和选择.砷和汞的检出限分别为0.35、0.12μg/L,定量下限分别为0.023、0.008 mg/kg.对酸性汗液进行加标回收试验,砷和汞的回收率分别为91.1%～101.3%和92.9%～102.5%,测量结果的相对标准偏差分别为0.93%～1.34%和0.77%～1.57%(n=8).该方法基体干扰少,检出限低.     

氢化物发生-高频电感耦合等离子体发射光谱分析

一、前言氢化物发生-高频电感耦合等离子体(HY-ICP)发射光谱分析是在氢化物发生-原子吸收光谱分析(HY-AAS)的基础上发展起来的。它是使待测元素生成挥发的共价氢化物,然后将生成的氢化物引入ICP,测量其发射光谱。目前已有十种元素可以利用氢化物发生的方法进行测定,它们是砷、锑、硒、碲、铋、锗、锡、铅、铟和铊。这些元素在实际样品中的含量一般并不高,但起的作用却很大。例如上述一些痕量元素能影响钢的冶金性质。由于其中一些元素具有毒性或致癌作用,必须严格控制它们在     

X射线荧光光谱法测定铜精矿中砷、铅和镉

铜精矿是国家重要资源性商品,砷、铅和镉属于铜精矿产品中的有害元素,国家质量监督检验检疫总局、商务部、国家环保总局联合发布的第49号公告,以及国家强制性标准GB 20424—2006规定了铜精矿产品中所含有害元素的限量。目前,砷、铅和镉等元素的分析通常采用火焰原子吸收光谱法、滴定法、氢化物发生-原子荧光光谱法、电感耦合等离子体原子发射光谱法(ICP-AES)等,上     

双道氢化物发生-原子荧光光谱法同时测定核电用钢中痕量砷和锑

建立了双道氢化物发生-原子荧光光谱法同时测定核电用钢中痕量砷和锑的新方法。用王水溶解样品,以2.0 g/L L-半胱氨酸溶液作为预还原剂,在低酸度条件下实现对砷、锑的预还原。用20 g/L硼氢化钾溶液作为还原剂,氢化物发生反应在0.5 mol/L乙酸介质中进行。砷、锑的质量浓度在40μg/L范围与相应的荧光强度呈线性关系,方法的检出限(3s/k)分别为0.032μg/L和0.022μg/L。应用此方法同时测定了核电用钢及不锈钢标准样品中的砷锑含量,并与电感耦合等离子体原子发射光谱法的分析结果作了对比,测定值与标准样品的标准值相符,结果的相对标准偏差(n=8)均小于5.0%。     

HPLC-ICP-MS测定植物样品中6种砷形态化合物

通过优化色谱分离、样品前处理条件,同时对比了电感耦合等离子体质谱的标准模式(STD)、碰撞模式(KED)、氧气反应模式(Oxygen-DRC)、甲烷反应模式(Methane-DRC)的检测结果,建立了一种有效分离植物样品中砷甜菜碱(AsB)、二甲基砷酸(DMA)、亚砷酸(As(Ⅲ))、砷胆碱(AsC)、一甲基砷酸(MMA)、砷酸(As(Ⅴ))6种砷形态化合物的高效液相色谱-电感耦合等离子体质谱(HPLC-ICP-MS)分析方法。样品以1%HNO₃溶液为提取溶剂,90℃加热提取2.5 h,RP小柱净化,然后采用AS7阴离子交换柱分离,25~80 mmol/L(NH₄)₂CO₃溶液梯度洗脱,在STD模式下测定,6种砷形态化合物在9 min内完全分离。方法检出限为0.10~0.25μg/L,加标回收率为87.5%~117.8%,相对标准偏差(RSDs)为1.2%~1.8%。方法适用于植物样品中6种砷形态化合物的测定。     

氢化物连续发生等离子体原子发射光谱法测定氟石中痕量砷

将氢化物连续发生等离子体原子发射光谱(CF HG ICP AES)联用技术应用于氟石中痕量砷的测定,对方法的工作参数进行了试验,方法的线性范围为0.005 0~0.100 0 mg·L-1,检出限为0.8 g·L-1,回收率为95%,RSD为5.0%。     

Arsenic speciation analysis

Nearly two dozen arsenic species are present in the environmental and biological systems. Differences in their toxicity, biochemical and environmental behaviors require the determination of these individual arsenic species. Considerable analytical progresses have been made toward arsenic speciation analysis over the last decade. Hyphenated techniques involving a highly efficient separation and a highly sensitive detection have become the techniques of choice. Methods based on high-performance liquid chromatography separation with inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry, hydride generation atomic spectrometry, and electrospray mass spectrometry detection have been shown most useful for arsenic speciation in environmental and biological matrices. These hyphenated techniques have resulted in the determination of new arsenic species, contributing to a better understanding of arsenic metabolism and biogeochemical cycling. Methods for extracting arsenic species from solid samples and for stabilizing arsenic species in solutions are required for obtaining reliable arsenic speciation information.     

Determination of arsenic in plant samples by inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry with ultrasonic nebulization: a complex problem

Under well-defined conditions, the analysis of most trace elements by inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry with ultrasonic nebulization (ICP-AES-USN) leads to accurate results for environmental matrices usually studied. Due to differences in matrix composition between standards and samples, ICP-AES-USN determinations of arsenic are interfered with by changes that take place mainly within the desolvation stage of the USN device. In this work, effects of plant matrices on the determination of As in six arsenic species have been investigated. Firstly, interferences were simulated by measuring analyte (species) signals in solutions containing variable concentrations of the main matrix elements encountered in mineralized plant samples (K, Ca, Mg, P and Na). Secondly, the influence of real plant matrices on emission signals of arsenic species was also studied. In this case, the observed effects were different than for individual matrix elements considered separately: Ca and Mg always present in real samples efficiently compensate the undesirable effects. Validation of this statement has been performed using mineralized plant reference materials. In addition, ICP-AES-USN results have been compared with those obtained by Zeeman electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry.     

Seasonal changes in arsenic speciation in Fucus species

Arsenic speciation in a brown alga, Fucus gardneri, collected in Vancouver, B.C., Canada, was carried out by using high-performance liquid chromatography–inductively coupled plasma–mass spectrometry (HPLC–ICP–MS). Hydride generation–atomic absorption spectrometry (HG–AAS) was used for total arsenic determination. The relative amounts of some arsenosugars 1 in growing tips are found to be different in comparison with the remainder of the plant. Fucus samples collected in summer contain 9 ppm of total arsenic. Most of the arsenic species are extractable. Fucus samples collected in winter contain relatively higher amounts of arsenic, 16–22 ppm, but only low amounts of this are extractable. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Arsenosugar identification in seaweed extracts using high-performance liquid chromatography/electrospray ion trap mass spectrometry

The development of analytical techniques suitable for providing structural information on a wide range of elemental species is a growing necessity. For arsenic speciation a variety of mass spectrometric techniques, mainly inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) and electrospray tandem mass spectrometry (ES-MS/MS) coupled on-line with high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), are in use. In this paper we report the identification of arsenic species present in samples of marine origin (seaweed extracts) using ES ion trap mass spectrometry (IT) multistage mass spectrometry (MS(n)). Both reversed-phase and anion-exchange HPLC have been coupled on-line to ES-ITMS. Product ion scans with multiple stages of tandem MS (MS(n); n=2-4) were used to acquire diagnostic data for each arsenosugar. The spectra contain structurally characteristic fragment ions for each of the arsenosugars examined. In addition it was observed that upon successive stages of collision-induced dissociation (CID) a common product ion (m/z 237) was formed from all four arsenosugars examined. This product ion has the potential to be used as an indicator for the presence of dimethylated arsenosugars (dimethylarsinoylribosides). The HPLC/ES-ITMS(n) method developed allows the sensitive identification of arsenosugars present in crude seaweed extracts without the need for extended sample preparation. In fact, sample preparation requirements are identical to those typically employed for HPLC/ICP-MS analysis. Additionally, the resulting product ions are structurally diagnostic of the arsenosugars examined, and tandem mass spectra are reproducible and correspond well to those obtained using other low-energy CID techniques. As a result, the HPLC/ES-ITMS(n) approach minimises the potential for arsenic species misidentification and has great potential as a means of overcoming the need for characterised standards.     

Speciation of major arsenic species in seawater by flow injection hydride generation atomic absorption spectrometry

Arsenic present at 1 microg L(-1) concentrations in seawater can exist as the following species: As(III), As(V), monomethylarsenic, dimethylarsenic and unknown organic compounds. The potential of the continuous flow injection hydride generation technique coupled to atomic absorption spectrometry (AAS) was investigated for the speciation of these major arsenic species in seawater. Two different techniques were used. After hydride generation and collection in a graphite tube coated with iridium, arsenic was determined by AAS. By selecting different experimental hydride generation conditions, it was possible to determine As(III), total arsenic, hydride reactive arsenic and by difference non-hydride reactive arsenic. On the other hand, by cryogenically trapping hydride reactive species on a chromatographic phase, followed by their sequential release and AAS in a heated quartz cell, inorganic As, MMA and DMA could be determined. By combining these two techniques, an experimental protocol for the speciation of As(III), As(V), MMA, DMA and nonhydride reactive arsenic species in seawater was proposed. The method was applied to seawater sampled at a Mediterranean site and at an Atlantic coastal site. Evidence for the biotransformation of arsenic in seawater was clearly shown.     

Arsenic speciation in some environmental samples: a comparative study of HG–GC–QFAAS and HPLC–ICP–MS methods

Some water and soil extracts polluted with arsenic, and a sewage sludge certified for total arsenic have been analysed by high‐performance liquid chromatography–inductively coupled plasma–mass spectrometry (HPLC–ICP–MS) and hydride generation–gas chromatography– quartz furnace atomic absorption spectrometry (HG–GC–QFAAS techniques.) Detection limits in the range of 200–400 and 2–10 ng l⁻¹ respectively allowed the determination of inorganic [As(III), As(V)] and methylated (DMA, MMA, TMAO) arsenic species present in these samples. Results obtained by both methods are well correlated overall, whatever the arsenic chemical form and concentration range (8–10 000 μg l⁻¹). Comparison of these results enabled us to point out features and disadvantages of each analytical method and to reach a conclusion that they are suitable for arsenic speciation in these environmental matrices. Copyright © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Speciation of major arsenic species in seawater by flow injection hydride generation atomic absorption spectrometry

Arsenic present at 1 μg L^–1 concentrations in seawater can exist as the following species: As(III), As(V), monomethylarsenic, dimethylarsenic and unknown organic compounds. The potential of the continuous flow injection hydride generation technique coupled to atomic absorption spectrometry (AAS) was investigated for the speciation of these major arsenic species in seawater. Two different techniques were used. After hydride generation and collection in a graphite tube coated with iridium, arsenic was determined by AAS. By selecting different experimental hydride generation conditions, it was possible to determine As(III), total arsenic, hydride reactive arsenic and by difference non-hydride reactive arsenic. On the other hand, by cryogenically trapping hydride reactive species on a chromatographic phase, followed by their sequential release and AAS in a heated quartz cell, inorganic As, MMA and DMA could be determined. By combining these two techniques, an experimental protocol for the speciation of As(III), As(V), MMA, DMA and non-hydride reactive arsenic species in seawater was proposed. The method was applied to seawater sampled at a Mediterranean site and at an Atlantic coastal site. Evidence for the biotransformation of arsenic in seawater was clearly shown.     

Study of interactions between arsenicals and thioredoxins (human and E. coli) using mass spectrometry

Thioredoxin (Trx) plays an important role in achieving redox balances in cells and protecting the cells from oxidative damage. However, little is known about how arsenic affects Trx chemically. It is conceivable that trivalent arsenicals may bind to Trx, which has a highly conserved -CysGlyProCys- sequence. The objective of this study is to characterize the binding of seven arsenic species with Trx from E. coli and humans, using two mass spectrometry techniques. The arsenic-Trx complexes and the free arsenicals were well separated by size-exclusion liquid chromatography (LC) and detected with inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICPMS). The LC/ICPMS analyses showed that the trivalent arsenic species were able to form complexes with both human and E. coli Trx. Determination of binding constants indicated that affinity to Trx was higher for monomethylarsonous acid (MMA(III)) and phenylarsine oxide (PhAs(III)) than inorganic arsenite (iAs(III)) and dimethylarsinous acid (DMA(III)), probably because MMA(III) and PhAs(III) were able to form stable complexes by binding to two vicinal cysteines in the -CysGlyProCys- region of the Trx. The complexes of arsenicals with both human and E. coli Trx were further characterized by nano-electrospray tandem mass spectrometry. Binding stoichiometries for different arsenic species were consistent with the available cysteine residues in the Trx. Mass spectral evidence also suggests that the pentavalent arsenicals could be reduced by Trx. This study provides the first detailed chemical characterization of the interactions between Trx and arsenic species.     

Enzyme-assisted extraction of arsenic species from plant material

Investigations regarding the transfer and metabolism of arsenic species in plants require mild extraction conditions to conserve the original composition of arsenic species. Beside the use of water or water/methanol for extraction of arsenic species from plant samples, enzymes can assist this procedure by digestion of cellulose and other constituents of cell walls, resulting in a faster, more efficient extraction technique which preserves the arsenic species. The investigations presented here were focused on the stability of certain arsenic species in enzymatic solutions, optimal conditions for their chromatographic separation and detection namely by means of ion chromatography–inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry and improvements with respect to extraction efficiency. With commercially available enzymes and enzyme mixtures, the digestion rate of soluble starch as model cellulose was determined using high-performance anion exchange chromatography–pulsed amperometric detection analysis of glucose as the major digestion product. The most effective digestion rate (80% within 4?h) was obtained with Viscozyme®. This enzyme mixture was applied to extracted arsenic species from algae and terrestrial plant materials. Qualitative and quantitative differences in the results between enzyme-assisted and water extractions were obtained and discussed. The results show that the application of enzymes in mild extraction protocols should be evaluated as an additional step for the identification of As-metabolics in organisms. Careful selection of suitable enzyme mixtures can overcome the disadvantage that extraction efficiency is very organism-specific.     

Organoarsenic compounds in plants and soil on top of an ore vein

Plants and soil collected above an ore vein in Gasen (Austria) were investigated for total arsenic concentrations by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP‐MS). Total arsenic concentrations in all samples were higher than those usually found at non‐contaminated sites. The arsenic concentration in the soil ranged from ∼700 to ∼4000 mg kg⁻¹ dry mass. Arsenic concentrations in plant samples ranged from ∼0.5 to 6 mg kg⁻¹ dry mass and varied with plant species and plant part. Examination of plant and soil extracts by high‐performance liquid chromatography–ICP‐MS revealed that only small amounts of arsenic (<1%) could be extracted from the soil and the main part of the extractable arsenic from soil was inorganic arsenic, dominated by arsenate. Trimethylarsine oxide and arsenobetaine were also detected as minor compounds in soil. The extracts of the plants (Trifolium pratense, Dactylis glomerata, and Plantago lanceolata) contained arsenate, arsenite, methylarsonic acid, dimethylarsinic acid, trimethylarsine oxide, the tetramethylarsonium ion, arsenobetaine, and arsenocholine (2.5–12% extraction efficiency). The arsenic compounds and their concentrations differed with plant species. The extracts of D. glomerata and P. lanceolata contained mainly inorganic arsenic compounds typical of most other plants. T. pratense, on the other hand, contained mainly organic arsenicals and the major compound was methylarsonic acid. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.