甲醇在欠电位沉积Sn/Pt电极上催化氧化

在欠电位沉积（upd）锡修饰的铂电极（upd-Sn/Pt）上,对甲醇电化学催化氧化过程进行了研究.发现当Pt表面upd-Sn的覆盖率在20％附近时,对甲醇的催化氧化的增强作用最为明显；在电位低于0.35 V （vs RHE）时,甲醇在Pt与upd-Sn/Pt电极上氧化只进行到脱氢生成CO的步骤;在0.35 V以后,表面Sn－OH形成,反应Sn－OH＋COads=Sn＋CO2＋H＋＋e有利于表面CO的去除;而Pt电极上,只有0.6 V以后,才有反应Pt－OH＋COads=Pt＋CO2＋H＋＋e发生.因此,Sn的存在有利于甲醇在较低的电位下氧化; Pt电极上CH3OH脱氢并释放出电子的过程是一个快速的过程,表面CO的去除是甲醇氧化过程的控制步骤;甲醇氧化产生的表面吸附态CO 以线式吸附为主,少量的桥式吸附态CO在反应初期即达到吸附饱和; Pt表面上upd-Sn表现的催化增强作用,在光亮铂电极和在高分散铂黑电极上是一致的.     

Ru膜上Pt层的自发沉积及其在电化学表面增强红外光谱中的应用

采用自发沉积法在Ru膜上生成超薄Pt层(简称Ru/Pt膜), 即在开路状态下将电化学还原后的Ru膜浸于除去氧的H2PtCl6溶液中进行自发沉积. 电化学伏安法测量表明, 随着电还原-自发沉积循环次数的增加, 该Ru/Pt膜电极所含Pt组分增加, 且CO吸附层的电氧化峰电位较Pt膜电极上的明显负移. 应用现场衰减全反射表面增强红外光谱法(ATR-SEIRAS)可轻易检测到在该膜电极Pt和Ru位上吸附CO的振动谱峰. 所制Ru/Pt膜电极不仅对CO的电催化氧化具有协同效应, 还可应用于现场ATR-SEIRAS的研究中.     

利用原位红外光谱与微分电化学质谱联用技术研究在Pt以及PtRu电极上发生的甲醇氧化反应

利用电化学衰减全反射原位傅里叶变换红外光谱与微分电化学质谱联用技术,在流动电解池环境以及恒电位条件下研究了Pt电极和Pt电极通过表面电沉积Ru形成的PtRu电极（PtxRuy）上发生的甲醇氧化反应（反应电解质溶液为0.1 mol/L HClO4＋0.5 mol/L MeOH）. 在0.3-0.6 V（参比电极为可逆氢参比）实验用到的所有电极上,CO是唯一能从红外光谱观察到的与甲醇相关的表面吸附物;在Pt0.56Ru0.44电极上可以观察到CO吸附在Ru原子形成的岛上和CO线式吸附在Pt电极表面红外波段,而其他电极上只能观察到Pt表面上线式吸附的CO;甲醇氧化活性按Pt0.73Ru0.27〉Pt0.56Ru0.44〉Pt0.83Ru0.17〉Pt的顺序递减;在0.5V时,甲醇在Pt0.73Ru0.27电极上的氧化反应的CO2电流效率达到了50%.     

Pt(S)[n(100)×(110)]表面Cu欠电位沉积(英文)

本文研究了Cu在Pt(100)台阶面和(110)单原子台阶的欠电位沉积.发现若不考虑阴离子吸附,初始阶段Cu在台阶面和台阶处的电沉积同时进行.在电沉积满单层的伏安曲线上,可以观察到若干峰.通过对峰电荷与台阶密度关系的分析,可认为这些峰分别对应于不同的沉积位点.较正电位的峰对应于Cu在台阶面上的电沉积,而在台阶处Cu的电沉积则因溶液中的阴离子而具有不同的伏安性质.此外,还发现Pt电极表面的Cu沉积电荷转移数接近2e,且沉积初始阶段阴离子覆盖度不变.     

一种金属单晶电极制备方法的建立和Cu2+在铂单晶上UPD过程的研究

同种材料而表面结构不同的电极往往有完全不同的电化学性能.使用在原子水平上表面结构明确的单晶电极不仅有助于对电极表面吸脱附过程、电场作用下表面结构重组、双电层微观结构、分子水平上的反应机理等基础理论进行深入研究,且对高选择性、高效电催化剂的研制也有指导意义.单晶电化学研究的基础就是制备定向不同的单晶电极.本文建立了金属单晶电极制备方法,并报道了Cu²⁺在Pt单晶电极上UPD(欠电位沉积)过程的研究结果.     

Pt-Ru/GC电极对甲醇电催化氧化的研究

利用循环伏安法制备了Pt-Ru/GC电极并用于对甲醇的电催化氧化研究,考察了Pt、Ru原子比、沉积电位下限和沉积量对电极催化性能的影响,研究了电极催化性能的稳定性。结果表明Ru的加入对电极催化性能具有明显的改善作用,对甲醇的氧化电位范围明显变宽,氧化电流明显增大,电极的稳定性明显高于Pt/GC电极。在Pt、Ru原子比为1:1、沉积电位下限为-0.2V、沉积量为40r的条件下,Pt-Ru/GC电极对甲醇电催化氧化的性能最好。     

电化学石英晶体微天平研究碱性介质中单层级铂原子修饰的金电极上甲醇的电催化氧化

通过在Au电极表面欠电位沉积(UPD)Cu、再与Pt源(H2PtCl6或K2PtCl4)进行置换反应,制得单层级Pt原子修饰的金电极(对H2PtCl6或K2PtCl4,所制电极分别记为Pt(CuUPD-Pt4+)n/Au或Pt(CuUPD-Pt2+)n/Au,n表示欠电位沉积-置换过程的重复次数).用电化学石英晶体微天平(EQCM)技术定量研究了所制电极,评估了其在碱性环境中催化甲醇氧化的质量比活性(SECA).结果表明,以H2PtCl6为Pt源所制电极(Pt(CuUPD-Pt4+)3/Au)的活性更高,最大SECA高达35.7mAμg-1.根据EQCM结果计算了置换效率,籍此讨论了Pt原子在Au电极表面的层层组装结构,发现所制电极表面的裸Au位点分布百分数与实验结果(由AuOx还原峰电量测算)吻合.我们认为,EQCM技术是一种定量研究电极支撑的超薄催化剂的有效手段,这种高效的单层级贵金属催化剂有望在生物、能源、环境相关的电催化研究中进一步应用.     

锰欠电位沉积的密度泛函计算与循环伏安实验的研究

用密度泛函计算和循环伏安法研究了锰在金和铅表面的欠电位沉积(UPD)行为. 理论计算, 假设生成紧密的二维相(2D)欠电位沉积层, 用基于密度泛函理论的DMol3软件计算在金与铅表面生成2D相锰层的欠电位偏移值∆fE2DMe, 证明锰在金表面可发生欠电位沉积, 而在铅表面不能发生欠电位沉积. 循环伏安实验结果与理论计算不一致: 金电极析氢电位高不利于研究锰的还原沉积反应, 没有发现锰的欠电位沉积现象; 铅电极在MnCl2溶液中有锰的欠电位沉积现象. 这种理论计算与电化学实验结果的差异, 主要是因为理论计算没有考虑溶剂与阴离子特性吸附作用的影响, 理论计算模型是电化学实验体系的一种理想模型.     

离子液体中Au(111)和Pt(111)表面Ge欠电位沉积的现场STM研究

本文研究BMIPF₆离子液体中Au(111)和Pt(111)表面Ge的电沉积行为. 循环伏安法测试结果表明,在含0.1 mol·L^-1 GeCl₄的BMIPF₆溶液Au(111)和Pt(111)表面均有两个与Ge沉积过程相关的还原峰. 第一个还原峰包含了Ge⁴⁺还原成Ge²⁺及Ge的欠电位沉积,第二个还原峰对应Ge的本体沉积. 现场扫描隧道显微镜研究结果表明,Ge在Au(111)和Pt(111)表面均有两层欠电位沉积. 第一层欠电位沉积厚度约为0.25 nm、形貌平整、带有缝隙的亚单层结构. 第二层欠电位沉积形貌相对粗糙的点状团簇结构. 该欠电位沉积过程伴随表面合金化.     

“三明治式”多层Au/Pt复合薄膜的制备及其对甲醇的电氧化

采用界面组装、欠电位沉积和氧化还原置换反应组合方法制备了单层Pt/Au复合薄膜, 并且不需要任何有机偶联剂; 组装单层Pt/Au复合薄膜为三类多层Pt/Au复合薄膜: (Pt/Au)_n、Pt_m/Au和(Pt₃/Au)_k (n、m和k分别为Pt/Au、Pt和Pt₃/Au的层数). 采用电子显微镜研究了Au纳米粒子单层膜和Pt/Au复合多层膜的形貌. 对于所有的多层膜电极而言, 其电化学活性面积随着层数的增加而增加. 通过研究甲醇在每一类Pt/Au复合薄膜上的氧化电流密度, 考察了其对甲醇的电催化和抗毒化性能. 对于同一类复合薄膜而言, 甲醇分别在(Pt/Au)₃、Pt₃/Au和(Pt₃/Au)₂电极上均具有最大的氧化电流密度, 且优于本体Pt电极. 在这三种电极中, (Pt/Au)₃电极无论从电流密度上还是从抗毒化能力上讲, 其性能是最好的, 而且其抗毒化能力也优于商业Pt/C催化剂. 这种良好的催化性能源于Au和Pt之间最大化的协同效应, 这取决于Pt和Au原子比率以及Pt纳米层和Au纳米层之间的排布方式.     

Electrooxidation of methanol on upd-Ru and upd-Sn modified Pt electrodes

The electrochemical oxidation of methanol has been investigated on underpotentially deposited-ruthenium-modified platinum electrode (upd-Ru/Pt) and on underpotentially deposited-tin-modified platinum electrode (upd-Sn/Pt). The submonolayers of upd-Ru and upd-Sn on a Pt electrode increased the rate of methanol electrooxidation several times as large as that on a pure Pt electrode. The best performance for methanol electrooxidation was obtained on a ternary platinum based catalyst modified by upd-Ru and upd-Sn simultaneously. The influence of the submonolayers of upd-Ru adatoms and upd-Sn adatoms on the oxidation of methanol in acid has been investigated. The effect of Ru on methanol electrooxidation lies on the distribution of Ru adatoms on a Pt surface. It has been shown that as long as the amount of upd-Ru deposits were controlled in a proper range, upd-Ru deposits would enhance the methanol oxidation obtained on a Pt electrode at whichever deposition potential the upd-Ru deposits were obtained. The effects of tin are sensible to the potential range. The enhancement effect of upd-Sn adatoms for the oxidation of methanol will disappear as the electrode potential is beyond a certain value. It is speculated that there exists a synergetic effect on the Pt electrode as adatoms Ru and Sn participate simultaneously in the methanol oxidation.     

Characterization and methanol electrooxidation studies of Pt(111)/Os surfaces prepared by spontaneous deposition

Catalytic activity of the Pt(111)/Os surface toward methanol electrooxidation was optimized by exploring a wide range of Os coverage. Various methods of surface analyses were used, including electroanalytical, STM, and XPS methods. The Pt(111) surface was decorated with nanosized Os islands by spontaneous deposition, and the Os coverage was controlled by changing the exposure time to the Os-containing electrolyte. The structure of Os deposits on Pt(111) was characterized and quantified by in situ STM and stripping voltammetry. We found that the optimal Os surface coverage of Pt(111) for methanol electrooxidation was 0.7 +/- 0.1 ML, close to 1.0 +/- 0.1 Os packing density. Apparently, the high osmium coverage Pt(111)/Os surface provides more of the necessary oxygen-containing species (e.g., Os-OH) for effective methanol electrooxidation than the Pt(111)/Os surfaces with lower Os coverage (vs e.g., Ru-OH). Supporting evidence for this conjecture comes from the CO electrooxidation data, which show that the onset potential for CO stripping is lowered from 0.53 to 0.45 V when the Os coverage is increased from 0.2 to 0.7 ML. However, the activity of Pt(111)/Os for methanol electrooxidation decreases when the Os coverage is higher than 0.7 +/- 0.1 ML, indicating that Pt sites uncovered by Os are necessary for sustaining significant methanol oxidation rates. Furthermore, osmium is inactive for methanol electrooxidation when the platinum substrate is absent: Os deposits on Au(111), a bulk Os ingot, and thick films of electrodeposited Os on Pt(111), all compare poorly to Pt(111)/Os. We conclude that a bifunctional mechanism applies to the methanol electrooxidation similarly to Pt(111)/Ru, although with fewer available Pt sites. Finally, the potential window for methanol electrooxidation on Pt(111)/Os was observed to shift positively versus Pt(111)/Ru. Because of the difference in the Os and Ru oxophilicity under electrochemical conditions, the Os deposit provides fewer oxygen-containing species, at least below 0.5 V vs RHE. Both higher coverage of Os than Ru and the higher potentials are required to provide a sufficient number of active oxygen-containing species for the effective removal of the site-blocking CO from the catalyst surface when the methanol electrooxidation process occurs.     

Surface metal modifiers for methanol electrooxidation on platinum; silver and mercury

The catalytic activity of platinum surfaces towards methanol electrooxidation can be modified by the deposition of a second metal using different methodologies. There is little information about the catalytic performance of polycrystalline platinum modified by silver and mercury adatoms using spontaneous and electrochemical deposition methods. Cyclic voltammetrics have been performed to compare the current vs potential profiles of modified platinum surfaces in acid solution at room temperature. The inhibition of the hydrogen adatom voltammetric profile by foreign metal adatoms on platinum was used to calculate the degree of surface coverage by the metal. Poisoning effects were checked by anodic stripping experiments of methanol residues on the modified platinum surfaces at adsorption potentials in the hydrogen electrosorption region using a micro flux cell. Methanol solution oxidation was also evaluated at slow scan rates of up to 0.8 vs reversible hydrogen electrode (RHE) on the platinum-modified surfaces. The comparison between the amounts of carbon-monoxide-type residues and the solution oxidation of methanol was analysed to check for their utility as catalytic surfaces for direct methanol fuel cells. Dedicated to Professor Dr. Algirdas Vaskelis on the occasion of his 70th birthday.     

甲酸在Pt-Ru/GC电极上氧化的SERS研究

采用循环伏安(CV)法、计时电流法和电化学原位表面增强拉曼散射光谱(SERS)技术研究了甲酸在Pt-Ru/GC电极上的氧化行为, 发现甲酸在Pt-Ru/GC电极上与在粗糙Pt电极上一样, 也能自发解离出强吸附中间体CO和活性中间体—COO－. 从分子水平证实钌的加入有利于提高电极对甲酸的电催化氧化活性, 当镀液中Pt：Ru的摩尔比从10∶1变化到1∶1, CO的氧化峰电位从0.41 V负移至0.35 V, 约负移了60 mV. Pt-Ru/GC(1∶1)电极与粗糙Pt电极相比, CO在电极表面氧化完毕的电位亦负移了约200 mV. 该研究结果表明, 电化学原位表面增强拉曼散射光谱技术可望成为研究电催化反应机理的普适谱学工具.     

Pt-Ru/C催化剂在甲醇电氧化过程中的组成和结构变化

本文研究了Pt-Ru/C催化剂在甲醇电催化氧化过程中组成和结构的变化。结果表明:在扫描初期,Pt-Ru催化剂的表面处于富Ru状态,Pt-Ru催化剂显示出良好的协同效应,峰电位较低,峰电流密度也较小。随着扫描圈数的增加(1~35圈),催化剂表面Ru原子逐渐溶解,Pt-Ru协同效应减弱,峰电位逐渐增大;同时,随着Ru的溶解,催化剂表面Pt原子含量的增加,催化剂对甲醇氧化的峰电流密度逐渐增大。继续增加扫描圈数(36~80圈),催化剂表面Ru原子含量趋于稳定,但Pt原子发生表面重组,粒子粒径增大,从而导致催化剂对甲醇电氧化性能下降。     

Combinatorial optimization of ternary Pt alloy catalysts for the electrooxidation of methanol

We report the combinatorial and high-throughput optimization of improved ternary Pt alloy electrocatalysts for the oxidation of methanol for use in direct methanol fuel cell (DMFC) anodes. Following up on the discovery of a ternary Pt20Co60Ru20 catalyst with significantly improved electrocatalytic activity for methanol oxidation over standard Pt-Ru catalysts, we optimize the electrocatalytic activity of this composition using a closely sampled Pt-Co-Ru "optimization library". We also screen for compositional and structural stability using high-throughput methods. Composition-activity maps confirmed improved activity in compositional neighborhood of the Pt20Co60Ru20 catalyst. Activity trends of Pt-Ru binary alloys were in excellent agreement with fundamental surface electrochemical studies. Structural and compositional catalyst stability was probed using X-ray diffraction (XRD) and energy dispersive X-ray analysis (EDX). Combination of the stability-composition and activity-composition maps resulted in "consensus maps" pointing to a new optimized ternary alloy electrocatalyst for methanol electrooxidation with an overall composition of Pt18Co62Ru20.     

Methanol Electrooxidation on Smooth Platinum Modified with Ru：the Influence of Ru Coverage and Potentials on Oxidative Current and Products

Methanol oxidation on smooth Pt electrode modified with differ-ent coverage of Ru was studied using cyclic voltammetry and potential step combined with differential electrochemical mass spectroscopy. The current efficiency of formed CO2 was calcu-lated from faraday current and ion current of m/z = 44. The results show that Ru modified Pt electrode with the coverage of ca. 0.3 has the highest catalytic activity for methanol electroox-idation, i. e. faraday current and the current efficiency of CO2 at the low potentials reach to the maximum. In addition, Ru loses its co-catalytic properties at the high potentials.     

Electrocatalysis by ad-atoms: Part IV. Enhancement of the oxidation of formic acid on Pt-Au(subs) and Au-Pt(subs) electrodes by bismuth ad-atoms

The roles of surface and bulk for electrocatalysis have been investigated. Bi ad-atoms enhance a platinum electrode to a great extent for HCOOH oxidation. In order to examine whether bulk platinum atoms are necessary for the electrocatalysis, monolayer or submonolayer amounts of platinum atoms were made to deposit on a gold electrode which is quite inactive for the oxidation. The deposition of a complete monolayer of platinum atoms on a gold electrode makes the electrode as active as a platinum electrode itself. Bi ad-atoms enhance this electrode to the same extent as they do a platinum electrode for the oxidation. Thus surface atoms, Pt and Bi atoms, having no bulk atoms on a quite inactive electrode work effectively for the electrocatalysis, the platinum atoms for the adsorption of the main reactant and the Bi atoms for blocking of the sites against the formation of poison. It is the adsorptive property of the surface that controls the electrocatalytic activity.