农产品中硒形态分析的研究进展

综述了近年来农产品中硒形态分析的研究进展,主要涉及提取技术、分离技术和检测技术等,并对农产品中硒形态的分析进行了展望(引用文献42篇)。     

高效液相色谱-原子荧光光谱联用技术测定富硒鸡蛋中的硒形态

为监测市场上富硒鸡蛋中蛋清及蛋黄中硒形态的种类及分布规律,优化建立了一种高效液相色谱-氢化物发生-原子荧光光谱联用技术测定富硒鸡蛋蛋清及蛋黄粉中硒形态的方法。随机选取富硒鸡蛋样品,进行蛋清蛋黄分离、冷冻干燥及蛋黄脱脂处理,处理后样品经Tris-HCl缓冲液（5 mmol/L, pH=7.5）55 oC恒温振荡、酶解提取,高速离心机（10000 r/min）离心10 min,上清液过0.22 μm有机滤膜后采用高效液相色谱-氢化物发生-原子荧光光谱联用技术进行测定,外标法定量。结果表明,该方法能在11 分钟内实现5种硒形态的基线分离,且各种硒形态的线性相关系数(r)均大于0.9994,其检出限在0.5-3.0 μg/L之间,回收率在81.6%~110.4%之间,可以满足检测需求,按照该实验方法测定市场上富硒鸡蛋中的硒形态,方法灵敏度高、准确性好,且测得的富硒鸡蛋蛋清样品中硒形态主要成分为硒代蛋氨酸,而蛋黄样品主要成分为硒代半胱氨酸,还有少量的硒代蛋氨酸,同时,一些鸡蛋还含有极少量的亚硒酸根,但蛋清及蛋黄中硒代氨基酸的含量总和占总硒含量的83.3-98.4%,适用于富硒鸡蛋中的硒形态提取。由此可见,市场上富硒鸡蛋中的硒主要以硒代氨基酸的形式存在,比较适合日常补硒,且该方法可以对市场上富硒食品起到一定监测作用。     

高效液相色谱与电感耦合等离子体质谱联用技术用于胁迫富硒海带硒形态研究

通过对海带胁迫富硒培养, 研究了海带对硒的富集总量及硒化学形态转变. 建立了反相离子对缓冲盐等3个色谱系统的高效液相色谱与电感耦合等离子体质谱联用(RP-HPLC-ICP-MS)技术测定亚硒酸钠、硒甲基半胱氨酸(MeSeCys)、硒代蛋氨酸(SeMet)三种硒形态. 采用3种提取溶剂, 超声提取缩短提取时间, 分离检测富硒海带的主要硒形态为亚硒酸钠、硒甲基半胱氨酸和硒代蛋氨酸.     

HPLC-DRC-ICP-MS测定富硒蔬菜中的硒形态

建立了高效液相色谱-动态反应池-电感耦合等离子体质谱(HPLC-DRC-ICP-MS)联用测定硒代胱氨酸(SeCys2)、甲基硒代半光氨酸(MeSeCys)、亚硒酸盐(SeIV)、硒代蛋氨酸(SeMet)和硒酸盐(SeVI)的方法。样品通过胃蛋白酶提取,采用Hamilton PRP X-100色谱柱(250 mm×4.6 mm,10μm),使用5 mmol/L的柠檬酸溶液(pH 4.7)作为流动相,在10 min内可以完全分离5种硒形态。在80Se质量数下,采用甲烷作为DRC反应气,可有效消除40Ar40Ar+对80Se的干扰,提高检测灵敏度。电感耦合等离子体质谱(ICP-MS)检测,各硒形态的线性相关系数均大于0.9990,Se(IV)、Se(VI)、SeMet、SeCys2、MeSeCys的定量限分别为5,10,10,5,5μg/kg,5种硒形态的加标回收率在80.1%～99.2%之间,可满足蔬菜中硒形态定量分析。     

HPLC-ICP-MS在食品中硒和砷形态分析及其生物有效性研究中的应用

食品中含有与人体健康密切相关的多种微量元素,微量元素的毒性和生物有效性取决于它们的化学形态。食品中的微量元素形态分析及其生物有效性研究对食品安全控制与营养评价具有至关重要的意义。本文扼要介绍了高效液相色谱与电感耦合等离子质谱（HPLC-ICP-MS）联用情况,该技术以不同的色谱分离柱完成各种分析物的分离,具有高灵敏度、高选择性、线性范围宽、检测限低、多元素同时检测等特点,在微量元素形态分析中占有重要的地位。综述了HPLC-ICP-MS在食品微量元素形态分析及其生物有效性研究中的应用,重点介绍了富硒酵母、蒜类植物、富硒营养保健品等食品中硒形态和海产品、农产品等食品中砷形态的研究,以及其它多种微量元素的形态分析和这些微量元素在生物体内的代谢。     

离子交换色谱-氢化物发生原子荧光法测定水产品中硒的形态

建立了利用离子交换色谱-原子荧光联用技术同时测定水产品中3种硒形态的方法,研究了仪器的工作条件、载流、KBH4浓度对硒荧光信号值的影响。采用Hamilton PRP X-100色谱柱(250×4.1 mm,10μm),以30 mmol/L NH4H2PO4为流动相,可以在10 min内同时分离、检测了硒代胱氨酸SeCys、硒代蛋氨酸SeMet和Se(Ⅳ)。当3种形态的质量浓度范围为0~80μg/L时,各形态均得到良好的线性关系,线性相关系数均大于0.9990,各形态的检出限分别为SeCys 1.66μg/L,SeMet 0.91μg/L,Se(Ⅳ)1.10μg/L,相对标准偏差RSD均小于5%(n=11)。在最佳条件下,应用该方法测定了水产品中的硒形态,3种硒形态化合物加标回收率在87.3%~102.6%之间。方法可满足水产品中硒形态的定量分析。     

高效液相色谱-电感耦合等离子质谱分析烟草中硒形态

采用高效液相色谱-电感耦合等离子体质谱(HPLC-ICP-MS)联用技术建立了烟草中硒的形态分析方法。烟草样品采用0.10mol/L HCl超声提取30min,经离心、过膜后引入HPLC-ICP-MS进行分析。使用Hamilton PRP X-100阴离子交换柱,以20mmol/L柠檬酸水溶液为流动相(pH=7.0),流速1.2mL/min,优化条件下实现了6种硒形态的分离。质谱采用He碰撞模式,硒代胱氨酸、亚硒酸根、甲基硒代半胱氨酸、硒酸根、硒脲、硒代蛋氨酸检出限分别为1.20、0.34、1.65、0.13、3.25和0.65ng/mL。该方法操作简单、快速、灵敏度高,精密度好,加标回收率在86.1%~95.8%之间,适用于烟草中硒元素形态分析。     

硒的化学形态分析

对硒的化学形态分析的现状(1991-2006)进行了评述,主要涉及的分析方法有紫外-可见分光光度法、荧光光度法、氢化物发生(HG)原子荧光光谱法、HG原子吸收光谱法、电感耦合等离子体(ICP)原子发射光谱、气相色译原子吸收光谱联用、ICP-质谱与多种分析技术联用等(引用文献45篇).     

AE-HG-AFS测定长期汞暴露人群补硒后尿中硒的形态

建立了一种利用阴离子交换高效液相色谱与氢化物发生原子荧光光谱联用同时测定四、六价硒及硒代半胱氨酸(SeCys)形态的方法。优化了六价硒的还原条件及仪器检测参数,以不同浓度的柠檬酸铵作为流动相,在10 min内同时分离了四、六价硒及硒代半胱氨酸(SeCys)。采用加标法定量,加标回收率在90%～119%之间,相对标准偏差为1.6%～3.1%(100μg/L),四、六价硒及硒代半胱氨酸(SeCys)的检出限分别为0.32μg/L、0.47μg/L和0.44μg/L(进样量为100μL)。应用该法对长期汞暴露人群补硒后尿中的小分子硒的形态进行了分析,仅检测到硒代半胱氨酸(SeCys)。     

阴离子交换色谱-电感耦合等离子体质谱法测定长期汞暴露人群硒干预后血清中的小分子硒形态

建立了阴离子交换高效液相色谱-电感耦合等离子体质谱联用测定不同形态硒的在线分离检测方法,并将其应用于长期汞暴露人群血清中小分子硒的形态研究.流动相A为0.5 mmol/L柠檬酸铵-2%(V/V)甲醇(pH 3.7),流动相B为100 mmol/L柠檬酸铵-2%(V/V)甲醇(pH 8.0);采用93%A-7%B时,硒代...     

环境样品中砷、硒形态分析研究进展

综述了近年来环境样品中砷、硒形态分析的研究进展,主要内容包括样品的前处理技术、分离技术、检测技术。前处理技术主要是用各种提取液采用各种方式提取样品中的砷、硒形态,分离技术主要有高效液相色谱分离、气相色谱分离、毛细管电泳分离等,检测技术主要有原子吸收光谱法、原子发射光谱法、原子荧光光谱法、电感耦合等离子体质谱法等。最后对其研究前景进行了展望。     

Kinetic Studies of Metal Speciation Using Inductively-Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry

Abstract

Kinetic studies of uptake of metal ions by the Chelex batch technique were made to determine Cd, Cu and Pb speciation in model solutions, a snow sample and a river surface water sample. Inductively-coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) and graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry (GFAAS) were used for direct determination of these metals. ICP-MS with the solution nebulization technique minimized contamination and adsorption problems involved in the discrete sampling technique of GFAAS, and hence, gave more precise and accurate results. Also, ICP-MS allowed collection of many more data points than GFAAS and was able to resolve components with similar rates of dissociation, which could not always be resolved by GFAAS with its discrete sampling technique. ICP-MS was therefore preferable to GFAAS for kinetic studies of metal speciation. The kinetic data were analyzed by the iterative deconvolution method. The applicability of the Chelex batch technique to metal speciation was validated by analysis of model solutions containing these metal ions with or without EDTA, NTA and fulvic acid. Use of the Chelex batch technique for Cd, Cu and Pb speciation in snow and river surface water samples revealed a number of kinetically distinguishable components of these metals (as complexes) ranging from one to three, probably present as aquo ions or inorganic complexes in the snow sample, and bound to macromolecules/and or colloidal materials in the river surface water sample.     

Speciation in atomic spectrometry—an oxymoron?

Because atomic spectrometry inherently involves the decomposition of a sample into its constituent atoms, it inevitably destroys speciation information. Only by combining an atomic spectrometric method withan auxiliary, species-specific technique, or by modifying the ‘atomic’ spectrometer substantially, can speciation by ascertained. In this brief paper, three alternative approaches to speciation are outlined. Among them, the use of a switched or modulated source seems particularly appealing.     

Copper and nickel speciation in mine effluents by combination of two independent techniques

To control potentially toxic metals in water resources it is necessary to know metal speciation and changes in the metal speciation that occur after aqueous effluents containing metals are discharged into freshwaters. This work explores the speciation of nickel and copper in metal-mining aqueous effluents. Diffusive gradients in thin films (DGT) technique and competing ligand exchange (CLE) method have been applied to determine the speciation of nickel and copper. The results of this investigation demonstrate that combination of two analytical techniques having complementary analytical capabilities can provide a better physicochemical picture of metal speciation than either one of the analytical technique can do alone. The combined use of these techniques revealed that copper formed labile complexes having slow diffusion coefficient along with the presence of small labile copper complexes. Nickel-dissolved organic complexes (DOC) complexes in the aqueous effluent have been found to have fast diffusion coefficient. The results are likely to have environmental significance for providing a link between the metal species in mine aqueous effluent and their bioavailability by determining the characteristics of copper and nickel complexes in metal-mine aqueous effluents. This knowledge is expected to promote a better understanding of the lability of DOC complexes of copper and nickel in mining effluents.     

The role of flow injection analysis in speciation studies

An overview of the features of flow injection analysis (FIA) which make it a very useful technique for speciation studies is presented. Special emphasis is paid on pre- and post-column coupling as these arrangements allow major speciation problems to be solved.     

Speciation of Cr(VI)/Cr(III) in environmental waters by fluorimetric method using central composite, full and fractional factorial design

In this approach a fluorometric technique has been developed to study chromium speciation, based on optimised conditions using chemometric methods of experimental design and central composite design. Full and fractional factorial design was used for evaluation of the effective factors in determination of Cr(VI) by fluorometric using Rhodamine-6G in the presence of H₂SO₄. Theory and methodology of a central composite design as a chemometric method for the optimisation of analytical procedures were developed in this approach. It was found that the analytical performance for measurement at the point of optimum in this technique is superior and more accurate than that of one variable at a time. Cr(VI) and Cr(III) were measured in a wastewater sample using the proposed technique. The results confirm the selective determination and speciation of Cr(VI)/Cr(III).     

重庆都市圈土壤重金属元素形态分析

选取重庆市表层土壤样品,采用Tessier A连续提取法研究了土壤中Hg、Cd、Cr、Cu、Zn、Ni等6种重金属元素进行形态分析。结果表明,在该区域表层土壤中Cd以离子交换态为主,其余的重金属元素均以残渣态为主,说明Cd较活泼,对环境有潜在的影响力,Hg、Cu、Zn、Ni、Cr相对比较稳定。     

Speciation of water soluble iron in size segregated airborne particulate matter using LED based liquid waveguide with a novel dispersive absorption spectroscopic measurement technique

In this study, we present the development and evaluation of a dispersive absorption spectroscopic technique for trace level soluble ferrous detection. The technique makes use of the broadband absorption spectra of the ferrous-ferrozine complex with a novel spectral fitting algorithm to determine soluble ferrous concentrations in samples and achieves much improved measurement precision compared to conventional methods. The developed method was evaluated by both model simulations and experimental investigations. The results demonstrated the robustness of the method against the spectral fluctuation, wavelength drift and electronic noise, while achieving excellent linearity (R² > 0.999) and low detection limit (0.06 μg L⁻¹) for soluble ferrous detection. The developed method was also used for the speciation of soluble iron in size segregated atmospheric aerosols. The measurement was carried out during Spring and Summer in typical urban environment in Hong Kong. The measured total iron concentrations are in good agreement compared to conventional Inductively Coupled Plasma – Optical Emission Spectroscopy (ICP-OES) measurements. Investigation on ambient particulate matter samples shows the size dependent characteristic of iron speciation in the atmosphere with a more active role of fine particles in transforming between ferrous and ferric. The method demonstrated in this study provides a cost and time effective approach for the speciation of iron in ambient aerosols.     

Trace element analytical speciation in biological systems: importance,challenges and trends

Speciation of trace elements is a relatively new field and it was in toxicology that the relationship between the chemical form of a metal and its harmful effects was first recognized. The present need for chemical speciation information in biochemistry bioinorganic and clinical chemistry is documented in an attempt to justify the present demand for innovative chemical speciation strategies and analytical technologies.The challenge and complexity of speciation is stressed and three different categories of analytical speciation of increasing analytical difficulty are proposed. Analytical strategies developed so far to try to tackle speciation problems (computational approaches, direct species-specific and hybrid techniques) are reviewed and critically assessed for biological materials. It is indisputable these days that in most cases of real-life analytical speciation we have to resort to the development and use of hybrid techniques combining an adequate separation technique for the species physical separation and an element specific detector such as those based in atomic spectrometry. Examples of such strategies, as developed mainly in the author's laboratory and including chromatographic and non-chromatographic type hybrid strategies coupled to flame, plasma and electrothermal vaporization atomic detectors, are discussed in more detail.Finally, in light of the latest trends observed in this new field, the author attempts to cast a forward look into the foreseeable future of analytical speciation research in biological and biomedical sciences. The urgent plea for quality assurance in non-routine analysis and the concept of using complementary analytical techniques and definitive methods to attack the complexity of chemical speciation in biological systems are particularly highlighted.     

Atomic absorption spectrometry (AAS) – a versatile and selective detector for trace element speciation

AAS as a highly sensitive and specific single element technique is ideally suited as a detector for speciation analysis. The combinations of chromatographic separation with element specific detectors (flame AAS, electrothermal AAS (ETAAS), hydride generation AAS (HGAAS)) provide powerful approaches to the determination of all species. Sample stabilisation is the area that requires most attention as it still represents the main source of problems encountered in speciation work. The correct speciation depends on how the sample is handled prior to analysis. Unfortunately, no universal procedure has been found. Anything that changes redox conditions, pH or complexation equilibrium is clearly unacceptable.