X射线荧光光谱法测定土壤和水系沉积物等样品中碳、氮、氟、氯、硫、溴等42种主次和痕量元素

采用粉末压片制样,用X射线荧光光谱法测定土壤、水系沉积物等样品中C、N、F、S、Cl、Br、Na、Mg、Al、Si、P、K、Ca、Ti、Mn、Fe、Co、Ni、Cu、Zn、Pb、Ga、As、Rb、Sr、Y、Zr、Nb、Th、U、Ba、La、Ce、Nd、Ge、Yb、W、Hf、Sc、Sn、Mo、Cs等42种元素。着重研究了C、N、F、S和Cl等元素的测量条件和存在问题;并研究了痕量元素的背景选择和谱线重叠校正的问题。方法的检出限,精密度和准确度绝大多数能满足覆盖区多目标地球化学调查样品的质量要求。     

微量元素与食物

含钙高的食物:牛奶、黄豆、乳制品、海参、海带、蚕豆、豆制品、芝麻酱、虾皮、燕麦、小麦、酸奶、牛肉等。含镁高的食物:荷叶、香蕉、黄豆、蕃茄、绿豆、红小豆、蕃石榴、蜂蜜、燕麦等。含锌高的食物:牡蛎、猪肝、鱼类、高锌鸡蛋、板栗、核桃、红枣、黄鳝、海参等。含铁高的食     

三七生长初期不同部位微量元素的含量测定

采用电感耦合等离子体发射光谱法(ICP-AES),对文山地区GAP种植及农户常规种植的生长初期三七不同部位中的微量元素Mg、P、Ca、Mn、Na、Fe、Co、Cu、Zn、Mo、Cr、Ni、Ge、Se等14种元素进行了测定分析。结果表明,三七的根、茎、叶中含有丰富的人体必需Mg、P、Ca、Mn、Na、Fe、Co、Cu、Zn、Mo、Ge、Se等有益元素,且P、Ca、Mg、Fe含量较高,Na、Mn、Co、Zn次之,Co、Mo、Cr、Ni、Ge、Se含量均较低。为三七GAP栽培标准和特征制订、三七道地药材的化学特征——化学指纹图谱的建立及研究提供理论依据。     

糖尿病人血清18种元素与肾功能、血脂、心功能等因素的分析

测定56例非胰岛素依赖型糖尿病人血清Cu、Se、Zn、Cr、Mn、Fe、Co、V、Cd、Pb、B、Al、Sr、As、Ti、Ni、Ba、Mg等18种微量元素，并以上述18种元素分别作为因变量，以血糖、血脂、肾功能、心功能等指标为自变量，作多因素逐步回归分析．能建立回归方程的微量元素有Cu、Mn、Zn、Co、Fe、Sr、Se、Cd、B、Mg、Ba．糖代谢有关的FBG、PBG、GHb均未能进入模型。能进入模型有与肾功能有关的CR、β2-Mg、Pu，与血脂代谢有关的TG、TC、LDL-Ch、VLDL-Ch、HDL-Ch及与心功能有关的EF．糖尿病人血清Cu、Mn、Co与病人的肾功能指标(CR、β2-Mg或Pu)相关，Mn、Se、Cd、B、Mg、Ba与血脂代谢指标相关，Zn、Co、Mg与心脏EF相关．     

电热板消解与密闭罐消解对土壤中49种矿质元素ICP-MS法检测的影响

分别采用电热板消解和密闭罐消解进行土壤样品前处理,根据加标回收实验和国家标准物质(GBW07403)验证实验,结果显示,使用电热板消解-ICP-MS法分析土壤中铍、锂、钒、铬、锰、钴、镍、铜、锌、镓、锗、砷、硒、锶、锆、铌、钼、钯、银、镉、铟、锡、钡、钽、钨、铼、铊、铅、铀可获得较好的准确性和精密度,而密闭消解罐消解-ICP-MS法则更适于土壤中钪、钇、镧、铈、镨、钕、钷、钐、铕、钆、铽、钬、铒、铥、镱、镥、铱、铂、金、钍的检测,各元素的检出限为0.311～94.36 ng/L,相对标准偏差为0.55%～5.03%.表明不同消解方法适于土壤中不同矿质元素的检测.应用所建立的方法,对新疆地区2个葡萄园的土壤样品中49种矿质元素进行了分析.     

原子结构与元素的周期性(Ⅳ)

元素性质的周期性很明显,只有那些跟电子排布紧密相关的元素和化合物的性质才会随原子序数的变化呈现出周期性规律。例如,原子体积、金属或共价半径、离子半径、电离能、电子亲合能、电负性、单质的标准电极电势、氧化态、离子淌度、熔点、沸点、化合物的生成焓、压缩系数、光谱性质、磁学性质、硬度、折射率、化合物的酸碱性以及其它的许多化学性质等。     

不同生长时期盐藻无机元素分析

测定了对数生长期和稳定期盐藻中10种无机元素K、Na、Ca、Mg、P、Cu、Zn、Fe、Mn、Se的含量。结果表明，稳定期盐藻中K、Ca、Mg、Cu、Zn、Fe、Mn、Se的含量比对数生长期都有不同程度的增加，Na、P的含量反而降低。     

虎骨及其类似品微量元素的灰色关联分析

以Na、Mg、K、P、Al、Si、Ti、Cr、Mn、Fe、Zn、Co、Ni、Cu的含量为分析指标．用灰色关联分析研究了熊骨、豹骨、黄牛骨、猪骨、狗骨、猫骨与虎骨在微量元素组成上的相似亲疏关系。结果表明，虎骨、熊骨、豹骨和猫骨的微量元素组成相近似，后3种骨可考虑作为虎骨的代用品。     

白族长寿地区硬果仁中19种元素的测定分析

用电感耦合等离子体发射光谱法（ICP－AES）,对云南省白族长寿区的葵花子仁、麻子仁和核桃仁中的Ca、Mg、P、S、Na、AI、B、Fe、Zn、Cu、Mo、Sr、Mn、Cr、Se、Ge、Cd、Pb、As等19种元素进行了测定分析。结果表明,3种硬果仁中含有丰富的人体必需的Ca、Mg、P、S、Na、Fe、Zn、Mn、Se、Cu、Cr、Sr、Mo等有益元素,且P、Mg、S、Ca、Na、Zn、Mn、Fe、Se的含量较高。这些生命元素在3种硬果仁中的含量存在差异。有害元素Cd、Pb均未检出,核桃仁中As含量较高。硬果仁中富含这些生命元素是该地区老人健康长寿的一个重要原因。     

复杂矿样中锡钨的联合测定

砷、锑、铜、氟等对锡的碘量法和钨的硫氰酸盐比色法均有干扰,当分析上述元素含量较高的矿样时,需要预先分离。为此进行加硫酸铵焙烧除砷的试验,並用含磷酸钠或EDTA而适当提高碱度的浸出液浸出以减少铁、钙、镁对锡、钨的吸附和有利于锡转化为锡酸钠于溶液中。试样经焙烧后砷、锑、氟等被驱除,再碱熔水浸则使铁、钙、镁、钛、锰、锆、钡、银、金、铋、镉、钴、汞、镍、钍、铌、钽和稀土元素,以及绝大部份铜进入沉淀,只有铝、锌、钼、铬     

Review of separation methods for the determination of ammonium/ammonia in natural water

Ammonium (NH₄⁺) and ammonia (NH₃) in aquatic ecosystems are of great interest to environmental scientists because they can be used to study the nitrogen cycle and as water quality indicators. Analytical separation methods developed in recent decades have been used widely to determine NH₄⁺ and NH₃ in aqueous solutions. This review presents an overview of state-of-the-art separation methods and analytical techniques for determining NH₃/NH₄⁺ in natural water, including chromatographic methods, electrophoretic methods, extraction methods, membrane-based gas diffusion methods, membraneless gas diffusion methods, passive sampling methods, and paper-based analytical methods. Common detection techniques that can be used in conjunction with particular separation methods are described, phase-transfer strategies (liquid-liquid, liquid-solid, liquid-membrane-liquid, and liquid-gas-liquid methods) are highlighted, and the strengths and weaknesses of the separation methods are discussed. The outlook, challenges, and expected future developments in the field of separation methods for determining NH₄⁺ and NH₃ in natural water are presented.     

Latest achievements in the analytical chemistry of actinides

New methods for separation and determination of actinides, widely used in analysis of actinides in technological and environmental samples are reviewed. Special attention is paid to obtaining and stabilizing transplutonium elements. (TPE) in extreme oxidation states. Their use in analytical practice resulted in expanding possibilities of methods for separation and determination of TPE. Solvent extraction, sorption and extraction chromatography are the basic methods for separation of TPE. Solvent extraction, sorption and extraction chromatography are the basic methods for separation of TPE. Methods of separation in gas phase and some other methods such as precipitation and coprecipitation are applied, however, to a lesser degree. Trends of development of these methods including those of various types of membrane extraction that succeeded in separation of TPE in both trivalent and other valence states have been shown. Attention is paid mainly to consideration of modern methods for determination of actinides, special distinction of such methods being low limits of determination, high precision and selectivity. Alpha- and beta-spectrometric methods with semiconductor detectors are the most advanced among various methods based on registration of nuclear radiation. Tremendous success has been achieved in development of emission-spectrometric methods for determination of trace amounts of actinides and various impure elements occurring in samples of actinides. Sensitive mass-spectrometric methods are widely used for determination of both isotope composition and content of elements in various samples including those which are highly radioactive. More simple and precise titrimetric methods based on using oxidizing-reducing or complexing agents are developed successfully. A large number of coulometric methods for determination of americium and berkelium, characterizing high precision and selectivity as well as luminescence methods have been developed.     

Overview of Special Session B—Compositional and Structural Analysis of Biomass

Special Session B at the 29th Symposium on Biotechnology for Fuels and Chemicals was the first invited session at this symposium devoted to analytical methods. The special topic was added in response to numerous requests for information on new and innovative methods that could be applied in the growing renewable fuels industry. Presentation topics include analytical methods for the characterization and analysis of maize traits, tools for investigating cell wall limitations to enzymatic degradation, methods for customizing enzyme cocktails for biomass, new techniques for the analysis of carbohydrates, analytical methods that enhance our understanding of pretreatment, improved methods for monitoring process intermediates, and published standard analytical methods for biomass conversion processes.     

示波分析在中国的发展：Ⅰ.示波分析法

示波分析是在我国新近发展起来的电分析新领域，它有十大类技术：示波计时电位法，改进的示波计时电位法，倒数示波计量电位法，示波电位法，示波伏安８法。示波分析包括示波滴定和示波测定两大分支。本文综述示波分析的方法和特点。     

On the existence of primary methods of measurement

 There is much discussion in chemical metrology about the definition of primary methods of measurement, just as a couple of years ago there was debate about its predecessors, absolute methods and definitive methods. It is argued in this paper that the designation of certain methods as being primary only makes sense if there is an outstanding property identified that is common to all primary methods, and not present for all non-primary methods. The aim to identify primary methods should not blur our notion that it is the good practice of analytical chemistry that produces good results, not a particular method of analysis.     

中学化学中的科学方法教育与课程教材改革

本文论述了什么是科学方法;科学方法的特点、性质、类型和结构;为什么要重视科学方法教育;中学化学中应该着重进行哪些科学方法教育;怎样才能有效地进行科学方法教育等问题。指出:科学方法是科学素质的重要构成因素。加强科学方法教育是全面提高学生素质、保证学生可持续发展的需要,也是搞好当前的课程教材改革的需要。文中提出了确定中学化学中科学方法教学内容的原则、各年级教学内容和教学要求的设想,还就科学方法教育的途径和原则提出了自己的看法。作者认为,科学方法教育要力戒教条式灌输,要注意让学生在积累经验基础上进行归纳;重视组织学生参加有关的实践活动;科学方法教育要跟科学精神、科学思想和科学知识的教育相互结合,跟人文精神教育结合。在进行科学方法教育时,还应该重视技术方法教育。     

烟草制品及烟气中重金属检测方法的研究进展

从烟草制品及其烟气的前处理方法和检测方法两方面对烟草中重金属含量测定的研究进展进行了综述。重点介绍了湿法消解、微波消解、萃取和悬浮进样技术等样品前处理方法,以及原子光谱法、质谱法和液相色谱法等测定方法。列举了不同方法的灵敏度、准确性和适用范围,对各方法的优缺点进行了比较,并对烟草中重金属检测方法的发展进行了展望。     

三维人脸识别算法研究

近年来,基于三维图像的人脸识别技术已经取得了很大进展,在约束环境下也能获得很好的识别性能,但仍受限于姿态、表情等因素,需要从算法上改进才能解决其影响。本文分别从基于空域直接匹配、基于局部特征匹配和基于整体特征匹配3个角度出发,对人脸匹配算法以及融合算法进行了研究,列出了部分改进算法的实验结果,并分析了算法有效性的原因,总结了目前面临的三维人脸识别算法难以突破的一些困难及未来的研究趋势。     

Recent analytical approaches in quality control of traditional Chinese medicines—A review

Traditional Chinese medicines (TCMs) are gaining more and more attention all over the world, due to their specific theory and long historical clinical practice. But the uncontrollable quality is a bottleneck for its modernization and globalization. This paper reviewed the recent analytical methods in the quality control of TCMs, including screening strategies of bioactive markers from TCMs through biochromatographic methods, the traditional chromatographic methods, DNA methods, as well as the spectroscopic methods, including FT-IR, NIR and NMR. The comprehensive methods, such as fingerprint and multi-component quantification are emphasized; hyphenated techniques, like HPLC-MS, GC-MS, CE-MS, LC-NMR, chemometric methods, and combination of chemical and biological methods, such as biofingerprint, metabolic fingerprint are now more and more widely used in TCMs. In a few word, the analysis and quality control of TCMs are moving towards an integrative and comprehensive direction, in order to better address the inherent holistic nature of TCMs.