蛋白石及反蛋白石結構光子晶體

光子晶体是由不同介电常数的材料构成的一种空间周期性结构，它能够在特定方向上禁阻、控制和操纵光子的运动。目前，已制备的光子晶体具有几种不同的结构类型，本文主要综述了蛋白石、反蛋白石结构光子晶体的制备方法及其光子带隙的影响因素。     

化学响应性光子晶体

光子晶体是一种具有光子带隙结构的周期性电介质材料,如果将响应性材料组装到光子晶体结构中,所形成的光子晶体的带隙结构则对外界环境的变化具有响应性,而被称为响应性光子晶体。响应性光子晶体作为光子晶体的一个新领域,由于其在传感器,生物医学,临床检测等方面的潜在应用,近几年受到广泛关注。根据外界环境的不同,响应性光子晶体可简单分为化学响应性光子晶体、物理响应性光子晶体和生物响应性光子晶体等。本文将对化学响应性光子晶体的国内外研究动态做一简要介绍,重点介绍以下五种化学响应性光子晶体:金属离子响应光子晶体、pH响应光子晶体、氧化还原响应光子晶体、葡萄糖响应光子晶体和光化学响应光子晶体。     

光子晶体研究进展

光子晶体是最近10余年间提出的新概念和新材料。本文简述了光子晶体的主要特性,重点阐述了光子晶体的制作方法,特别是高分子材料制作分子晶体的几种新方法。     

光子晶体的制备与应用进展

光子晶体概念的提出到现在已有20多年,由于其特有的带隙和缺陷结构可实现对光子传播的控制,与传统的基于半导体晶体的电子技术相比更具优势,是未来光子计算机和光子通讯技术研发的核心。近年来,基于新材料、新方法制备的具有复杂结构的光子晶体不断涌现,其应用范围也从较早的波导、光开关、反射镜拓展到传感器、超棱镜、微透镜、太阳能电池、增强LED发光、光存储、生物芯片、仿生等新兴领域。本文结合了最新的研究状况,探讨了光子晶体的制备与应用进展。     

光子晶体的制备及应用

光子晶体（PC）是具有光子带隙的周期性电介质结构，频率落在光子带隙中的光将被禁止传播。本文对光子晶体的能带结构、带隙的产生、制备方法及应用作了简要的介绍，重点介绍了光子晶体的制备技术及其在光电领域中的应用前景。     

梯度结构胶体光子晶体的制备及光子禁带调节

以改进的对流自组装方法制备层数可控的胶体光子晶体, 并通过各向同性氧等离子体(O₂ Plasma)刻蚀构造出梯度结构, 进一步通过金(Au)及无定形硅(Si)的可控沉积调节梯度结构胶体光子晶体的光子禁带, 并将该梯度结构用于罗丹明B的荧光发射增强.     

Photonic band structures of colloidal crystals measured with angle-resolved reflection spectroscopy

We acquired angle- and polarization-resolved reflection spectra from a colloidal crystal made of polystyrene spheres along the two perpendicular directions corresponding to the LU and LW directions in the first Brillouin zone of an fcc lattice. Dispersion relations between the reflection peak positions and the wave vectors of the incident light were obtained from the measured spectra and compared with calculated photonic band structures. For the first stop band region in the spectra, the behavior of the reflection peak due to Bragg diffraction agreed with the calculated band structure and revealed some differences induced by the polarization and crystalline orientations. The spectral features observed in the higher energy regions also revealed these differences. In addition, dispersion relationships between the peak positions and the wave vectors were obtained from the results of fitting each spectrum with several Gaussian curves, compared with the calculated photonic band structures. The relationships obtained for the LU direction almost matched the calculated band structure, while the relationships obtained for the LW direction revealed the features of the mixed band structure calculated for the two perpendicular directions. These results indicate that angle- and polarization-resolved reflection spectroscopy has the potential to experimentally analyze the photonic band structures of actual photonic crystals.     

Photonic sensor devices for explosive detection

For the sensitive online and in situ detection of gaseous species, optical methods are ideally suited. In contrast to chemical analysis, no sample preparation is necessary and therefore spectroscopic methods should be favorable both in respect of a fast signal recovery and economically because no disposal is needed. However, spectroscopic methods are currently not widely used for security applications. We review photonic sensor devices for the detection of explosives in the gas phase as well as the condensed phase and the underlying spectroscopic techniques with respect to their adaptability for security applications, where high sensitivity, high selectivity, and a low false-alarm rate are of importance. The measurements have to be performed under ambient conditions and often remote handling or even operation in standoff configuration is needed. For handheld and portable equipment, special attention is focused on the miniaturization and examples for already-available sensor devices are given.     

反蛋白石光子晶体的研究进展

反蛋白石晶体是一类重要的光子晶体,由于其制备材料的广泛性以及容易实现对光子禁带的多重调制而受到广泛关注.本文介绍了目前反蛋白石晶体结构的主要制备技术和方法,详细阐述了反蛋白石晶体结构的最新研究进展.     

Photo-induced Birefringence of Azo-dye Based on Three-dimensional Opal Photonic Crystals

A series of three-dimensional opal photonic crystals based on the polymer was synthesized and applied in the field of photo-induced birefringence. The data show that the photo-induced birefringence(PIB) of pure Sudan III film could be enhanced by increasing the thickness of azo films. When Sudan III was distributed on the three-dimensional opal photonic crystals, the photo-induced birefringence process could be modulated. In addition, the data also exhibit that the PIB processes with different pumping polarization directions are sensitive to the role of photonic crystals. The results could be beneficial to further understanding the photo-induced birefringence and utilizing the photonic crystals.     

Fabrication of BaTiO3 Inverse Opal Photonic Crystal

The colloidal crystal template or opal with a closed-packed face centered cubic (fcc) lattice, was prepared from monodisperse polystyrene (PS) spheres by gravity sedimentation. The template was used for the generation of photonic crystal. The template provided void space for infiltration of liquid precursor composed of titanium butyloxide, barium acetate, ethanol, and acetic acid. The opal composite was hydrolyzed, dried, sintered by heating for completely removing PS spheres to form BaTiO3 photonic crystals with inverse opal structure. The PS spheres were replaced by air spheres, which interconnected each other through the windows on the BaTiO3 wall.So both the BaTiO3 wall and air void constitute continuous phases.     

Creatinine Imprinted Photonic Crystals Hydrogel Sensor

There is a demand for simple, selective, and efficient assays for the determination of clinically important metabolites such as creatinine for healthcare. Creatinine is the by-product of muscle energy metabolism and is excreted by the kidneys. To measure creatinine in the human serum, a creatinine imprinted photonic crystal hydrogel (CIPC hydrogel) for naked-eye detection is developed. CIPC hydrogel utilizes polystyrene-based two-dimensional (2D) photonic crystal colloidal arrays (PCs-array) embedded in the polyacrylamide hydrogel containing methacrylic acid which imprinted the creatinine template. The nanocavities in the hydrogel produced after the removal of the template bind to and recognize creatinine in the serum samples. The binding is selective and specific for creatinine. The binding is observed as shrinkage of the hydrogel volume and a decrease in the particle spacing which is monitored through changes in the Debye diffraction ring diameter and a visible blue-green to blue color shift. The binding event and the mechanism are investigated by molecular dockings. The CIPC sensor demonstrates a limit of detection (LOD) of 2.45 ± 1.6 µM, a linear detection range (25–500 µM), and recovery from 85.6 % to 99.9 % in the serum samples. CIPC hydrogel is available for the rapid and quantitative onsite detection of creatinine in the human serum sample.     

乙基膦酸分子印迹光子晶体传感器的研究

本研究结合光子晶体与分子印迹技术,制备了一种新颖有机磷毒剂光学传感器——三维分子印迹光子晶体(3D-MIPCs)凝胶膜.采用聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯胶体小球为光子晶体自组装阵列模板,以甲基丙烯酸羟乙酯和N-异丙基丙烯酰胺为混合单体,乙二醇二甲基丙烯酸酯和N,N-亚甲基双丙烯酰胺为混合交联剂,正辛醇和乙腈混合溶液为溶剂,光聚得到印迹聚合物.该材料对乙基膦酸响应速度快、选择性高,其对目标分子的识别作用会导致衍射光谱图的改变.随着在EPA浓度从0.5 mmol/L增加到1.5 mmol/L的过程中,反射峰强度逐渐降低,降幅达到10％,并伴随明显红移.该材料为乙基膦酸检测提供了新的思路,在神经毒剂检测及监控等领域有应用前景.     

葡萄糖检测用分子印迹光子晶体的研究

基于快速、持续、无创检测技术在血糖监测领域的重要性,以聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯微球阵列为光子晶体制孔模板,以葡萄糖为印迹模板,N-异丙基丙烯酰胺和甲基丙烯酸羟乙酯为混合单体,4-乙烯基苯硼酸为识别基,N,N-亚甲基双丙烯酰胺为交联剂,在制孔模板间隙进行共价型分子印迹聚合,除去制孔模板后,制得具有规整孔结构的新型光学凝胶材料--...     

反蛋白石光子晶体凝胶的pH响应

首先采用Stber方法制备了一系列亚微米级单分散二氧化硅小球,而后通过垂直沉降自组装方法制备了颜色鲜艳的二氧化硅三维有序结构胶体晶体模板,最后再采用模板聚合法在220 nm二氧化硅小球自组装的阵列间隙中共聚甲基丙烯酸和乙二醇二甲基丙烯酸酯,经氢氟酸刻蚀二氧化硅模板后得到多孔有序的反蛋白石光子晶体.当pH值从5升至8时,反蛋白石凝胶光子晶体的反射峰波长从514 nm移动至590 nm,颜色变化显著,从蓝绿色变成红色,突变点为pH=6.5,而且pH响应在100 s左右即可达到平衡.对交联剂用量的研究结果表明,随着交联剂乙二醇二甲基丙烯酸酯用量从4%增加到16%,光子晶体响应pH时的红移量减小.     

聚苯乙烯光子晶体薄膜的光化学行为

研究了紫外光照下聚苯乙烯（PS）光子晶体薄膜的表面形貌、光学性质及浸润性变化. 傅立叶红外光谱对紫外光照前后薄膜表面的化学成分进行了表征,结果表明紫外光照后PS微球表面产生亲水性极性基团羰基. 扫描电子显微镜照片表明随着紫外光照时间的延长,PS微球发生收缩、变形甚至熔化. 原位反射和透射光谱表明在光照20 min内,光子晶体薄膜能够保持良好的光学性能,且薄膜由疏水表面转变为亲水表面. 因此,控制光照时间可以制备得到具有良好光学性能的亲水性聚合物光子晶体薄膜,对于光子晶体在特殊环境下的应用具有重要的意义.     

Reconfigurable Photonic Crystal Reversibly Exhibiting Single and Double Structural Colors

Unlike absorption-based colors of dyes and pigments, reflection-based colors of photonic crystals, so called “structural colors”, are responsive to external stimuli, but can remain unfaded for over ten million years, and therefore regarded as a next-generation coloring mechanism. However, it is a challenge to rationally design the spectra of structural colors, where one structure gives only one reflection peak defined by Bragg's law, unlike those of absorption-based colors. Here, we report a reconfigurable photonic crystal that exhibits single-peak and double-peak structural colors. This photonic crystal is composed of a colloidal nanosheet in water, which spontaneously adopts a layered structure with single periodicity (407 nm). After a temperature-gradient treatment, the photonic crystal segregates into two regions with shrunken (385 nm) and expanded (448 nm) periodicities, and thus exhibits double reflection peaks that are blue- and red-shifted from the original one, respectively. Notably, the transition between the single-peak and double-peak states is reversible.     

具有然陷模的氧化铝光子晶体的光学传感性能

采用在周期性氧化电压信号中插入恒压波形的方法成功制备了具有缺陷模的一维氧化铝光子晶体. 这种晶体的透射光谱研究表明,缺陷的厚度对缺陷模的透过率具有显著影响,当缺陷厚度在180 nm时,光子禁带内部出现透过率为55%、半峰宽约为18 nm的缺陷模. 该缺陷模能够对进入到氧化铝孔道内部的液体物质做出响应,其位置与液体的折射率线性相关.     

光子晶体应用于化学及生物传感器的研究进展

光子晶体是由两种以上具有不同折光指数的材料在空间按照一定的周期顺序排列所形成的有序结构材料,它具有尺度为光波长量级的重复结构单元,通过对这些结构单元的合理设计.可以调控光子晶体的光学性质.近年来,光子晶体不仅在药物释放、光学开关、金属探针领域取得了广泛的应用,也为化学及生物传感器领域提供了新的检测原理和手段.本文概述了光子晶体的制备方法及近年来该技术在化学及生物传感器领域中的应用研究.     

Spatially Resolved Organic Whispering-Gallery-Mode Hetero-Microrings for High-Security Photonic Barcodes

Whispering-gallery-mode (WGM) microcavities featuring distinguishable sharp peaks in a broadband exhibit enormous advantages in the field of miniaturized photonic barcodes. However, such kind of barcodes developed hitherto are primarily based on microcavities wherein multiple gain medias were blended into a single matrix, thus resulting in the limited and indistinguishable coding elements. Here, a surface tension assisted heterogeneous assembly strategy is proposed to construct the spatially resolved WGM hetero-microrings with multiple spatial colors along its circular direction. Through precisely regulating the charge-transfer (CT) strength, full-color microrings covering the entire visible range were effectively acquired, which exhibit a series of sharp and recognizable peaks and allow for the effective construction of high-quality photonic barcodes. Notably, the spatially resolved WGM hetero-microrings with multiple coding elements were finally acquired through heterogeneous nucleation and growth controlled by the directional diffusion between the hetero-emulsion droplets, thus remarkably promoting the security strength and coding capacity of the barcodes. The results would be useful to fabricate new types of organic hierarchical hybrid WGM heterostructures for optical information recording and security labels.