A novel method for synthesis of mesoporous ZSM-5 from iron ore tailings

Mesoporous ZSM-5 was prepared from iron ore tailings (IOT) using a two-step process. Mesoporous MCM-41 was first synthesized using cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) as mesoporous template and IOT as silica source. The CTAB in the as-synthesized MCM-41 was used as the mesoporogen to produce the mesoporous ZSM-5, by recrystallizing the amorphous walls of MCM-41 with tetrapropylammonium bromide (TPABr) as the structure-directing agent via solid-phase conversion. To evaluate the textural properties of mesoporous ZSM-5, the as-synthesized samples were characterized using x-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, ²⁹Si, ²⁷Al magic angle spinning nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, and nitrogen adsorption. The results show that phase separation between the surfactant and zeolite crystals was avoided in the solid-phase conversion process, which transforms the as-synthesized MCM-41 to mesoporous zeolite. Therefore, the synthetic route presented herein provides a novel method for the synthesis of mesoporous ZSM-5 from IOT.

     

Investigation of Mg modified mesoporous silicas and their CO2 adsorption capacities

CO₂ adsorption properties on Mg modified silica mesoporous materials were investigated. By using the methods of co-condensation, dispersion and ion-exchange, Mg²⁺ was introduced into SBA-15 and MCM-41, and transformed into MgO in the calcination process. The basic MgO can provide active sites to enhance the acidic CO₂ adsorption capacity. To improve the amount and the dispersion state of the loading MgO, the optimized modification conditions were also investigated. The XRD and TEM characteristic results, as well as the CO₂ adsorption performance showed that the CO₂ adsorption capacity not only depended on the pore structures of MCM-41 and SBA-15, but also on the improvement of the dispersion state of MgO by modification. Among various Mg modified silica mesoporous materials, the CO₂ adsorption capacity increased from 0.42 mmol g⁻¹ of pure silica SBA-15 to 1.35 mmol g⁻¹ of Mg–Al–SBA-15-I1 by the ion-exchange method enhanced with Al³⁺ synergism. Moreover, it also increased from 0.67 mmol g⁻¹ of pure silica MCM-41 to 1.32 mmol g⁻¹ of Mg–EDA–MCM-41-D10 by the dispersion method enhanced with the incorporation of ethane diamine. The stability test by 10 CO₂ adsorption/desorption cycles showed Mg–urea–MCM-41-D10 possessed quite good recyclability.     

Influence of the Solvent Properties on MCM-41 Surface Modification of Aminosilanes

Novel CO₂ adsorbents were prepared by grafting aminosilanes on mesoporous silica MCM-41. The effects of solvent and temperature on the grafting of the amine group were studied. The results of thermal gravimetric analysis of the AEAPDMS-MCM-41s produced in different solvents revealed that the nonpolar solvent toluene and the aprotic polar solvent THF are beneficial to the amine group modification reaction. The CO₂ adsorption capacity of AEAPDMS-MCM-41s produced in toluene had a relatively high value of 2.20 mmol⋅g⁻¹.     

MCM-41分子筛担载纳米TiO2复合材料光催化降解罗丹明B

采用溶胶-凝胶法将TiO2担载在介孔MCM-41分子筛上, 制备了不同TiO2含量的系列TiO2/MCM-41复合材料, 利用X射线衍射、N2吸附、紫外-可见光谱和透射电镜等方法对其进行表征. TiO2的晶型为锐钛矿相, 复合材料的比表面积和孔体积随其中TiO2担载量(复合材料中TiO2与MCM-41的质量比)的增加而减小, TiO2的平均粒径随其担载量的增加而增大. 以罗丹明B的光催化降解为探针反应, 评价了TiO2/MCM-41复合材料的光催化降解活性. 结果表明, 在紫外光照射下, 罗丹明B在该复合材料上的光催化降解反应遵循一级反应动力学, 复合材料对罗丹明B的光催化降解活性明显高于商用TiO2 (P-25), 复合材料的光催化降解活性由复合材料的吸附能力和所含TiO2的光催化活性共同决定.     

有序介孔二氧化硅对正丁醛的吸附性能

合成了一系列具有不同孔结构与性质的有序介孔二氧化硅材料SBA-15、MCM-41、SBA-16、KIT-6, 同时通过改变水热温度制备了不同孔径大小的SBA-15, 并利用小角X射线散射、透射电镜、扫描电镜和氮气吸附-脱附等手段, 对其介孔结构进行了表征. 以正丁醛为探针分子, 考察了其对有机醛的吸附, 并与Y-沸石的吸附性能做了对比. 结果表明, 材料的介孔比表面积与其对正丁醛的吸附量成正比, 吸附等温线符合Langmuir 模型, 属于单层吸附, 具有最大介孔比表面积的MCM-41对正丁醛的吸附量最大(484 mg·g^-1). 最后将SBA-15添加到卷烟滤嘴中, 实验结果表明, SBA-15能显著降低卷烟烟气中巴豆醛的释放量.     

Adsorption of toluene, methylcyclohexane and neopentane on silica MCM-41

Adsorption-desorption isotherms of toluene, methylcyclohexane and neopentane were determined on a silica MCM-41 material of pore diameter ∼3.4 nm over the temperature range 258 K to 308 K (278 K for neopentane). The isosteric enthalpies of adsorption were determined from the isotherms at the various temperatures. It was found that the isotherms of toluene and methylcyclohexane have a similar variation with the temperature, exhibiting hysteresis at 268 K and at lower temperature, while the adsorption of neopentane is reversible at all temperatures. The three organic adsorptives interact differently with the silica surface and the isosteric enthalpies of adsorption indicated that methylcyclohexane has the weakest interaction and toluene the strongest. A slight increase in the adsorption enthalpy at the beginning of the capillary condensation step is observed with methylcyclohexane and neopentane but not with toluene.     

Effect of the sol–gel route on the textural characteristics of silica imprinted with Rhodamine B

A series of silica xerogels that support Rhodamine B as a template were synthesized using distinct sol–gel routes, namely, acid‐catalyzed routes, a base‐catalyzed route, acid‐catalyzed with base‐catalyzed (two steps) hydrolytic routes, and a FeCl₃‐catalyzed nonhydrolytic route. The extraction methods (thermal, Soxhlet, water washing, and ultrasound) were also evaluated. The resulting xerogels were characterized through porosimetry using nitrogen adsorption/desorption. The samples were further analyzed through small‐angle X‐ray scattering, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and SEM. The preparation route affected the materials’ textural properties. Extraction was optimized using acid and two‐step routes. The acid route from Rhodamine B to Rhodamine 6G generated the highest selectivity factor (2.5). The nonhydrolytic route produced the best imprinting factor. Competitive adsorption was also used, from which the approximate imprinting factor was 2. The cavity shape generated during the production of the imprinted silica dictates the adsorption behavior, not the magnitude of the surface area.     

Preparation of MCM-41 silica using the cationic surfactant blend

A series of samples of MCM-41 silica was synthesized using surfactant blends of 1-alkyl-3-methylimidazolium and alkyltrimethylammonium salts or blends of two different 1-alkyl-3-methylimidazolium salts (alkyl denotes octyl or hexadecyl) as structure-directing agents. The precipitation of solid particles from a homogeneous water solution of sodium metasilicate and surfactant blend was achieved by lowering the pH due to the hydrolysis of ethyl acetate added. The molecular sieves were characterized by scanning as well as transmission electron microscopy, X-ray powder diffraction, and nitrogen adsorption using a proper nonlocal density functional theory approach for calculations of the textural parameters. All the prepared silicas were of MCM-41-type; they differ in the integral breadth of the pore size distribution curve and the presence of secondary mesopores. The best quality MCM-41 silica of spherical particle morphology was synthesized by using of optimized blend of hexadecyltrimethylammonium bromide and 1-methyl-3-octylimidazolium chloride. The results obtained showed that spherical particles are composed of domains of perfectly ordered hexagonal porous structure. Some samples prepared by using 1-alkyl-3-methylimidazolium salts featured a narrow pore size distribution. However, they contained a small volume of secondary mesopores.     

Characterization of micro-mesoporous materials from nitrogen and toluene adsorption: experiment and modeling

Universal mechanisms of adsorption and capillary condensation of toluene and nitrogen on ordered MCM-41 and PHTS materials are studied by means of high-resolution experiments and Monte Carlo molecular simulations. A molecular simulation model of toluene adsorption in silica nanopores, which accounts for surface heterogeneity, and a hybrid molecular-macsroscopic method for pore size distribution (PSD) calculations have been developed. For a range of reference materials, the PSD results obtained from toluene isotherms are consistent with the results of nitrogen adsorption using the nonlocal density functional theory method.     

Adsorption of crystal violet dye from aqueous solution using mesoporous materials synthesized at room temperature

In this work, batch adsorption experiments are carried out for crystal violet dye using mesoporous MCM-41 synthesized at room temperature and sulfate modified MCM-41 prepared by impregnation method using H₂SO₄ as sulfatising agent. The surface characteristics, pore structure, bonding behavior and thermal degradation of both the MCM-41 samples are characterized by nitrogen adsorption/desorption isotherms, X-ray diffraction (XRD) patterns, Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy and thermo gravimetric analysis (TGA). The adsorption isotherm, kinetics and thermodynamic parameters are investigated for crystal violet (CV) dye using the calcined and sulfated MCM-41. Results are analysed using Langmuir, Freundlich and Redlich-Peterson isotherm models. It is found that the Freundlich model is an appropriate model to explain the adsorption isotherm. The highest adsorption capacity achieved is found to be 3.4×10⁻⁴ mol g⁻¹ for the sulfated MCM-41. The percentage removal of crystal violet dye increases with increase in the pH for both the MCM-41 adsorbents. Kinetics of adsorption is found to follow the second-order rate equation. From the thermodynamic investigation, it is evident that the adsorption is exothermic in nature.     

Prearation of Highly Ordered Mesoporous Silica Materials and Application as Enzeme Supports

An enzyme, horseradish peroxidase (HRP), was adsorbed in the manner of single immersion method on the silica mesoporous materials, FSM-16, MCM-41 and SBA-15 with various pore diameters from 27 to 92 and their enzymatic activity in an organic solvent and the thermal stability were studied. FSM-16 and MCM-41 showed larger amount of adsorption of HRP than SBA-15 or silica gel,when the pore sizes were larger than the spherical molecular diameter of HRP (ca 64×37). The increased enzyme adsorption capacity may be due to the surface characteristics of FSM-16 and MCM-41, which would be consistent with the observed larger adsorption capacity of cationic pigment compared with anionic pigment for these materials. The immobilized HRP on FSM-16 and MCM-41 with pore diameter above 50 showed the highest enzymatic activity in an organic toluene and thermal stability in aqueous solution at the temperature of 70℃. The immobilized enzymes on the other mesoporous materials including large or small pore sized FSM-16 showed lower enzymatic activity in an organic solvent and the thermal stability. Both surface character and size matching between pore sizes and the molecular diameters of HRP were important in achieving high enzymatic activity in organic solvent and high thermal stability.     

Amine functionalized MCM-41: An active and reusable catalyst for Knoevenagel condensation reaction

This paper reports preparation, characterization of amine modified mesoporous crystalline MCM-41 and its application in Knoevenagel condensation reaction. Amine modified MCM-41 was prepared by co-condensation and post-synthesis methods. The samples were characterized by X-ray powder diffraction, Fourier-transfer infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), thermo gravimetric analysis (TGA), differential thermal analysis (DTA), scanning electron micrograph (SEM), ²⁹Si magic-angle spinning (MAS), nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), diffuse reflectance spectra (DRS), nitrogen adsorption–desorption and CHN analysis. X-ray diffraction patterns indicate that the modified materials retain the standard MCM-41 structure. SEM study exhibits that the arrangement of particles for 12.8% amine modified MCM-41 is well ordered and spherical in nature. CHN analysis supports that complete hydrolysis of ethoxy groups take place in 12.8% amine modified sample. From the NMR study it is confirmed that the surface coverage is 40% in 12.8% amine modified sample. The base catalytic activity of hybrid MCM-41 materials such as amine (post-synthesis and co-condensation methods) and surfactant functionalized materials for condensation reaction between benzaldehyde and diethyl malonate in solvent free, room temperature synthesis of cinnamic acid was evaluated and correlated with the surface and textural properties. Sample containing 12.8 wt% amine loaded by co-condensation method showed highest malonic ester conversion (92%) and selectivity (98%) for cinnamic acid.     

Tailored doxycycline delivery from MCM-41-type silica carriers

Doxycycline, an antibiotic from the tetracycline class with a broad spectrum of activity, was used to prepare drug delivery systems based on pristine and functionalized mesostructured silica supports. MCM-41-type materials with different textural, structural, and surface properties were used to assess their influence on the drug release kinetics. Small- and wide-angle XRD, FTIR spectroscopy and N₂ adsorption/desorption isotherms were used to characterize the carriers before and after doxycycline loading. The drug release experiments were performed in vitro in 0.2 M phosphate buffer solution at 37 °C, and the slowest drug release kinetics was obtained for magnesium-modified MCM-41 carrier. All drug-loaded materials exhibited good antibacterial activity against Klebsiella pneumoniae ATCC 10031 strain, similar to the drug alone.     

Adsorption of simple gases in MCM-41 materials: the role of surface roughness

This paper reports the development and testing of atomistic models of silica MCM-41 pores. Model A is a regular cylindrical pore having a constant section. Model B has a surface disorder that reproduces the morphological features of a pore obtained from an on-lattice simulation that mimics the synthesis process of MCM-41 materials. Both models are generated using a similar procedure, which consists of carving the pore out of an atomistic silica block. The differences between the two models are analyzed in terms of small angle neutron scattering spectra as well as adsorption isotherms and isosteric heat curves for Ar at 87 K and Xe at 195 K. As expected for capillary condensation in regular nanopores, the Ar and Xe adsorption/desorption cycles for model A exhibit a large hysteresis loop having a symmetrical shape, i.e., with parallel adsorption and desorption branches. The features of the adsorption isotherms for model B strongly depart from those observed for model A. Both the Ar and Xe adsorption branches for model B correspond to a quasicontinuous pore filling that involves coexistence within the pore of liquid bridges and gas nanobubbles. As in the case of model A, the Ar adsorption isotherm for model B exhibits a significant hysteresis loop; however, the shape of the loop is asymmetrical with a desorption branch much steeper than the adsorption branch. In contrast, the adsorption/desorption cycle for Xe in model B is quasicontinuous and quasireversible. Comparison with adsorption and neutron scattering experiments suggests that model B is too rough at the molecular scale but reproduces reasonably the surface disorder of real MCM-41 at larger length scales. In contrast, model A is smooth at small length scales in agreement with experiments but seems to be too ordered at larger length scales.     

Structure, hydrophobicity, and hydrothermostability of MCM-41 organo-inorganic mesoporous silicates silylated with dimethoxydimethylsilane and dichloromethylphenylsilane

Changes in the structure, hydrophobicity, and hydrothermal stability of organo-inorganic composite materials based on MCM-41 as a result of silylation with dimethoxydimethylsilane (DMODMS) and dichloromethylphenylsilane (DCMPS) were considered. Based on the data on the competitive adsorption of water and toluene it was shown, using the Weitkamp procedure, that the grafting of organosilyl groups affects the sorption properties of mesoporous materials. Hydrothermal treatment led to considerable changes in the structure and properties of the materials. The thermal stability of MCM-41 composites and changes in their hydrophilicity due to the grafting of DMODMS and DCMPS and hydrothermal treatment were studied by thermogravimetry.     

SXI route to mesostructured materials from Fau and Beta zeolite precursors: A comparative study of their assembly behaviors in extremely acidic media

Mesoporous molecular sieves were synthesized from Beta and Fau zeolite precursors through S⁺X⁻I⁺ route under extremely acidic conditions in parallel (designated as M_Beta and M_Fau, respectively). The textural properties of M_Fau were different from its M_Beta counterpart but resembled normal MCM-41 silica from TEOS. Al content in M_Beta was almost equivalent to that in the initial Beta zeolite precursors, whereas only trace Al species was present in M_Fau from elemental analysis results. The hydrothermal stability of M_Beta after post-synthesis ammonia treatment was considerably improved compared with normal MCM-41 aluminosilicates, whereas the M_Fau after the same procedure was as unstable as normal MCM-41 silica. Thus, the assembly behaviors of Beta and Fau zeolite precursors were comparatively studied based on these results. The microstructure of Fau zeolite precursors were degraded by the extremely acidic condition, and Al species was dissolved into the synthesis mixture. However, Beta zeolite precursors survived the chemical attack of extremely acidic media and were incorporated into mesostructured framework as primary building units.     

NSAID naproxen in mesoporous matrix MCM-41: drug uptake and release properties

Hexagonally ordered mesoporous silica material MCM-41 (S_BET?=?1090?m²/g, pore size?=?31.2 ?) was synthesized and modified by 3-aminopropyl ligands. The differences in an uptake and subsequent release of anti-inflammatory drug naproxen from unmodified and amino modified MCM-41 samples were studied. The prepared materials were characterized by high resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM), nitrogen adsorption/desorption, Fourier-Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FT-IR), Small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS), thermoanalytical methods (TG/DTA) and elemental analysis. The amount of the drug released was monitored with thin layer chromatography (TLC) with densitometric detection in defined time intervals. The amounts of the released naproxen from mesoporous silica MCM-41/napro and amine-modified silica sample A-MCM-41/napro were 95 and 90% of naproxen after 72?h. In this study we compare the differences of release profiles from mesoporous silica MCM-41 and mesoporous silica SBA-15.     

Degradation and adsorption of rhodamine B and phenol on TiO<Subscript>2</Subscript>/MCM-41

TiO₂/MCM-41 composites with various titania content were prepared by loading titania into the mesopores of MCM-41 molecular sieves by sol-gel method, and were used as photocatalysts to degrade Rhodamine B (RhB) and phenol. The efficiency of organic contaminants removal was increased significantly compared with pure TiO₂. Ti/Si ratio, namely, the content of TiO₂ was determined by ICP-AES method. TiO₂/MCM-41 composites were characterized by X-ray diffraction, UV-Vis absorption spectroscopy and N₂ adsorption techniques. Experimental results demonstrated that most of the RhB was adsorbed instead of being degradated by TiO₂/MCM-41 due to the large specific surface area of MCM-41, while most of phenol was degradated. It turned out that the TiO₂/MCM-41 with the highest Ti/Si ratio of 0.8220 (wt) had the highest catalytic activity.     

Removal of complexed mercury by dithiocarbamate grafted on mesoporous silica

Mesoporous silica (MCM-41) with d ₍₁₀₀₎ interplanar distance of 38 Å was prepared by a room temperature process through low surfactant templation technique. The surface of MCM-41 was functionalized with dithiocarbamate (dtc) ligand, named as MCM-41-dtc and this was characterized by X-ray diffraction, BET surface area, particle size analysis, ²⁹Si MAS NMR spectra and sulphur analysis. The sorption of mercury from 0.1M HCl solution by MCM-41-dtc was studied as a function of pH, [Hg²⁺], time and temperature. The sorption data obtained at various initial concentrations of mercury were fitted into Langmuir adsorption model. Mercury speciation in solution and the sorption capacity measurements indicated possible formation of a 1 : 1 square planar complex in the solid phase. A very rapid sorption of mercury was observed in the initial stages of equilibration, which can be attributed to the large surface area, wide porosity and fine particle size of MCM-41-dtc, facilitating facile accessibility of mercury into the inner pores of the sorbent. The enthalpy change accompanied by the sorption of mercury was found to decrease from 83.7 to 6.2 kJ/mol, when the initial concentration of mercury was increased from 5^.10^-4M to 1.5^.10^-3M.     

Time-resolved fluorescence anisotropy measurements of the adsorption of Rhodamine-B and a labelled polyelectrolyte onto colloidal silica

 The application of time-resolved fluorescence anisotropy measurements (TRAMS) to the investigation of the adsorption of the dye Rhodamine B and a Rhodamine B-labelled cationic polyelectrolyte onto colloidal silica (Ludox) is described. For Rhodamine B the time-resolved fluorescence anisotropy behavior observed can be interpreted using a model consisting of fluorophores with two distinct fluorescence decay lifetimes and two rotational correlation times corresponding to the fluorophore free in solution and bound to the Ludox. Details of the binding obtained from a global analysis of the data are reported. Restricted motion of the fluorescently labelled polyelectrolyte is also observ-ed on adsorption. The considerations for the general application of TRAMS for monitoring adsorption behavior are discussed. Received: 8 July 1998 Accepted: 10 August 1998