亲电取代反应中活性位点预测方法的比较

预测发生亲电取代反应的活性位点具有重要的理论和实际意义.目前已提出了许多基于反应物自身电子结构的预测方法.本文选择14个单取代苯和8个双取代苯作为测试集,对14种预测方法的可靠性进行了详细的比较分析.结果表明,福井函数、平均局部离子化能等体现局部电子软度的方法特别适合含有邻对位定位基的单取代苯和双取代苯体系,但对于含有单个间位定位基的体系,这类方法往往预测失败.基于静电效应的预测方法整体表现明显不如体现局部软度的方法,但更适合含有单个间位定位基的体系.对所有体系预测能力最稳健的是双描述符,因此可以作为普适性的预测方法.     

预测亲核反应位点方法的比较

预测分子不同位点发生亲核取代反应的活性具有重要的理论和实际意义.目前已提出了许多基于反应物自身电子结构特点的预测方法.本文将碳基化合物、芳香族化合物和吡啶衍生物这3类分子作为测试体系,对14种预测方法的可靠性进行了详细的比较分析.结果表明,体现局部电子软度的方法能很好地预测反应位点,如简缩双描述符方法,但表现静电效应的预测方法,如原子电荷分析和静电势分析,整体表现很差.对于本文中所用的分子体系来讲,简缩双描述符和Hirshfeld电荷分析方法对分子反应位点预测最准确.     

芳香化合物亲核、亲电反应活性的理论预测和实验反应速率的相关性研究

选择自然布局分析(NPA)电荷、Hirshfeld电荷、分子范德华表面1.6?处的静电势、最低未占据轨道(LUMO)成分、分子范德华表面1.6?处的平均局部离子化能、简缩福井函数和简缩双描述符来预测芳香族化合物亲核加成、亲核取代和亲电反应的活性位点,并分析理论预测结果和实验反应速率之间的相关性.发现这些方法都能准确地预测反应的活性位点.还发现不管对亲核反应还是对亲电反应,体现局部电子硬度的方法,如Hirshfeld电荷和分子范德华表面1.6?处的静电势,其预测结果的大小能较好地反映实验反应速率的相对大小,而体现局部电子软度的方法,简缩福井函数和简缩双描述符,其预测结果和实验反应速率的相关性较小.     

模拟细胞色素P-450的仿生氧化反应的研究 I:氯合5,10,15,20-四苯基卟吩合铁(III)催化下不同亚碘酰芳烃及其衍生物的结构对环己烷充氧化反应的影响

在氯合5,10,15,20-四苯基卟吩合铁(III)[TPPFe(III)Cl]催化下, 带有不同取代基的亚碘酰苯和亚碘酰苯的衍生物作充氧化剂对环己烷进行了仿生单充氧化反应的研究.取代亚碘酰苯中对位取代基的电子效应和间位取代基的电子及立体效应对氧化产物环己醇的产率有良好线性相关性. 亚碘酰苯的衍生物苯亚碘酸二醋酐与苯亚碘酸单对甲苯磺酸酐对环己烷的充氧化能力和邻、间、对亚碘酰苯甲酸与邻亚碘酰苯甲酸酯相似, 环己醇产率接近零. 从而提出亚碘酰苯甲酸及邻亚碘酰苯甲酸酯存在分子内或分子间I(oh)oco成键结构的论点.     

模拟细胞色素P-450的仿生氧化反应的研究 T.氯合5,10,15,20-四苯基卟吩合铁(III)催化下不同亚碘酰芳烃及其衍生物的结构对环己烷充氧化反应的影响

在氯合5,10,15,20-四苯基卟吩合铁(Ⅲ)[TPPFe(Ⅲ)Cl]催化下,带有不同取代基的亚碘酰苯和亚碘酰苯的衍生物作充氧化剂对环己烷进行了仿生单充氧化反应的研究.取代亚碘酰苯中对位取代基的电子效应和间位取代基的电子及立体效应对氧化产物环己醇的产率有良好线性相关性.亚碘酰苯的衍生物苯亚碘酸二醋酐与苯亚碘酸单对甲苯磺酸酐对环己烷的充氧化能力和邻、间、对亚碘酰苯甲酸与邻亚碘酰苯甲酸酯相似,环己醇产率接近零.从而提出亚碘酰苯甲酸及邻亚碘酰苯甲酸酯存在分子内或分子间I(OH)OCO成键结构的论点.     

用剩余电负性值法确定苯环上取代基的类型

自1895年Holleman总结出亲电芳香取代定位规律之后,根据大量事实,人们对苯的一取代所引起的亲电取代反应有所认识,把取代基分为邻对位定位基(即第一类定位基)和间位定位基(即第二类定位基),并对定位基使新导入基团定位的情况也有所了解。如何判断苯环上原有取代基属于哪一类定位基,已有不少定性的经验规律。一元取代苯的再取代,苯环上原有基团的定位能力往往取决于这个定位基对苯环π_6~6环状共轭体系的贡献大     

巯基偶氮苯单分子电子传输的取代基效应

用密度泛函理论B3LYP/6-31G**计算巯基偶氮苯分子及分子离子的空间构型和电子结构, 研究取代基对巯基偶氮苯单分子电子传输的影响. 结果表明, 拉电子基(—COOH、—NO2)的引入, 可以提高巯基偶氮苯单分子电子传输体系的稳定性, 使体系LUMO的离域性增高、S原子反应活性增强、HOMO-LUMO能隙显著减小, 进而降低电子传输能垒, 有利于分子电子传输. 相同取代基的分子离子比分子具有更小的HOMO-LUMO能隙, S—Au键更易形成, 金属-分子-金属结构的电子传输性更强.     

用氧化值法判断取代基属于哪一类的经验规律

苯的一取代物所起的亲电取代反应,根据大量实验事实归纳出下面的定位规律： 1.在苯环上新导入的取代基的位置主要由原有取代基来决定。2.可以把取代基分为两类：第一类取代基使新导入的基团进入邻位和对位,并且使反应易于进行（卤素除外）;第二类定位基使新导入的取代基进入间位,并且使取代反应难于进行。     

聚并苯和取代聚并苯电子性质的量子化学研究

准一维聚并苯体系是一类典型的梯形结构有机导体材料．采用量子化学一维紧束缚自洽场晶体轨道ＣＮＤＯ／２　方法，研究了顺、反式聚并苯和取代聚并苯的结构、能量和电子布居．计算了甲基、甲氧基、氯和羟基取代聚并苯的电子能带，与聚并苯进行了分析比较．结果表明：（１）单取代使对称性明显降低，对聚并苯的能带结构影响较大，使能隙值普遍增大，导电性能降低．（２）双取代虽使电荷重新分布，但基本保持聚并苯自身结构特征．取代聚并苯与聚并苯比较能隙值变化不大．对于不同的取代基影响规律不同．对位双取代与间位双取代也表现出差异．（３）顺式和反式结构聚并苯的电子性质略有差异，取代后变化较大．     

从13C化学位移分析取代基的诱导效应、共轭效应和亲电取代反应活性间的关系

以单取代苯为模型,建立并论证了取代基诱导效应参数RI、共轭效应参数RC及诱导和共轭共同作用效应参数R,RI=128.5-δ1,RC=642.5-∑6n=2δn,R=771-∑6n=1δn,δn(n=1～6)是单取代苯苯环上6个碳原子Cn(n=1～6)的化学位移,δ1是取代位C1的化学位移,128.5为苯的13C化学位移。当参数R>0时,取代基对苯环有给电子效应。一般而言,RI<0、RC>0、R>0时,取代基是典型的使苯环活化的邻对位定位基;RI<0、RC<0、R<0时,取代基是使苯环钝化的间位定位基;其余情况参考δn的具体数值判定取代基的作用。能与苯环形成最佳共轭的基团,其与苯环直接相连的是与碳原子同周期的B、C、N、O、F。     

Annulation of aromatic imines via directed C-H bond activation

A directed C-H bond activation approach to the synthesis of indans, tetralins, dihydrofurans, dihydroindoles, and other polycyclic aromatic compounds is presented. Cyclization of aromatic ketimines and aldimines containing alkenyl groups tethered at the meta position relative to the imine directing group has been achieved using (PPh3)3RhCl (Wilkinson's catalyst). The cyclization of a range of aromatic ketimines and aldimines provides bi- and tricyclic ring systems with good regioselectivity. Different ring sizes and substitution patterns can be accessed through the coupling of monosubstituted, 1,1- or 1,2-disubstituted, and trisubstituted alkenes bearing both electron-rich and electron-deficient functionality.     

Comparison and prediction of the retention in micellar electrokinetic chromatography and microemulsion electrokinetic chromatography for disubstituted benzenes

Retention index (I), rather than retention factor (k), was found to be a more reasonable parameter for comparison of the relative affinity of disubstituted benzenes in MEEKC and MEKC, due to independent of I with the SDS surfactant concentration. MEKC and MEEKC may give similar or different I values, depending on types of moieties. With known I and K_ow for alkylbenzenes as references in MEKC and MEEKC, the values of K_ow for disubstituted benzenes can be estimated from the observed I values, where K_ow is the octanol–water distribution constant. In addition, a group additive approach can be used to predict I for disubstituted benzenes with different moieties from the average observed I for the disubstituted benzenes with same moieties. However, electronic effects and/or intramolecular interaction may result in the different observed I from prediction.     

Stereoselective cis-addition of aromatic C-H bonds to alkynes catalyzed by dinuclear palladium complexes

Reactions of alkynes with arenes proceeded in the presence of dinuclear palladium complexes and trialkylboranes to yield alkyne hydroarylation products with high stereoselectivity. In the reactions of monosubstituted benzenes, meta and para products were formed in statistical ratios, while no ortho isomers were detected.     

Temperature-Controlled Selective Mono- vs. Di-ortho-Arylation for the Synthesis of Arylhydrazine Derivatives

A method of palladium-catalyzed C−H arylation assisted with a 3,4,4-trimethylpyrazol-5-on directing group, selectively providing mono- and di-ortho-arylated products is reported. Steric hindrance appearing between the directing group and the already introduced aryl substituent enables control of mono- vs. diarylation selectivity by the temperature of the reaction. Taking advantage of this, a series of monosubstituted and disubstituted derivatives were obtained in good yields. Moreover, unsymmetrical double-arylation in a one-pot procedure was developed to give corresponding products in reasonable yields. Additionally, synthesis and X-ray study of intermediate palladium metallacycles of both, the first and second arylation reactions, were conducted. X-ray structure comparison emphasizes the geometrical differences that were consistent with the observed reactivity. Finally, decarboxylative cleavage of the pyrazolone directing group under mild conditions gave synthetically useful hydrazones. The presented solution opens the alternative synthetic way to such ortho arylated derivatives of arylhydrazines.     

Pi-electron SCF MO calculations for disubstituted benzene derivatives containing two acceptor groups: Part 1. Discussion of results

The π-electronic structures and spectra of disubstituted benzene derivatives containing carbonyl, carboxy, and nitro groups have been calculated by the Pariser-Parr-Pople method. For all disubstituted derivatives the same starting parameters, determined from the spectra of the monosubstituted compounds, were used. The calculations give good results for the singlet transition energies as well as for the ground state charge densities and bond orders.     

基团共轭效应参数

以单取代苯为模型,假定间位代轭效应受阻,诱导效应在共轭体系中的传递因子为1/2,则基因的共轭效应参数：Rc=0.05(△δp-△δm)或Rc=0.05(δp-δm)△δp和△δm分别表示单取代苯对位和间位的^1^3CNMR化学位移相对于未取代母体增量,δp和δm分别为单取代苯对位和间位的^1^3CNMR化学位移。用上式计算了559个基团的共轭效应参数,其结果与文献报道值颇为一致,且呈明显的变化规律。