Vacuum Ultraviolet Irradiation of Polymers

The interest in incoherent sources for wavelength-selective photochemistry has increased lately, but little is still known about the behavior of polymers when exposed to far UV and vacuum UV (VUV) radiation. The same dearth of information exists regarding UV (VUV) radiation emitted by low-pressure plasmas during polymer treatment. In order to study VUV-UV effects on several polymers (polyethylene - PE, polystyrene - PS, hexatriacontane - HTC, and poly(methyl methacrylate) - PMMA), we have used the well-characterized emissions from hydrogen (broad-band emission) and hydrogen/argon mixture (near-monochromatic radiation) plasmas as light sources. During irradiation, samples were kept under vacuum or in a flow of pure oxygen at low pressure; in both cases the radiation fluxes at the sample position have been precisely determined by careful spectroscopic calibration experiments. We have employed a quartz crystal microbalance (QCM) to measure in-situ any possible mass change of the various polymers. Following irradiation, samples were analysed by ellipsometry (for thickness and refractive index), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS, to evaluate the near-surface composition and content of various functional groups), and atomic force microscopy (AFM, for surface topography and roughness measurements).     

Cell Cycle Kinetics Following UVA Irradiation in Comparison to UVB and UVC Irradiation

Abstract— There is limited information about the carcinogenic effect of longwave ultraviolet radiation (UVA: 315-400 nm). In particular very little is known about the relevant genotoxic damage caused by physiological doses of UVA radiation. A general response of cells to DNA damage is a delay or arrest of the cell cycle. Conversely, such cellular responses after UVA irradiation would indicate significant genotoxic damage. The aim of this study is to compare cell cycle kinetics of human fibroblasts after UVC (190-280 nm radiation), UVB (280-315 nm radiation) and UVA irradiation. Changes in the cell cycle kinetics were assessed by bivariate flow cytometric analysis of DNA synthesis and of DNA content. After UVC, UVB or UVA irradiation of human fibroblasts a suppression was seen of bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) incorporation at all stages of S phase. The magnitude of this suppression appeared dose dependent. Maximum suppression was reached at 5-7 h after UVB exposure and directly after UVA exposure, and normal levels were reached 25 h after UVB and 7 h after UVA exposure. The lowered BrdU uptake corresponded with a lengthening of the S phase. No dramatic changes in percentages of cells in G₁, S and G₂/M were seen after the various UV irradiations. Apparently, UVA irradiation, like UVB and UVC irradiation, can temporarily inhibit DNA synthesis, which is indicative of genotoxic damage.     

Synthesis of Thiosemicarbazones Under Microwave Irradiation

Thiosemicarbazones (3) are effectively synthesized in a few minutes by the condensation reaction of aldehydes with thiosemicarbazide under microwave irradiation.     

Synthesis of Guanylhydrazones Under Microwave Irradiation

Abstract

The reaction of aromatic aldehydes and ketones with aminoguanidine hydrochloride under microwave irradiation (MWI) afforded guanylhydrazones in shorter reaction times and improved yield as compared to the conventional methodology.     

紫外辐照法合成环蕃醛

利用254 nm紫外光对[2.2]对环蕃氯仿溶液进行辐照,得到两种主要产物4-醛基-[2.2]-对环蕃和4,4'-(乙基-1,2-二取代)二苯甲醛,利用核磁共振波谱仪(NMR)和气相色谱-质谱联用(GC-MS)技术手段对产物的结构进行分析研究。 同时对反应条件进行探究,发现当氯仿和水同时存在时才能生成醛基,并由此提出了提出了可能的反应机理:通过瑞默-提曼反应使CHCl₂·自由基加成到苯环上并进一步生成醛基。     

Improved Synthesis of Oxadiazoles Under Microwave Irradiation

Abstract

Amidoximes (1) reacted with isopropenyl acetate in presence of KSF under microwave irradiation and gave 1,2,4-oxadiazoles (2). 1,2,4-Oxadiazoles (4) can also be obtained by microwave irradiation from O-acylamidoximes (3) adsorbed on Alumina.

1,3,4-Oxadiazoles (6) were obtained by irradiation of bis (acyl) hydrazines (5) in thionyl chloride.     

2,4,6-三芳基吡啶的微波辐射促进合成

微波辐射;查尔酮;缩合反应;吡啶;叶立德     

Microwave Irradiation Promoted Synthesis of Aryloxy Acetic Acids

Several aryloxy acetic acids were synthesized under microwave irradiation. The factors, which affect the reaction, were investigated and optimized. It was revealed that the best yields(92. 7%--97.4%) were obtained when the molar ratio of the reactants was n(ArOH) : n(NaOH) : n(CICH2CO2H) = 1：2.5： 1.2 with microwave irradiation power of 640 W for 65--85 s.     

Effect of gamma Irradiation on Latex Film Dissolution

Latex films have been prepared by annealing pyrene (Py)-labeled poly(methyl methacrylate)-polyisobutylene particles at the glass transition temperature (100 degrees C). These films were then irradiated by gamma rays from (60)Co in a gamma cell at room temperature at various dose rates (rad/h). Before dissolution the films were annealed at 200 degrees C for a 30 min time interval to complete the film formation process. Steady-state fluorescence techniques were used to monitor the dissolution of irradiated latex films. Dissolution of films in a chloroform-heptane (80%-20%) mixture was monitored in real time by the Py fluorescence intensity change. Relaxation constants, k(0), and dissolution coefficients, D(d), of polymer chains were measured. Two different regimes of D(d) values were observed during dissolution, which are related to two different molecular weight distributions caused by scission and branching of polymer chains when they were irradiated and annealed. Copyright 2001 Academic Press.     

微波法合成S-苄基半胱氨酰甘氨酸乙酯

微波条件下,溴化氢醋酸对S-苄基-N-苄氧羰基半胱氨酰甘氨酸乙酯(1)进行脱保护反应,合成了S-苄基半胱氨酰甘氨酸乙酯(2).最佳反应条件为:1 2.9 mmol,n(1):n(HBr-AcOH)=1:6,微波功率200 W,于30 ℃辐射20 min,2的收率为87%.其结构经~1H NMR和IR表征.     

Irradiation dose determination below room temperature

The measurements presented were undertaken to provide quantitative information on the low temperature irradiation of thermoluminiscence phosphors. The crystals used were (a) LiF co-doped with Mg, Cu and P, and (b) CaSO₄ doped with Dy. The absorbed dose values in the interval studied showed a linear behavior at low doses and low temperature. The aim of this work is to test if these crystals can be used to measure the dose absorbed by solids at low temperature.     

紫外光照下高铁肌红蛋白的还原

实验中我们发现紫外波段光源照射高铁肌红蛋白(metmyoglobin,metMb)时,能发生与添加化学还原剂还原metMb相似的过程,本文采用紫外可见吸收光谱(UV-Vis),圆二色光谱(CD)研究了metMb在特定紫外光源下的还原过程。580 nm和544 nm处还原峰的面积变化显示,metMb在光照时能被还原至MbFe髤H2O状态,且不同的光源、特定紫外定波长、温度、pH以及不同气体存在等条件下metMb的还原程度不同。在温度为10℃,偏碱性条件时,定波长254 nm照射有利于metMb还原;气体存在时,由于气体小分子与血红素铁的配位能力不同,不同气体对光照metMb还原的催化作用程度也有差异,CO和O2的存在对此过程有催化促进作用,这一结论在医学和生理学上有重要的意义。     

History of the Irradiation Cross-Linking of Polyethylene

The formation of covalent C-C bonds or cross-links between the long chains in polyethylene (PE) by means of high energy irradiation was first deduced from changes in the stress-strain curves of the PE samples after irradiations in vacuo in the heavy water pile of the Argonne National Laboratory near Chicago in the academic year 1947-48. These cross-links can be produced in the solid sample at room temperature without change of shape of the sample. Such irradiated PE samples have a “memory effect” which has led to a large-scale application of the irradiation of PE to make heat shrinkable films and tubing.     

共缩聚型可溶性聚酰亚胺的微波辐射合成

以均苯四甲酸酐(PMDA)、3,3′,4,4′-二苯酮四羧酸二酐(BTDA)和甲苯2,4-二异氰酸酯(TDI)为单体,微波辐射低温溶液聚合生成一种共缩聚聚酰亚胺(PI).通过特性黏度([η])、红外光谱(FT-IR)、热失重分析(TGA)和X衍射分析(XRD)等对聚合物进行了一系列的结构表征和性能测试.结果表明,微波辐射溶液聚合能够提高PI的特性黏数及产率,微波的引入大大缩短了反应时间;FT-IR表明,在1779cm-1和1726cm-1处观察到聚酰亚胺特征峰;TGA表明,PI在氮气中520℃左右开始降解,10%热失重温度为585℃;溶解性测试表明,PI可以溶解在强极性非质子溶剂中,如DMF,DMSO,DMAc及NMP等,甚至部分溶解在THF中.     

超声波辐射下异阿魏酸对氯苯酚酯的一步合成

室温超声辐射下,4-二甲氨基吡啶(DMAP)作催化剂,二环己基碳二亚胺(DCC)作脱水剂,不需保护异阿魏酸分子中的羟基,异阿魏酸和对氯苯酚的一步反应直接合成了异阿魏酸对氯苯酚酯。在n(异阿魏酸):n(对氯苯酚):n(DCC):n(DMAP)=1:1.2:1.2:0.1混合时,室温超声反应2.5h,得产率76.2%。目标化合物的结构经元素分析、1HNMR和IR测试技术得到确证。缩短了反应时间,提高了产率。     

The Effects of Plasma Irradiation on Saccharides

Monosaccharides and polysaccharides are chemically modified when they are subjected to rf plasmas derived from oxygen, nitrogen, or argon. The plasma treatment converts hydroxyl groups within the bulk to carbonyl groups on the order of one per anhydroglucose unit. On the surface, the concentration of carbonyl groups is greater than in the bulk. The activated surfaces formed by the plasma treatments are stable for at least 1.5 h. The observed spectral (IR, ESCA, and ESR) changes of the irradiated samples are the direct result of the plasma and not the secondary result of plasma-activated surfaces reacting with the atmosphere.     

Reactions of Thienyl Containing Trisilane Under Irradiation

2-phenyl-2-furylhexamethyltrisilane and 2-phenyl-2-thienylhexamethyltrisilane (1) weresynthesized via Grignard-like reactions. The photolysis of 2-phenyl-2-furylhexamethyltrisilane inthe presence of 2,3-dimethyl-1,3-butadiene led to normal silylene-olefin addition and silylene C-Hinsertion reactions. Whereas, when 1 was photolyzed in the methanol-cyclohexene system, a radicalreaction mechanism is occurred. We suspect that the sulfur atom of the thienyl group strongly stabi-lized the silyl radical. This result was supported by both identifyling its typical radical reactions prod-ucts and ESR spectra of its quenching product with radical quencher.     

微波辐照下丙烯酰胺的原子转移自由基共聚合

在微波辐射下,以水为反应介质,2-氯丙酰胺为引发剂,氯化亚铜/2,2′-联吡啶为催化体系,自制的磺基甜菜碱两性离子功能单体3-(2-甲基丙烯酰氧乙基二甲胺基)丙磺酸盐(DMAPS)与丙烯酰胺(AM)单体进行原子转移自由基共聚合反应,得到磺基甜菜碱型两性离子聚合物P(AM-DMAPS)。 讨论了微波功率、反应时间、单体用量、引发剂用量、催化剂和配体用量等因素对聚合反应的影响,并与相应的热聚合法进行了对照。 结果表明,微波辐射功率240 W,反应时间为1250 s时,微波辐射下共聚合的表观速率常数(Kappp)为热聚合法4.5倍,此时AM与DMAPS在水介质中的最佳合成条件为:单体总浓度4 mol/L(其中功能性单体DMAPS在混合单体中所占摩尔分数为1.0%),引发剂浓度0.015 mol/L,催化剂浓度0.01 mol/L。 此时转化率为40.15%,Mn为46410。     

Degradation of Polyethersulfone in Homogeneous System by Gamma-Ray Irradiation

High Energy Chemistry - The gamma-ray irradiation-induced degradation of poly(ether sulfone) (PES) in a homogeneous system has been studied. By dissolving the polymer in different organic solvents,...     

Investigation of Organic-Inorganic Hybrid Materials Prepared by Irradiation

New silica-based hybrid materials have been produced by gamma irradiation of the precursors using a ⁶⁰Co source. An inorganic mixture of tetraethylorthosilicate with addition of Zirconium propoxide (PrZr) (x = 0, 5 and 10 mol%) was used together with polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) silanol terminated. Samples with volume ratios organic/inorganic of 4/1, 3/2, 1/1, 2/3 and 1/4 were prepared. The irradiation dose for gel point was observed to depend on the PDMS/ INORG. volume ratio, as expected. That dose increases with decreasing volume ratio. Samples with PDMS/ INORG = 2/3 were irradiated to several irradiation doses above that corresponding to the gel point, which becomes higher for higher fraction of PrZr added. The resulting samples are homogeneous, transparent and flexible being able of swelling in a good solvent of the polymer. The microstructure of the samples was investigated by Small Angle Neutron Scattering. Samples were measured as prepared, and immersed in deuterated cyclohexane. Results indicate the presence of oxide dense clusters interconnected by polymer structures. The addition of PrZr in the preparation stage increases the density of the clusters and decreases their size.