基于双重预防机制的高校化学化工类实验实训室安全管理实施路径

提出高校化学化工类实验实训室安全管理可以借鉴生产经营单位实施双重预防机制成熟经验,将实验实训室隐患排查和事故后处置传统经验式安全管理方法提升到基于风险管控的过程安全管理模式,实现安全管理关口前移和事故纵深防御,基于理论指导构建了面向高校的双重预防机制实施路径图和具体操作,并结合工作经验提出指导建议。     

高等院校化学实验室废弃物问题的思考

介绍了国内化学废弃物处置方面的相关法规和管理办法,并以美国休斯顿大学为例,介绍了美国高校实验室废弃物处置机制,包括法规、机构、管理办法、责任等。以2010至2011年间美国化学会Journal of Chemical Education期刊中涉及废弃物处置的四个教学实验,阐述了"3R"(循环、减量、再利用)绿色化学原则。最后以北京大学为例,介绍我国高校化学实验室对废弃物处理的做法。     

《化学实验室安全与环保手册》

本书针对高校教学和科研实验室的具体情况,着重从化学实验室的规范化管理和安全意识建立角度,从实验室安全的一般知识入手,系统地介绍了可能危及人员安全的易燃、易爆、有毒或有污染的物质及相关设备的安全使用方法;给出废弃物的处理原则与方法;推荐紧急事故的应急处置措施;并探讨实验室的信息化管理与信息安全保护方法。     

现场侦检装备在应对化学威胁中的应用与发展

近年来,国内外不断发生的化学恐怖袭击和化学事故仍然是当今人类生存、国家安全所面临的重大威胁。化学侦检是防化应急处置与救援的眼睛,熟练掌握和正确使用侦检装备是应对化学威胁、降低损失和伤亡的关键因素。基于化学传感等技术的侦检装备具有响应快速、智能便携的特点,并且在远程监测和实时值守等方面具有优势。该文针对涵盖电化学传感器、质量敏感型传感器、红外传感器、拉曼传感器、离子迁移谱仪、火焰光度检测器、光致电离检测器、远程遥测传感装备等在内的现场侦检装备,从原理、性能、优势和不足等方面进行了概述,重点阐述了侦检装备在应对化学威胁方面的最新进展,并对其发展趋势、应用前景进行了展望,以期为化学侦检装备在应对化学威胁中的深入研究与应用提供参考。     

消防相关专业化学教学策略研究

针对消防相关专业化学教学中存在的问题,探讨了消防相关专业化学的教学策略,如紧密联系消防实际选择教学内容;采用案例教学模式;通过典型化合物性质及其制备方法,引入化学工艺知识、化学灾害事故评估方法和危险化学品灾害事故控制方法;通过典型火灾事故原因调查展开分析化学知识教学;教学中渗透"绿色化学"和"绿色消防"的理念;将新成果应用于课堂教学等。     

关于高校实验室化学废物的处置现状及其改进的思考

随着国家对高等教育和科研投入的增加,高校和科研院所在教学和科研水平方面得到极大的提升,但同时实验室化学废物量呈现爆炸式增长,由此带来的安全隐患和污染代价也同比例增加,已成为目前困扰高校发展的巨大难题。实验室化学废物社会处置能力的缺失或不足以及相关法律法规的不健全是制约这一问题解决的根本。本文结合国内实验室化学废物现状、境外实验室化学废物处置可资借鉴的经验,从科研实验室化学废物处置相关法律法规入手,提出一系列有关制度建设方案及危废处理方案的思考,为实验室化学废物处理建言献策。     

化学危险药品管理与实验室安全措施

在大专院校及中学化学实验室中,危险药品较多,我们在日常工作中经常发现在危险药品的保管、取用、操作过程中存在安全隐患,发生事故后不能及时采取有效措施。本文从实际工作角度出发,对化学危险品的管理、化学实验室常见事故的防范与处理措施进行论述。     

电子废弃物中金元素的绿色溶解与提取

电子废弃物中含有Au、Pt、Pd、Ag等多种贵重金属,其处理处置的无害化、资源化成为目前一项重要课题。本文通过使用安全的试剂来溶解金,从而达到从含金废弃物中回收金的目的,说明利用配体与金形成配合物从而有效降低溶金电极电势的化学原理。普及科学原理,树立科学理念。介绍电子废弃物处置的常识,普及绿色化学的观念,避免新的污染与危险,树立环境保护的观念。     

危险化学品泄漏与防护

针对危险化学品泄漏事故不断增多的现状,介绍了常见危险化学品泄漏引起的中毒及急救方法,以及危险化学品泄漏事故的处置措施.     

锆掺杂TiO_2光催化降解2-CEES和DMMP的原位红外与固体核磁研究

在国内率先将金属离子掺杂型纳米TiO_2用于化学毒剂(CWAs)洗消领域,制备了系列浓度的锆掺杂纳米TiO_2(Zr-TiO_2).为了从分子水平上认识Zr-TiO_2对CWAs的消毒机制,结合原位红外(in-situ FTIR)与固体核磁共振(SSNMR)技术,研究了掺杂前后样品表面2-CEES和DMMP的反应机理和动力学变化.结果显示:制备样品中无尿素残留,且掺杂浓度为10.05%的Zr-TiO_2光催化活性最佳;与掺杂前相比,该样品对2-CEES和DMMP的光催化降解速率加快,但反应机制不变:对DMMP的降解主要通过同时发生P-OCH3氧化和P-CH3分解,对2-CEES则依次通过C—Cl键断裂、C—S键断裂和S原子氧化完成降解,两种模拟剂在反应过程中均未生成有毒中间产物.通过研究,建立了适用于化学毒剂洗消领域的原位在线分析方法,掌握了模拟剂的光催化消毒反应机理、产物与动力学规律,为今后实毒样品的测试打下了基础.     

Catalyst-Free Photochemical Activation of Peroxymonosulfate in Xanthene-Rich Systems for Fenton-Like Synergistic Decontamination: Efficacy of Proton Transfer Process

Catalyst-free visible light assisted Fenton-like catalysis offers opportunities to achieve the sustainable water decontamination, but the synergistic decontamination mechanisms are still unclear, especially the effect of proton transfer process (PTP). The conversion of peroxymonosulfate (PMS) in photosensitive dye-enriched system was detailed. The photo-electron transfer between excited dye and PMS triggered the efficient activation of PMS and enhanced the production of reactive species. Photochemistry behavior analysis and DFT calculations revealed that PTP was the crucial factor to determine the decontamination performance, leading to the transformation of dye molecules. The excitation process inducing activation of whole system was composed of low energy excitations, and the electrons and holes were almost contributed by LUMO and HOMO. This work provided new ideas for the design of catalyst-free sustainable system for efficient decontamination.     

Investigation of Se(IV) diffusion in compacted Tamusu clay by capillary method

Journal of Radioanalytical and Nuclear Chemistry - This study selects microalgae suitable for the decontamination of radioactive cobalt (Co-60) in radioactive solutions based on the decontamination...     

Was wissen Calamari über Sarin? Enzymatische Dekontamination von Nervenkampfstoffen

Together with detection and use of protective clothing, decontamination is the third important part in NBC defence and NBC protection. Enzymes play an important role in the research field of new and environmentally friendly decontaminants. In 1946, organophosphate cleaving enzymes were first mentioned, and in the next decades further enzymes (i.e., DFPase) against G‐type nerve agents were discovered. After the cloning of the DFPase gene sequence in the 90s, the potential of DFPase as an environmentally friendly decontaminant was shown. In technical decontamination experiments, it was shown that the conditions for an enzyme‐based decontamination concept could be met for one class of chemical agents. However, the success of a general enzyme decontamination concept depends on the discovery of new enzymes against other classes of chemical agents, i.e., mustard and VX.     

The pharmacological activity of medical herbs after microbiological decontamination by irradiation

In the Institute of Nuclear Chemistry and Technology research on microbiological decontamination of medicinal herbs by irradiation has been carried out since 1996. It was shown that using ionizing radiation (a dose of 10 kGy) can obtain satisfactory results of microbiological decontamination of these products. The content of essential biologically active substances such as essential oils, flavonoids, glycosides, anthocyans, antra-compounds, poliphenoloacids, triterpene saponins, oleanosides and plants mucus did not change significantly after irradiation. Pharmacological activity of medicinal herbs has been found satisfactory after microbiological decontamination by irradiation.     

Decontamination of radionuclides on construction materials

A wide variety of materials can become contaminated by radionuclides, either from a terrorist attack or an industrial or nuclear accident. The final disposition of these materials depends, in large part, on the effectiveness of decontamination measures. This study reports on investigations into the decontamination of a selection of building materials. The aim has been to find an effective, easy-to-use and inexpensive decontamination system for radionuclides of cesium and cobalt, considering both the chemical and physical nature of these potential contaminants. The basic method investigated was surface washing, due to its ease and simplicity. In the present study, a basic decontamination formulation was modified by adding isotope-specific sequestering agents, to enhance the removal of cesium(I) and cobalt(II) from such construction materials as concrete, marble, aluminum and painted steel. Spiking solutions contained ¹³⁴Cs or ⁶⁰Co, which were prepared by neutron activation in the SLOWPOKE-2 nuclear reactor facility at the Royal Military College of Canada. Gamma spectroscopy was used to determine the decontamination efficiency. The results showed that the addition of sequestering agents generally improved the radiological decontamination. Although the washing of both cesium and cobalt from non-porous materials, such as aluminum and painted steel, achieved a 90–95 % removal, the decontamination of concrete and marble was more challenging, due to the porous nature of the materials. Nevertheless, the removal efficiency from 6-year-old concrete increased from 10 % to approximately 50 % for cobalt(II), and from 18 to 55 % for cesium(I), with the use of isotope binding agents, as opposed to a simple water wash.     

Synthesis and characterization of zeolite Linde Type W and its metal oxide composite Ag-O-LTW used for the decontamination of chemical warfare agent simulant

Abstract

In this study, we have evaluated the performance of novel adsorbent zeolite Linde Type W and modified LTW with AgO metal oxide composite for the decontamination of chemical warfare agent simulant 2-chloroethylphenylsulphide (CEPS). Zeolites are nanoporous aluminosilicate minerals composed of silicon, aluminum and oxygen framework with cations and water molecules within the pores. The synthesized zeolite LTW and its composites Ag-O-LTW was characterized by XRD, FTIR, SEM-EDS and BET analytical techniques. The decontamination study of CWA simulant, CEPS was monitored by using GC-FID technique. The nanocrystalline zeolite LTW and Ag-O-LTW composites were found powerful adsorbents and showed great decontamination potential toward CWA simulant CEPS. The Ag-O-LTW showed better results (～98 % decontamination in 7?hours) than LTW zeolite.     

Hydrodynamics of the effectiveness of the AP-CITROX decontamination technology

During the optimization of the AP-CITROX decontamination technology the effect of the different flow rates of the decontamination solutions on the radioactive contamination and corrosion state of stainless steel tube samples originating from steam generators of Paks NPP were studied by a pilot-plant circulation system. The results have proved that a significant increase (up to 2.89 m/s) in the flow rate of the decontamination solution in the 1-5 steps is highly recommended and in order to improve the passivity of the surfaces it should be kept as low as possible (0.5 m/s) during the passivation.     

The behavior of technetium in technetium-scrubbing stage of PUREX process

Technetium decontamination factor as a function of the acidity, flow ratio, scrubbing stage number was investigated by counter-current cascade experiments or mixer-settler batch tests. Results showed that the acidity of the scrubbing acid has little influence on the decontamination factor of technetium when the acidity was kept in the range of 4.5–6 M. The most effective method to increase the decontamination factor is to lower the feed-to-acid flow ratio. Keeping other condition same the factor increased to 10.3 from 3.1 when feed-to-acid ratio changed to 4 from 5.6. The loss of uranium and plutonium can be recovered through a re-extraction technology.     

Chemical analysis of bleach and hydroxide-based solutions after decontamination of the chemical warfare agent O-ethyl S-2-diisopropylaminoethyl methylphosphonothiolate (VX)

Detailed chemical analysis of solutions used to decontaminate chemical warfare agents can be used to support verification and forensic attribution. Decontamination solutions are amongst the most difficult matrices for chemical analysis because of their corrosive and potentially emulsion-based nature. Consequently, there are relatively few publications that report their detailed chemical analysis. This paper describes the application of modern analytical techniques to the analysis of decontamination solutions following decontamination of the chemical warfare agent O-ethyl S-2-diisopropylaminoethyl methylphosphonothiolate (VX). We confirm the formation of N,N-diisopropylformamide and N,N-diisopropylamine following decontamination of VX with hypochlorite-based solution, whereas they were not detected in extracts of hydroxide-based decontamination solutions by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy or gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. We report the electron ionisation and chemical ionisation mass spectroscopic details, retention indices, and NMR spectra of N,N-diisopropylformamide and N,N-diisopropylamine, as well as analytical methods suitable for their analysis and identification in solvent extracts and decontamination residues.