聚苯乙烯及其橡胶增韧聚合物的断裂韧性

用单边缺口法测定了聚苯乙烯(PS)和两种橡胶增韧PS(HIPS-A,10％橡胶,机械共混;HIPS-B,6.5％橡胶,接技共聚)裂纹在亚临界和失稳扩展时的断裂韧性K_c(s)、K_c(f)。实验结果表明,在限制裂纹尺寸范围之后,可用一般单边缺口拉伸方法测定橡胶增韧塑料HIPS的断裂韧性。     

不同结晶状态的聚丙烯材料的声发射研究

用MISTRAS2001声发射监测系统对加入一定量成核剂（0－2.0%）的聚丙烯材料进行冲击过程声发射研究,研究记录了冲击过程的应力－时间曲线。结果表明,在成核剂加入量为0.4％时,冲击强度出现极大值,与之相对应,其声发射信号最为丰富,声发射振铃计数最高,裂纹扩展阶段的声发射信号占主导地位,随成核剂含量增大,材料冲击断裂过程中裂纹萌生阶段AE计数呈上升趋势,而裂纹扩展阶段的AE计数呈先上升后下降的趋势,同时裂纹萌生功和裂纹扩展功也呈现相同的变化趋势,与断面特征区特征参量的变化相对应。     

几种高聚物拉伸过程中的声发射现象

研究了４种塑料ＰＳ、ＰＯＭ、ＡＢＳ和ＰＣ拉伸过程中的声发射现象，发现声发射信号主要产生在屈服前和断裂时，说明高聚物的声发射信号主查由于分子链的解缠结，晶体的滑移裂纹的亚临界扩展和分子链的断裂等诸因素产生的，ＡＢＳ拉伸时大面积银纹的生成也可能是信号源，拉伸应变速率，材料的结构和不同的屈服过程等对塑料的拉伸声发射规律有较大影响。     

高聚物拉伸形变中的声发射

对一系列高聚物进行了单轴拉伸过程中声发射的观察,包括玻璃态高聚物、结晶高聚物、共聚物、共混高聚物和一种交联橡胶。非晶态高聚物拉伸时声发射次数很少,伴随银纹和微裂缝的产生而出现。结晶高聚物在屈服成颈时出现强的声发射,在颈部拉伸的初期声发射较少或不出现,拉伸到接近试件断裂前声发射强烈,次数急剧增多。相同高聚物但试件加工成形历史不同会在声发射上得到反映。交联的顺丁橡胶拉伸时声发射很弱,但可以观察到,在拉力-形变曲线开始偏离线性后出现,没有Kaiser效应。共混高聚物拉伸时声发射很多。高耐冲击共混接枝塑料在断裂前不出现强烈的声发射。如试样和试件加工成形条件相同,声发射现象的重演性是相当好的。     

高聚物声发射的一些观察

对高聚物的声发射做了进一步的实验观察。玻璃态高聚物在拉伸屈服以前的声发射有Kaiser效应,但在高弹态则不然。非晶态高聚物从玻璃态到高弹态的转变,玻璃态拉伸时在屈服附近出现声发射,高弹态时声发射要少而弱得多,只在高弹拉伸的断裂前出现声发射。非晶态、晶态高聚物或共混高聚物在突然升温到100℃时有声发射,但在突然降温到-60℃时却不出现声发射,这可能也说明声发射与高聚物试样内形成空洞有关。一种聚丙烯树脂在不同注射成形工艺条件下所得试件,在拉伸时的声发射行为可反映加工成形的好坏,成形好的声发射少得多。     

应变速率和电位对应力腐蚀裂纹扩展的影响

以滑移-溶解-再钝化模型为基础,推导出应力腐蚀裂纹扩展速率与裂尖应变速率和电位之间的理论公式.计算表明,在裂纹扩展速率与裂尖应变速率的关系曲线中有两个特征区域.裂纹扩展速率在区域I随裂尖应变速率增加而增大,而在区域II不随裂尖应变速率的改变而变化.用慢应变速率拉伸技术（SSRT）测量了304L不锈钢的裂纹增长速率.当电位控制在区域II的阳极区时,理论计算的裂纹扩展速率与实验得到的结果比较吻合.     

预制裂纹304SS试样慢拉伸过程EN和SKP表征

应用电化学噪声技术(EN)研究了慢应变速率拉伸(SSRT)条件下预制疲劳裂纹的304SS试样在4mol/LNaCl+0.01 mol/LNa2S2O3溶液中的腐蚀行为,EN的时域与频域谱图显示实验后裂纹发生了扩展.扫描Kelvin探针(SKP)分析也证实了裂纹试样经慢拉伸实验后裂纹出现扩展.     

铈对硬质合金微观组织结构的影响

用分析电镜和带有拉伸台的高压电镜,研究了YG8R、YT5R和YT14R稀土硬质合金的微观组织和裂纹扩展特征。结果表明,添加铈在硬质合金中可能形成Ce_2O_3或Ce_2O_2S化合物,它抑制了层错扩展和fcc Co向hcp Co的转变,增加了合金中fcc Co的体积分数,提高了Co相和(TiW)C相及晶界的强度和韧性。拉伸裂纹边沿的Co相有明显的塑性变形特征,且裂纹可以穿过一些较小的WC颗粒。     

色谱中的光声光谱检测

光声光谱是本世纪七十年代初期重新兴起的高灵敏度光谱分析新技术。它适用于透明、不透明,甚至强散射样品在紫外,可见,红外光区的光热性质研究,已在物理、化学、工程材料、生物、医学等领域得到广泛的应用。 光声光谱(简称PAS)是一种光热吸收光谱,当用一束调制后的(或脉冲的)单色光照射样品时,样品吸收以后,以无辐射弛豫方式将吸收的光能部分或全部地转换成热,样品受热体积膨胀,产生以光源为中心向外扩展的压力波,用置于其中的声传感器便可接收到光声信号。用波长扫描方法得到样品的光声图谱可做定性分析。根据光声信号大小与物质吸光度成正比的关系进行定量分     

荧光光谱法研究PS分子链在不同溶剂中的荧光特性

利用荧光光谱法研究了溶剂和浓度对聚苯乙烯（PS）荧光特性的影响. 研究表明,PS在四氢呋喃溶液中的荧光发射波长为345 nm,其荧光强度达到最大时的饱和浓度为0.1 mg/mL;PS在甲苯溶液中的荧光发射波长为310 nm,其荧光强度达到最大时的饱和浓度为0.075 mg/mL. 造成这种现象的原因在于:四氢呋喃不具荧光性,不与PS分子链中的苯环发生相互作用,而甲苯溶剂自身具有苯环结构,PS和甲苯生色团荧光频率接近,同时PS分子链上苯环与甲苯上的苯环的间距非常小,相邻苯环上的π电子可以互相重叠,形成T型构造的苯环二聚体,使体系的荧光发射峰蓝移至310 nm. 另外,随着PS在溶液中浓度的增大,开始呈线性增加,当浓度大于饱和浓度C*后,随后其荧光强度呈现非线性下降,这主要是PS在溶剂中形成了二聚体.     

Acoustic emission of a crazing polymer

The acoustic emission from a crazing polyvinyltoluene in a tensile and bending experiment is described. Acoustic emission appears as a series of bursts which most likely correspond to the initiation and growth of crazes. The emission intensity is characterised by acoustic activity (pulse rate) measured by the ring-down technique. The average activity increases with strain. During repeated loading the acoustic activity shows a measurable intensity and significant rise only beyond the maximum strain of the former runs. This is equivalent to Kaiser's effect in metals. Acoustic emission during the creep experiment occurs in three characteristic periods. They are characterized as the relaxation, fatigue, and breakdown periods. Visual observations indicate that the relaxation period corresponds to the initiation, and the fatigue period to the growth of crazes. In the breakdown period a macroscopic crack develops and the sample fails.     

Fatigue crack propagation mechanisms in poly(methyl methacrylate) by in situ observation with a scanning laser microscope

Crack propagation tests were performed on an amorphous polymer, poly(methyl methacrylate), to investigate fatigue crack propagation mechanisms. A scanning laser microscope with a newly developed tensile testing machine was used to observe in situ crack propagation in compact‐type specimens. A crack usually propagated within the craze located at the crack tip under both static and cyclic loading conditions. When a crack stably propagated into the craze under static loading conditions, bright bands composed of the broken craze were observed at the edges along the crack wakes. However, there were successive ridges and valleys in place of bright bands along the crack wakes under cyclic loading conditions. When stable fatigue cracks were propagated at the loading half‐cycle in each cycle, new craze fragments appeared that were similar to the bright bands under static loading. However, the thickness of these fragments decreased in the following loading cycle, and a new valley was formed. This suggested that the valleys were formed by the contact between the fracture surfaces near the crack tip during unloading. Fatigue crack propagation is thought to be due to fibrils weakened by crack closure between fracture surfaces. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 39: 3103–3113, 2001     

STUDY OF ACOUSTIC EMISSION DURING NON-ISOTHERMAL CRYSTALLIZATION OF POLYPROPYLENE

In this paper we have presented the results of acoustic emission (AE) during non-isothemal crystallization of polypropylene (PP) melt with mean cooling rate 4℃/min, and discussed the effects of molecular weight (MW) on AE activity. It is shown that the amount of AE ring-down counts during whole crystallization of PP depends on the MW strongly.The copious AE bursts have been observed at the late stage of PPcrystallization. AE bursts are caused by cracking, crazing and cavitation between spherulites and inside spherulites.     

Crack velocity dependence of electron emission during fracture of filled elastomers

In this article we examine the electron emission accompanying the fracture of filled elastomers, where in previous work we have shown the emission to be intense and due predominately to interfacial failure. In this study we show that there is a strong velocity dependence on the rate of electron emission during the propagation of a crack in filled silicone rubber and polybutadiene filled with glass beads. This dependence cannot be explained by a simple proportionality between emission rate and rate of surface area production. We propose that the concentration of free radicals produced by crack propagation increases rapidly with crack velocity which in turn produces more intense electron emission by a chemiemission mechanism.     

Measurement of rapid crack propagation in pressure pipes: A static S4 approach

A method for creating rapid crack propagation in pressurized pipes under slow static loading using modified S4 apparatus is described. In the development of the method a complexity involved with dynamic loading in the S4 test (ISO 13477) is eliminated by the use of a displacement controlled static loading machine. The experimental system consisted of an universal testing machine, a low compliance wedge loading device, notch tip quenching apparatus and a pipe specimen where a through thickness hole is drilled to accommodate the wedge loading device. The pipe specimen is made in such a way that a section containing a hole is free from the internal pressure, while the rest of the specimen is made to carry the internal pressure which would eventually drive the unstable crack along the pipe axis. The idea of such rapid crack initiation under static loading was derived from the concept of time-temperature equivalence, where impact loading may in part be simulated by lowering the temperature at the site of rapid crack initiation. The details of the method for rapid crack propagation under static loading are described and the correlation of the results to rapid crack propagation obtained by ISO 13477 is illustrated. The two methods were shown to compare quite well in terms of critical pressure determination and the details regarding normalized rapid crack length versus the internal pressure curve as well as the crack propagation pattern.     

Acoustic emission study of the TDCB test of microcapsules filled self-healing polymer

The failure process of self-healing microcapsule filled epoxy composites was investigated with Acoustic Emission (AE) measurement during tapered double cantilever beam (TDCB) tests. Unfilled, epoxy microcapsule filled and self-healing microcapsule (dual-microcapsules consisting of epoxy capsules and trifluoromethanesulfonic acid (TfOH) capsules) filled epoxy matrix specimens were compared. It was found that, with acoustic emission measurements, reliable data can be retrieved about the nature and progress of crack propagation and failure. Comparing the unfilled and the microcapsule filled specimens, considerably more AE hits were detected in the latter case due to the cracking of capsules and capsule-matrix debonding, which was confirmed by scanning electron microscopy investigations. Also, key differences were observed in the shape of the sum of AE hits curves and amplitude ranges of detected AE hits. Uniform distribution of the healing agent was demonstrated by energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy.     

Micromechanics of fatigue crack propagation in glassy thermoplastics

By the aid of the optical interference method the size of the craze zone at the crack tip has been measured during fatigue crack propagation (FCP) in two glassy thermoplastics thus giving a basis to re-examine proposed models. In contrast to previous assumptions it has been found, that in PMMA of high molecular weight crack propagation occurs only during a short interval of the loading cycle when the fibrils are stretched most severely and it is not limited by crack tip blunting; between the dimensions of the craze zone and the crack advance per cycle which is also reflected by markings on the fracture surface no simple correlation has been found. In PVC first the craze grows continuously during many loading cycles up to its final size and then the crack propagates by a jump separating the craze zone only partly. Thus at all stress intensity levels investigated the length of the final craze zone has been found to be distinctly larger than the jump spacing on the fracture surface. By aid of SEM-photography it is shown that in PVC during FCP cracking occurs by separation of fibrils instead of void coalescence.     

Stepwise fatigue crack propagation in polyethylene resins of different molecular structure

Stepwise fatigue crack propagation in a range of polyethylene resins, some of which are candidates for use in pipes for natural gas distribution, was studied. Examination of the effect of molding conditions on fatigue crack propagation in a pipe resin indicated that fast cooling under pressure produced specimens with the same crack resistance as specimens taken from a pipe extruded from this resin. The mechanism of stepwise crack propagation in fatigue was the same as reported previously for creep loading. Observations of the region ahead of the arrested crack revealed a complex damage zone that consisted of a thick membrane at the crack tip followed by a main craze with subsidiary shear crazes that emerged from the crack tip at an angle to the main craze. The effects of molecular parameters, such as molecular weight, comonomer content, and branch distribution, on the kinetics of fatigue crack propagation were examined. Correlation of creep and fatigue crack resistance made it possible to relate fatigue fracture toughness to molecular parameters by invoking concepts of craze fibril stability developed for creep. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Polym Sci B: Polym Phys 36: 2355–2369, 1998     

Acoustic emission monitoring of damaging of fiberglass

The results of studies on determining the nucleation moment of microcracks in fiberglass are presented on the basis of a full-strength glassfiber mat and vinyl ether binder by the acoustic emission method in uniaxial tension. The research was carried out by continuous monotonic loading of samples under uniaxial tension until failure with simultaneous recording of the parameters of acoustic emission signal. Qualitative dependences of the parameters of acoustic emission signals on the stress value in the sample are revealed. It is found that, at a stress value of about 40% of the ultimate strength of material (about 420 MPa), microfracture processes—cracking of the polymer matrix—begin.