聚丙烯酰胺/硬脂酸协同改性半水硫酸钙晶须及其形貌稳定性研究

使用聚丙烯酰胺/硬脂酸改性体系对半水硫酸钙晶须进行表面改性,研究聚丙烯酰胺的加入对改性过程中硫酸钙晶须的稳定化影响.通过显微镜观察晶须产品的形貌,利用X射线衍射仪分析其相组成,利用傅里叶红外光谱仪检测晶须产品的表面基团.结果 表明:聚丙烯酰胺/硬脂酸协同改性硫酸钙晶须的晶体形貌及相组成未发生改变,较硬脂酸单一改性后的晶须长径比有所上升,且在水溶液中形貌保持时间延长,改性后晶须的活化指数、接触角较硬脂酸单一改性有明显上升,实现了硫酸钙晶须改性过程中的稳定化处理.     

电石渣制备硫酸钙晶须及影响因素研究

以电石渣为原料,经酸化处理得到前驱体,再通过水热晶化工艺制备出硫酸钙晶须,探讨了不同水热工艺条件对硫酸钙晶须形貌的影响.水热法制备硫酸钙晶须的最佳工艺条件为:浆料浓度2.5;,水热反应时间8h,水热反应温度130℃,溶液pH值为7.以电石渣为原料制备硫酸钙晶须为电石渣的综合利用开辟了新的思路.     

常温改性半水硫酸钙晶须及其稳定化机理研究

性能优良的半水硫酸钙晶须常用于增强增韧有机复合材料和无机复合材料.为防止半水硫酸钙晶须与水接触或在潮湿的环境中发生水化反应而导致晶体结构与性能的破坏,因此需要对半水硫酸钙晶须进行表面改性.本文基于溶度积原理,探寻常温下复合改性介质中改性半水硫酸钙晶须的新途径.采用单掺月桂酸钠、海藻酸钠、硅酸钠、草酸钠和氟化钠作为改性剂,并设计正交试验探索影响改性效果的显著性因素和最佳改性工艺.利用XRD、FTIR和SEM对晶须改性前后进行化学组成和微观结构的分析.研究结果表明,复合改性介质体积比和改性剂种类是影响改性工艺的显著性因素,改性剂在复合介质中的溶解度直接影响着最终表面改性产物层的性能.单掺15;氟化钠或海藻酸钠、复合介质体积比29:1、改性时间5 min时,改性半水硫酸钙晶须在水中溶解度降低并且能够保持晶体结构和性能的稳定.     

脱硫石膏重结晶法制备硫酸钙晶须及其除砷性能初探

以电厂脱硫石膏为原料,利用重结晶原理制备二水硫酸钙晶须.考察了溶液过饱和度、硫酸浓度、陈化温度/时间以及降温速率对晶须生长特性的影响,并初步研究了硫酸钙晶须对含砷水溶液的除砷性能.结果表明:所研究的操作条件对晶须形貌、尺寸均有一定影响.在H2SO4溶液重结晶体系中,控制硫酸钙过饱和度为0.5、陈化温度为20℃、陈化时间为3h并采用自然降温时,制备的二水硫酸钙晶须结晶度较好、形貌尺寸均匀,长径比为50～200.该二水硫酸钙晶须在pH为12时,能将初始浓度低于1 mg/L的含砷水溶液净化至满足地表水标准(0.05mg/L),展示了其在砷污染水体净化方面的应用潜力,可配合石灰-硫酸亚铁两段法除砷,降低废水处理成本.     

基于响应面法的半水硫酸钙晶须制备工艺优化

本研究以氯化钙、硫酸为主要原料,采用常压酸化法制备半水硫酸钙晶须.以长径比、长度为主要指标,在单因素实验的基础上,运用响应面法中的Box-Behnken design对反应温度、硫酸浓度、反应时间、搅拌速度进行优化,建立半水硫酸钙晶须制备工艺的数学模型,研究制备的最优工艺条件.结果表明,制备半水硫酸钙晶须的最优工艺条件为:反应温度103℃、硫酸浓度7.4;、反应时间60 min、搅拌速度288 r·min-,得到的晶须样品形貌规整、均一,平均长径比为82.2,φ90为53.3,平均长度为562 μm.     

磷石膏常压酸化法制备无水硫酸钙晶须的实验研究

以磷石膏为原料,一步常压酸化法制备无水硫酸钙晶须.采用单因素实验方法研究了盐酸浓度、反应温度、反应时间和固液比4个因素对制备硫酸钙晶须的影响.采用X射线衍射(XRD)、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)对反应产物样品的物相、微观形貌进行了表征.结果 表明:在盐酸浓度为5 mol/L、反应温度为90℃、反应时间为3h和固液比为0.10g/mL的条件下,一步法制备出了直径为1～4μm、长径比为3～8的无水硫酸钙晶须.分析认为,无水硫酸钙晶须是在二水硫酸钙溶解量达到其过饱和度后从溶液中结晶形成的.     

油酸钠改性无水硫酸钙晶须及其机理研究

采用油酸钠改性无水硫酸钙晶须(AW),既可以增强无水硫酸钙晶须的疏水性,又可以在晶须表面引入-C=C-增加其功能性.利用晶须在甲基丙烯酸甲酯(MMA)的分散性能探究油酸钠加量、时间、改性温度等因素对改性效果的影响;采用XRD、XPS和DRIFTS探索晶须的吸附及改性机理、Washburn法测定晶须的疏水性能.结果表明随油酸钠用量的增加,分散性能先变好后变差,油酸钠与晶须质量比为1:100时,沉降高度和沉降速度由油酸钠与晶须质量比为1:200时的3.1 cm和0.31 cm/min大幅增加到10.6 cm和1.06 cm/min;分散性能开始出现突变时的油酸钠用量随温度升高而增加;DRIFTS表明油酸钠中的油酸根离子主要以物理吸附和化学吸附的方式与钙离子结合存在于晶须表面,其特征吸收峰分别是1577 cm-1和1540 cm-1的双峰和1547 cm-1的单峰;改性后的晶须疏水性较改性前大幅增加,与水的接触角从改性前的0.04°增加到改性后的77.35°.     

一步水热法制备无水硫酸钙晶须

以生石膏为原料,六水氯化镁为形貌控制剂,采用水热法一步合成了无水硫酸钙晶须.借助SEM、TEM、XRD和XPS等测试手段考察了水热条件对无水硫酸钙晶须的影响,研究了无水硫酸钙晶须的生长过程.结果表明:镁/钙摩尔比n(MgCl2·6H2O)/n(CaSO4· 2H2O)=2.5,反应温度180℃,反应时间2h,可生长出长度为20 ～ 40 μm,直径0.5～2 μm的无水硫酸钙晶须.无水硫酸钙晶须生长过程为:片状CaSO4·2H2O-纤维状CaSO4·0.5H2O-纤维状CaSO4.     

高长径比三水碳酸镁晶须的合成研究

采用低温水溶液法合成三水碳酸镁晶须,考查了反应温度、反应时间、表面活性剂用量及反应溶液初始pH等因素对三水碳酸镁晶须的长度及长径比的影响.研究结果表明:在反应温度45～50℃、反应时间50～60 min、表面活性剂添加量(质量分数)为1;、反应溶液初始pH =9.5的条件下,可以合成出高长径比三水碳酸镁晶须产品.     

微波法快速制备碱式硫酸镁晶须

以七水硫酸镁为原料、氢氧化钠为沉淀剂,采用微波法制备出纤维状的碱式硫酸镁晶须.考察了反应温度、反应时间、物料摩尔比、硫酸镁浓度及晶种添加量等因素对晶须形貌的影响.研究结果表明:在硫酸镁浓度1.6 mol/L、硫酸镁和氢氧化钠摩尔比1∶1、晶种添加量(质量分数)1;、微波反应温度160～ 180℃、反应时间30～ 60 min的条件下,可以制备出纤维状的152型碱式硫酸镁晶须.以微波法制备碱式硫酸镁晶须大大缩短了反应时间.     

Relationship of Morphological Types of Dynamic Forms of Crystals

Crystallography Reports - The relationship of morphological spectra (sets of data on the morphological types of real polyhedral crystals and their probabilities under current physicochemical...     

Development of Pauling's concepts of geometric characteristics of atoms

The evolution of the geometric characteristics introduced by Pauling and their dependence on the specific features of the structure and chemical bonds have been considered. The values of the covalent and van der Waals radii are given as well as their relationships and mutual transitions.     

A review of measurement of thermophysical properties of silicon melt

Measurements of thermophysical properties of Si melt and supplementary study of X-ray scattering/diffraction by the authors' group were reviewed. The values obtained differed variously from those of literature. Density was 2–3% larger, surface tension 20–30% smaller, viscosity up to 40% larger, electrical conductivity 8% smaller, spectral emissivity more or less in good agreement with literature values, and thermal diffusivity a few percent larger. An anomalous density jump was found near the melting point. Surface tension and viscosity also showed anomaly. A strange time-dependent change of density was observed over 3 h after melting. X-ray analyses suggested a slight change in local atom ordering, but showed no sign of cluster formation. An addition of 0.1 at% gallium caused the density jump to disappear, while that of boron caused no change. An EXAFS study of the former melt indicated a strong interaction between Ga and Si atoms as if molecules of GaSi₃ existed. The implications of the measured properties are a possibility of soft-turbulence in an Si melt in a relatively large crucible, a more complicated manner of intake of oxygen depleted molten Si from the free surface region to underneath the growing crystal, and a relaxation of the melt after melting arising from trapped gas species.     

Generation of crystal structures of heteromolecular compounds by the method of discrete modeling of packings

Within the method of discrete modeling of packings, an algorithm of generation of possible crystal structures of heteromolecular compounds containing two or three molecules in the primitive unit cell, one of which has an arbitrary shape and the other (two others) has a shape close to spherical, is proposed. On the basis of this algorithm, a software package for personal computers is developed. This package has been approved for a number of compounds, investigated previously by X-ray diffraction analysis. The results of generation of structures of five compounds—four organic salts (with one or two spherical anions) and one solvate—are represented.     

Investigation of the Mechanism of Influence of Stress Corrosion on the Development of Macroplastic Instabilities of Aluminum–Magnesium Alloy

Crystallography Reports - Macroscopic jumps of plastic deformation (few percent in amplitude) on creep curves of aluminum–magnesium alloy, caused by a local effect of concentrated solution of...     

Dependence of the parameters of equations of viscous flow on chemical composition of silicate melts

The temperature dependence of viscosity of silicate melts is discussed in the framework of the Avramov–Milchev (AM) equation. The composition is described by means of two parameters: the molar fraction, x, and the “lubricant fraction”, l. The molar fraction is the sum of the molar parts x_i of all oxides dissolved in SiO₂, the molar fraction of the latter being 1 ? x. It is shown that, with sufficient precision, two of the parameters of the AM equation can be presented as unique functions of the molar fraction. On the other hand, x is not sufficient to determine properly the reference temperature T_r , at which viscosity is η_r = 10¹³ [dPa.s]. Therefore, additional parameter, “lubricant fraction” l, is introduced. For each of the components, l_i is a product of molar part x_i and a specific dimensionless coefficient 0 ≤ k_i ≤ 1 accounting for the specific contribution of this component to the increased mobility of the system. It is demonstrated that, for l > 0, the reference temperature is related to the “lubricant fraction” l through the reference temperature T_r,SiO2 of pure SiO₂.     

Comparative analysis of two methods of calculation of the orientation of domain walls in ferroelastics

Two types of domain-wall equations are analyzed: the equations derived by the Sapriel method and the equations obtained by interface matching of the thermal-expansion tensor. It is shown that, for W-type domain walls, these methods yield the same equations. For W′-type domain walls, the equations obtained by different methods coincide for proper ferroelastics and differ for improper ferroelastics.     

A SAXS study of kinetics of aggregation of silica sols

SAXS in situ experiments on the evolution of TMOS solutions during hydrolysis and polycondensation lead to power laws with scaling exponents ≈ 2. It is suggested that this could be the result of the polydispersity of the samples and that only an apparent fractal dimension can be obtained in this way. Kinetic studies tend to indicate that agglomeration in the sol is the result of a diffusion-controlled process.     

Study of the possibility of interactive control of the surface profile of X-ray optical elements

We investigate the possibility of controlling the curvature parameters of parabolic mirrors that are modular elements of two types consisting of a base and thin inserts placed at the opposite side of the work surface. In the first type of modular elements, bending is controlled by the difference in the coefficients of the thermal expansion of the base and inserts. In the second type of elements, the profile is changed by the piezoelectric straining of the inserts under an electric field. A correlation is established between the parameters of modular elements and their surface curvature profile.