Buckling of short beams with warping effect included

A beam theory for the stability analysis of short beam that includes shear deformation and warping of the cross-section is developed. The warping of the cross-section is taken to be an independent kinematics quantity and corresponding force resultants are defined. For the beam subjected to the external loading only at the ends of the beam, equilibrium equations have been obtained by the principle of virtual work. The variations of lateral displacement, rotational angle of the cross-section and the multiplier of the warping shape along the beam axis are solved in closed form and expressed in terms of deformation quantities at the ends of the beam. Based on this beam theory, the lateral stiffness of the beam sustained an axial compression force and a lateral shear force at one end is explicitly derived, from which the equation of the buckling load is established and the buckling load can be solved. When the effect of cross-section warping is neglected, the derived lateral stiffness and buckling load converge to the solutions of the Haringx theory.     

基于新型广义位移的箱形梁扭转单元及应用

为了改进变截面连续箱梁桥的扭转分析理论,将截面总扭转角分解为自由翘曲扭转角和约束剪切扭转角,选取自由翘曲转角扭率作为广义位移,提出一个2节点8自由度的扭转梁段单元。从约束扭转控制微分方程出发,推导单元刚度矩阵及等效节点荷载列阵。引入应力增大系数,以反映约束扭转对初等梁应力的增大效应。数值算例验证了本文梁段单元的可靠性。最后对一个三跨变截面连续箱梁桥进行分析,结果表明,双力矩影响线与弯矩影响线较为类似,按双力矩影响线进行最不利荷载加载时最大应力值偏小;应力增大系数在集中荷载作用截面出现极值,均发生在腹板与顶板交点处;利用偏载放大系数来考虑扭转附加效应时,不宜考虑弯曲正应力较小及翘曲正应力出现极值的梁段区域。     

钢桁腹-混凝土组合箱梁畸变效应研究

为研究梯形截面的钢桁腹-混凝土组合箱梁的畸变效应,在薄壁箱梁理论的基础上,考虑钢桁腹杆的力学特性,应用改进的板元分析法建立畸变控制微分方程,并给出畸变解析解。通过ANSYS建立实体模型验证所推公式的正确性。结合数值算例,对比分析在均布畸变荷载作用下相同截面参数的钢桁腹-混凝土组合箱梁和传统混凝土箱梁的畸变翘曲正应力,并分析梁宽和钢腹杆俯角对组合箱梁畸变内力的影响。结果表明,相同截面参数下,由于组合箱梁钢桁腹杆的纵向刚度很小,其畸变翘曲正应力为混凝土箱梁的1.71倍;梁宽对畸变内力影响较大,当梁宽增加至4.5 m时,畸变双力矩和畸变矩分别增大至3.68倍和1.36倍,且前者在纵向上双峰的分布趋势逐渐平缓;腹杆俯角对畸变双力矩影响较大,当腹杆俯角增加至27°时,畸变双力矩减小了约14.3%,但其对畸变矩影响很小。     

钢桁腹式混凝土组合箱梁的扭转效应分析

结合钢桁腹式混凝土组合箱梁的结构特点,基于薄壁箱梁扭转理论,推导出组合箱梁闭口断面的混凝土顶底板和换算钢腹板的扭转翘曲应力表达式,进而推导出组合箱梁约束扭转控制微分方程;利用初参数法求解微分方程,并分析出翘曲双力矩以及扭转翘曲正应力随梁跨的变化规律.通过有限元模拟分析,将有限元值和理论值进行比较,结果吻合良好.研究表明,翘曲双力矩在集中扭矩作用处达到最大值,并且衰减速度很快,使得该处箱梁截面的翘曲应力达到最大值,箱梁的翘曲双力矩在远离集中扭矩作用处几乎为零,翘曲正应力也几乎为零;有限元数值与理论数值的差值百分比在10％以内,说明本文建立的理论计算方法合理可行.     

箱形梁剪力滞效应分析中的翘曲位移函数及广义内力研究

以薄壁箱梁的弯曲计算理论为基础,从分析翼缘板的面内剪切变形和弯曲剪力流的分布规律入手,从理论上证明二次抛物线是箱形梁剪力滞效应分析中的合理翘曲位移函数。选取剪力滞效应引起的附加挠度作为广义位移,用基于最小势能原理的能量变分法建立箱形梁剪力滞效应分析的控制微分方程和边界条件。对箱梁横截面上新出现的广义内力给出严密定义,并建立了剪力滞翘曲应力的简便计算公式,它与初等梁弯曲应力公式具有相同的形式。对一个简支箱梁模型的计算表明,计算值与实测值吻合良好,从而证实了本文的分析方法和建立的公式是正确的。不同于弯矩的分布,剪力滞广义力矩具有快速衰减的分布特征。对集中荷载作用下的简支箱梁算例,剪力滞效应使其跨中挠度增大达12%,工程实践中必须认真对待。     

Elasto-plastic buckling analysis of laminated plates including interfacial damage

Elasto-plastic buckling of orthotropic laminated plates, which include interfacial damage, is analyzed in detail. Firstly, a novel mixed hardening yield criterion, as an improvement of Hill’s counterpart, is proposed for the orthotropic materials on the basis of the plastic theory. And differing from Hill’s theory, the present yield criterion is related to the spherical tensor of stress. Then, the incremental elasto-plastic constitutive relations of the mixed hardening orthotropic materials are presented. Secondly, the incremental static equilibrium equations for laminated plates including interfacial damage are established based on Von-Karman type theory and the principle of minimum potential energy. Finally, the elasto-plastic buckling of laminated plates are solved by adopting the Galerkin method and iteration scheme. The numerical results show that buckling of the plate occurs easier due to the existence of interfacial damage, and the critical load trends to constant when the interfacial damage approaches a certain degree. Also, the effect of anisotropy on buckling is obvious and the analysis of elasto-plastic buckling is necessary.     

Finite strain––beam theory

An appropriate strain energy density for an isotropic hyperelastic Hookean material is proposed for finite strain from which a constitutive relationship is derived and applied to problems involving beam theory approximations. The physical Lagrangian stress normal to the surfaces of a element in the deformed state is a function of the normal component of stretch while the shear is a function of the shear component of stretch. This paper attempts to make a contribution to the controversy about who is correct, Engesser or Haringx with regard to the buckling formula for a linear elastic straight prismatic column with Timoshenko beam-type shear deformations. The derived buckling formula for a straight prismatic column including shear and axial deformations agrees with Haringx’s formula. Elastica-type equations are also derived for a three-dimensional Timoshenko beam with warping excluded. When the formulation is applied to the problem of pure torsion of a cylinder no second-order axial shortening associated with the Wagner effect is predicted which differs from conventional beam theory. When warping is included, axial shortening is predicted but the formula differs from conventional beam theory.     

Carbon fiber-reinforced rectangular isolators with compressible elastomer: Analytical solution for compression and bending

The behavior of multilayer elastomeric isolators employing carbon fibers as reinforcement material rather than steel has been considered. This kind of reinforcement is used to make the isolators lighter and cheaper, since carbon fibers (or Kevlar) are much more resistant per unit weight than steel. From the mechanical point of view, the main difference is that the fiber reinforcement cannot be considered rigid in extension as it is usually done for steel plates. In this paper an analytical model to analyze the compression and bending behavior of fiber-reinforced rectangular isolators is presented. The model takes into account, for the first time, both the reinforcement extensibility and the compressibility of the elastomer. An analytical solution to predict deformations, stresses and stiffness is here determined in terms of Fourier series, both for compression and bending.     

ANALYSIS OF SHEAR LAG EFFECT OF TWIN-CELL BOX GIRDERS

针对单箱双室箱梁,考虑各翼板间剪力滞翘曲的差异,并结合全截面轴力自平衡条件,定义了箱梁各翼板的剪滞翘曲位移函数. 利用最小势能原理,建立了双室箱梁考虑剪力滞效应的控制微分方程. 对一典型的单箱双室简支箱梁,利用空间板壳数值方法和本文解析解方法,研究了满跨均布载荷和跨中集中力作用下截面的剪力滞分布规律. 结果表明,本文提出的剪力滞翘曲位移模式能够反映双室箱梁各翼板间剪力滞翘曲的差异,本文解析解与有限元数值解吻合良好. 双室箱梁中腹板部位顶、底板处的剪力滞效应与边腹板部位有一定差异,对算例结构,中腹板部位的顶、底板应力小于边腹板部位的应力.     

Magnetoelastic buckling: Why theory and experiment disagree

This paper does not stand alone; it is directly related to N.S. Christopherson's experimental study^1,2 of the magnetoelastic bending of thin steel plates, presented at a recent SEM meeting. It is, in fact, an extension of that study and relies upon some of Christopherson's data.In 1968, Moon and Pao presented a theory of the magnetoelastic buckling of a beam plate in a uniform magnetic field which differed from experimental results by a factor of two. Attempts to explain the discrepancy still leave approximately 25-percent error in the theoretical results as compared with experiment.We show that the assumption made by Moon and Pao—that a plate element experiences a force system consisting only of a couple, whose magnitude is proportional to the rotation of the element—is invalid for finite plates. An experiment is suggested for determining whether the assumption is valid for infinite plates. The present state of knowledge concerning magnetoelastic buckling is briefly summarized. Several types of magnetoelastic buckling are identified and briefly contrasted. Attention is directed to the importance of field discontinuities in problems involving magnetic deformation. Two paradoxical aspects of the Moon-Pao formula for the magnetoelastic buckling of beam plates are pointed out and briefly discussed.     

Non-linear buckling and postbuckling behavior of thin-walled beams considering shear deformation

The static stability of thin-walled composite beams, considering shear deformation and geometrical non-linear coupling, subjected to transverse external force has been investigated in this paper. The theory is formulated in the context of large displacements and rotations, through the adoption of a shear deformable displacement field (accounting for bending and warping shear) considering moderate bending rotations and large twist. This non-linear formulation is used for analyzing the prebuckling and postbuckling behavior of simply supported, cantilever and fixed-end beams subjected to different load condition. Ritz's method is applied in order to discretize the non-linear differential system and the resultant algebraic equations are solved by means of an incremental Newton-Rapshon method. The numerical results show that the beam loses its stability through a stable symmetric bifurcation point and the postbuckling strength is in relation with the buckling load value. Classical predictions of lateral buckling are conservative when the prebuckling displacements are not negligible and the non-linear buckling analysis is required for reliable solutions. The analysis is supplemented by investigating the effects of the variation of load height parameter. In addition, the critical load values and postbuckling response obtained with the present beam model are compared with the results obtained with a shell finite element model (Abaqus).     

钢-混凝土组合梁负弯矩区畸变屈曲弯矩计算公式

侧向弯曲屈曲及侧向弯扭屈曲均为钢-混凝土组合梁负弯矩区钢梁的重要屈曲模式,而现有计算方法通常只考虑到侧向弯曲屈曲,未考虑到侧向弯扭屈曲,因此有一定局限性。本文在钢梁腹板对钢梁下翼缘的转动约束刚度及侧向约束刚度的计算公式上,结合弹性介质中薄壁杆件的屈曲理论推导了工形钢-混凝土组合梁负弯矩区的侧向弯曲屈曲弯矩及侧向弯扭屈曲弯矩计算公式。实例分析表明,现有计算方法均存在一定理论缺陷,本文计算方法更为合理;同时,本文计算式比现有文献中同类型计算式更为简洁,便于手算,实用性强并适于工程应用。     

基于等几何有限元法的功能梯度微板热力耦合屈曲预测

基于修正偶应力理论和Kirchhoff板理论，建立了功能梯度微板热力耦合屈曲等几何有限元模型。该模型仅包含一个材料尺度参数，能够描述尺度效应现象，且满足修正偶应力理论的高阶连续性要求。基于虚功原理推导了功能梯度微板热力耦合屈曲等几何有限元方程。通过对板的典型算例分析，讨论了材料尺度参数、边长比及梯度指数对板稳定性的影响。结果表明，本文模型预测的屈曲载荷总是大于宏观理论的结果，即捕捉到了尺度效应现象；随着临界屈曲力的增加，临界屈曲热载荷线性减少；此外，边长比和梯度指数也对微板的稳定性产生一定影响。     

Lateral buckling of beams with shear deformations – A hyperelastic formulation

The equilibrium and buckling equations are derived for the lateral buckling of a prismatic straight beam. A consistent finite strain constitutive law is used, which is based on a hyperelastic model for an isotropic material. The kinematics of the cross-sectional deformations are based on a Timoshenko type beam displacement of the cross-sectional plane using Euler angles and two shear finite rotations coupled with warping taken normal to the displaced plane. Also derived are the second order approximations to the displacements, curvatures, twist and internal actions. The constitutive relationships for the internal actions reveal new coupling terms between the bending moments, torsion and bimoment, which are functions of the cross-sectional warping and shear deformations. New Wagner type nonlinear torsion terms are derived which are functions of the warping of the cross-sectional plane, and are coupled to the twisting and shear deformations of the cross-section. Solutions are determined for the lateral buckling of a prismatic monosymmetric beam under pure bending and the flexural–torsional buckling under axial compression. For the flexural–torsional buckling problem it is found that the Euler type column buckling formula is consistent with Haringx’s column buckling formula while the torsional buckling formula is different to conventional equations. The second variation of the total potential is also derived. The effects of shear deformations are explored by examining the non-dimensional lateral buckling equation for a simply supported beam.     

Torsion of closed section,orthotropic, thin-walled beams

The paper presents a theory for thin-walled, closed section, orthotropic beams which takes into account the shear deformation in restrained warping induced torque. In the derivation we developed the analytical (“exact”) solution of simply supported beams subjected to a sinusoidal load. The replacement stiffnesses which are independent of the length of the beam were determined from the exact solution by taking its Taylor series expansion with respect to the inverse of the length of the beam. The effect of restrained warping and shear deformation was investigated through numerical examples.     

含内埋圆形或椭圆形脱层复合材料层合板的屈曲分析

用瑞里-李兹方法来建立含内埋圆形或椭圆形脱层板的屈曲分析模型．首先利用Heaviside阶梯函数，假定一种适合于脱层板的位移模式．然后由变分原理并进行线性化得出了含内埋圆形或椭圆形脱层板的屈曲特征方程．最后通过将含表面脱层的各向同性和各向异性板的屈曲载荷与其它文献进行比较，验证了该文分析方法的正确性，并分析了含内埋圆形或椭圆形脱层的各向同性、正交各向异性和角铺层层合板各种参数对屈曲载荷的影响．     

基于能量变分法的钢底板波形钢腹板组合箱梁畸变效应分析

为合理分析钢底板波形钢腹板梯形箱梁的畸变效应,按各板件面内外抗弯刚度不变的原则将全截面等效为钢材,利用圣维南原理考虑顶底板对波形钢腹板的约束作用,修正畸变扇性坐标分布模式,基于能量变分法建立畸变控制微分方程。与已有文献及有限元进行对比分析,并研究腹板俯角和波形钢腹板厚度变化对畸变翘曲正应力的影响。结果表明,本文解析解与文献解及ANSYS解均吻合较好;基于圣维南原理修正后的扇形坐标分布模式更合理;利用本文等效方法亦可分析传统波形钢腹板组合箱梁的畸变效应;腹板俯角的设置有利于减小畸变翘曲正应力;波形钢腹板厚度变化对腹板与底板交接处的畸变翘曲正应力影响显著。     

Creep buckling and post-buckling analysis of the laminated piezoelectric viscoelastic functionally graded plates

The creep buckling and post-buckling of the laminated piezoelectric viscoelastic functionally graded material (FGM) plates are studied in this research. Considering the transverse shear deformation and geometric nonlinearity, the Von Karman geometric relation of the laminated piezoelectric viscoelastic FGM plates with initial deflection is established. And then nonlinear creep governing equations of the laminated piezoelectric viscoelastic FGM plates subjected to an in-plane compressive load are derived on the basis of the elastic piezoelectric theory and Boltzmann superposition principle. Applying the finite difference method and the Newmark scheme, the whole problem is solved by the iterative method. In numerical examples, the effects of geometric nonlinearity, transverse shear deformation, the applied electric load, the volume fraction and the geometric parameters on the creep buckling and post-buckling of laminated piezoelectric viscoelastic FGM plates with initial deflection are investigated.     

一维六方准晶层合简支梁自由振动与屈曲的精确解

伪Stroh型公式能够将多场耦合材料的控制方程转化为线性特征系统来求解,从而获得多层结构简支边界条件的精确解.本文利用伪Stroh型公式,研究一维六方准晶层合简支梁的自由振动和屈曲问题,通过传递矩阵法,获得准晶层合梁自由振动固有频率与临界屈曲载荷的精确解.通过与已有梁的剪切变形理论结果比较,验证了本文伪Stroh型公式的正确性和有效性.通过数值算例,分析由两种不同准晶材料组成的三明治层合梁的叠层方式、高跨比、层厚比及层数对梁的固有频率、临界屈曲载荷及其模态的影响规律.结果表明,叠层顺序和梁的高跨比、层厚比对准晶层合梁的自由振动固有频率和临界屈曲载荷有很大影响,可通过调整梁的几何尺寸和叠层顺序得到准晶层合梁的最佳固有频率和临界屈曲载荷.本文给出的精确解可为工程上研究准晶梁的各种数值解法和实验方法提供理论参考.     

钢管混凝土圆弧桁架拱平面内徐变稳定分析

核心混凝土的徐变会增加钢管混凝土拱肋的屈曲前变形,降低结构的稳定承载力,因此只有计入屈曲前变形的影响,才能准确得到钢管混凝土拱的徐变稳定承载力。基于圆弧形浅拱的非线性屈曲理论,采用虚功原理,建立了考虑徐变和剪切变形双重效应的管混凝土圆弧桁架拱的平面内非线性平衡方程,求得两铰和无铰桁架拱发生反对称分岔屈曲和对称跳跃屈曲的徐变稳定临界荷载。探讨了钢管混凝土桁架拱核心混凝土徐变随修正长细比、圆心角和加载龄期对该类结构弹性稳定承载力的影响,为钢管混凝土桁架拱长期设计提供理论依据。