碳纳米管复合橡胶磨损颗粒物影响因素的试验研究

碳纳米管复合橡胶轮胎是一种应用前景非常广阔的新型高性能轮胎，然而碳纳米管复合橡胶轮胎磨损颗粒物(TWPs)安全性隐患为这类轮胎的广泛应用带来了极大的不确定性. 采用自行设计的摩擦磨损试验机，研究了碳管含量、负载、滚动速度和滑移率对碳纳米管复合橡胶磨损颗粒物性态的影响，分析了这些因素与磨损颗粒物性态及橡胶磨损机理的关系. 结果表明:碳纳米管能够显著增强橡胶耐磨性能并降低胎面温度，增加碳纳米管含量可以有效抑制磨损颗粒物特别是微小颗粒物(≤3 μm)数量. 碳纳米管可以使复合橡胶硬度增加，使微小磨损颗粒物的增长速率高于未添加CNTs的橡胶. 力-化学效应导致的胎面热氧化发黏现象会使磨屑更易团聚粘附在胎面，从而减少微小磨损颗粒物排放. 负载变化主要影响胎面磨损形态，速度和滑移率变化主要影响胎面附着的颗粒物数量和状态. 研究结果可以为防控碳纳米管复合橡胶因磨损而导致的次生危害提供科学参考.      

ANALYSIS OF GROUNDING CHARACTERISTICS AND STRAIN ENERGY OF RADIAL TIRES WITH RADIAL STIFFNESS1)

利用轮胎综合试验机对径向刚度下子午线轮胎进行性能试验,采用正交试验法针对不同胎压、垂向载荷下轮胎的接地特性进行分析,结合仿真软件ABAQUS与试验进行对比。结果表明,橡胶材料Mooney-Rivli模型也具有一定的适用性,胎压增大时径向刚度发生线性变化,胎面印痕由椭圆形转变成近似矩形,印痕面积略微增大;随着胎压的不断增大,胎面印痕的面积显著减小,接触面的压力主要集中在胎肩,胎冠处也有所增加;胎压一定时,垂向载荷逐渐增大时,整个印痕面的应力呈对称分布,印痕面应力由内高外低逐渐向外高内低变化。建立数学模型与有限元软件同时对轮胎进行应变能分析,发现在低胎压150 kPa下受载荷时轮胎容易发生微小侧向位移同时发生变形,此时极易引起迟滞损失并造成应变能急剧增加。     

子午线轮胎接地特性和应变能分析试验与仿真研究

利用轮胎综合试验机对径向刚度下子午线轮胎进行性能试验,采用正交试验法针对不同胎压、垂向载荷下轮胎的接地特性进行分析,结合仿真软件ABAQUS与试验进行对比。结果表明,橡胶材料Mooney–Rivli模型也具有一定的适用性,胎压增大时径向刚度发生线性变化,胎面印痕由椭圆形转变成近似矩形,印痕面积略微增大;随着胎压的不断增大,胎面印痕的面积显著减小,接触面的压力主要集中在胎肩,胎冠处也有所增加;胎压一定时,垂向载荷逐渐增大时,整个印痕面的应力呈对称分布,印痕面应力由内高外低逐渐向外高内低变化。建立数学模型与有限元软件同时对轮胎进行应变能分析,发现在低胎压150 kPa下受载荷时轮胎容易发生微小侧向位移同时发生变形,此时极易引起迟滞损失并造成应变能急剧增加。     

汽车发动机链条的多次冲击磨损特性研究

通过发动机总成和汽车道路行驶试验,研究了汽车发动机机油泵链的磨损机制,绘出了汽车链在不同试验工况下的磨损伸长曲线,阐述了汽车链主要零件的循环软化与循环硬化特性,通过微观分析研究了汽车链主要零件的磨损表面形貌和多次冲击疲劳裂纹,通过联结牢固度的压出力试验,分析了汽车链过盈配合零件间的微动磨损现象及其产生的原因.结果表明:销轴和套筒零件表层的裂纹生成、扩展与剥落是汽车链的主要磨损机制;在高载、高速及变速工况下滚子零件产生循环硬化现象,在正常载荷和速度下滚子零件产生循环软化现象;随着载荷和速度的提高,汽车链过盈配合表面的微动磨损加剧.     

苜蓿草粉对金属材料磨损性能的影响

采用正交试验法在磨料磨损试验机上考察了不同粒度苜蓿草粉对45#钢和HT200灰铸铁磨损性能的影响,研究了不同载荷和转速等条件下的磨料磨损行为,采用扫描电子显微镜对其磨损表面形貌进行观察.结果表明:影响材料磨损性能的因素由大到小依次为转速、磨粒粒度和载荷;苜蓿草粉磨粒对金属材料表面的磨损为硬、软磨粒共同作用的结果;45#钢在硬磨料磨损条件下以显微切削为主要磨损机制,在软磨粒磨损条件下以多次塑性变形和低周期疲劳为主要磨损机制;HT200灰铸铁以塑性变形而产生的脆化剥落为主要磨损机制.     

冲击载荷下Al2O3磨料对齿轮磨损行为的作用机理研究

为了探究大型风电齿轮受冲击载荷在三体磨料磨损状态下的磨损特征与演变机理，需对初始磨粒混入的45钢斜齿轮磨损特征与运行状态进行分析研究.试验从齿轮磨损量、齿面磨损形貌分析、油液磨粒分析和振动分析4个方面进行磨损机理研究.利用磁粉制动器施加冲击载荷来模拟实际工况，使用颗粒计数器、单联式铁谱仪和扫描电子显微镜对油样磨粒和齿轮齿面损伤形貌进行观测.结果表明：初始硬质颗粒加速齿轮齿面磨损，导致齿轮提前进入剧烈磨损阶段，并引起齿面发生严重损伤，产生磨粒尺寸较大；对斜齿轮施加冲击载荷的加载方式加剧了磨粒磨损并扩大了应力集中，使得表面大磨粒脱落，齿宽降低，从而导致齿轮断裂失效.研究聚焦风电齿轮在风沙环境下易发生磨粒磨损的异常工况，研究结果将为改善风电齿轮在此类异常工况下的磨损状态，提供理论依据.     

轮胎多边形磨损的产生条件及磨损边数研究

多边形磨损是汽车轮胎磨损研究中的一个新课题,具有重要的理论价值和研究意义。考虑轮胎接地摩擦的非线性特性以及胎面与路面相互作用导致的磨损,建立了基于LuGre摩擦模型的胎面侧向自激振动动力学模型,分析轮胎多边形磨损的产生条件和磨损边数的计算公式,并通过数值仿真进行了验证。结果表明,轮胎多边形磨损的发生与胎面的侧向振动有关...     

套管磨损三维表面形貌恢复及其机理分析

在DCWT-1000型套管摩擦磨损试验机上进行了套管摩擦磨损试验,研究深井、超深井中"冲击-滑动"复合磨损对套管磨损行为的影响,采用三维表面形貌测试仪、光学显微镜及扫描电子显微镜观察分析了在不同载荷条件下套管磨损表面的微观结构和表面形貌,在此基础上对套管磨损表面进行了三维恢复并计算套管磨损表面的主要形貌参数,探讨了套管磨损表面的磨损机理.结果表明:套管的磨损性能与载荷有关;在不同载荷条件下,套管磨损表面的三维形貌具有不同特点,且主要的表面形貌参数与载荷呈现出较好的相关性,证明了三维形貌分析方法能够真实反映套管磨损表面的情况;当冲击载荷和频率不大时,套管的磨损机制以磨粒磨损为主,兼有粘着磨损,随着冲击载荷和频率增加,套管磨损表面出现明显粘着剥落和疲劳剥落迹象,并出现疲劳裂纹扩展和连通,套管的磨损机制向粘着磨损和疲劳磨损转化,磨损趋向严重.     

环氧树脂在干摩擦过程中的表面化学效应研究

研究了环氧树脂在干摩擦下载荷为49 N和98 N时的摩擦磨损性能及其表面化学效应,利用扫描电子显微镜、X射线光电子能谱仪和傅立叶变换红外光谱仪对环氧树脂磨损表面的形貌和官能团进行观察与分析.结果表明:在载荷49 N下环氧树脂表现出良好的耐磨性能;在载荷98 N下,环氧树脂表面磨损较严重且呈脆性剥落;环氧树脂在干摩擦过程中发生的表面化学效应主要是其分子链的断裂和氧化降解,其磨损形式主要为疲劳磨损.     

交变载荷条件下NC30Fe合金微动损伤特性研究

针对NC30Fe镍基合金管与1Cr13不锈钢圆柱配副件,采用"十"字交叉接触方式,在改进的PLINT微动试验机上进行交变载荷条件下微动磨损试验.试验环境温度为25℃(air)、300℃(air)和300℃(N2);切向位移幅值为100~200μm,切向微动频率为2 Hz;法向载荷为20和50 N,法向激振频率为10和50 Hz.结果表明:在法向激振力叠加作用下,NC30Fe镍基合金Mises等效应力幅值较静载荷时大,疲劳累积损伤严重,微裂纹更易萌生并扩展.微动疲劳剥落成为磨损中后期主要损伤形式,清洗后磨痕表面形貌呈现大量剥落坑.第三体层形成后具有承载、传递和吸收激振能量作用,三种环境下,第三体层厚度和氧化程度不同,对疲劳剥落作用结果影响较大.     

天然关节软骨与医用不锈钢摩擦磨损行为研究

采用天然关节软骨与不锈钢摩擦副在往复运动试验机上进行关节软骨的摩擦学试验研究,探讨载荷、速度、润滑和作用时间对摩擦磨损行为的影响并分析其作用机理,并对摩擦磨损前后的软骨表面进行分析.结果表明:随着载荷从10 N增至22 N,软骨与不锈钢间的摩擦系数从0.147降至0.117;在同样的润滑和压力下,速度越大软骨和不锈钢的摩擦系数越小;透明质酸溶液可以有效降低软骨与不锈钢之间的摩擦,长时间试验后摩擦系数基本保持在0.23左右.试验后软骨表面出现磨损并伴有大量磨损颗粒,表面有明显的划痕出现,磨粒的粒径大小分布范围较窄,小尺寸的磨粒数目较多.     

铝硅酸盐微晶玻璃摩擦磨损性能研究

在MRH-5A型环-块摩擦磨损试验机上考察了不同载荷下耐磨微晶玻璃与45#钢对摩时的摩擦磨损性能，用扫描电子显微镜和定点探针观察和分析磨损表面形貌和成分，并探讨了材料的磨损机理。结果表明：磨损率随着载荷的增加出现波动，当载荷低于40N时，磨损率随载荷增加而明显增大；而当载荷超过40N时，磨损率随载荷增加而明显降低；在较低载荷下，耐磨微晶玻璃的磨损失效主要源于轻微点蚀和疲劳剥落；在较高载荷下，其磨损失效主要源于表层晶粒塑性变形及疲劳脆性断裂。     

Dynamic load and inflation pressure effects on contact pressures of a forestry forwarder tire

A Trelleborg Twin 421 Mark II 600/55-26.5 steel-reinforced bias-ply forwarder drive tire at inflation pressures of 100 and 240 kPa and dynamic loads of 23.9 and 40 kN was used at 5% travel reduction on a firm clay soil. Effects of dynamic load and inflation pressure on soil–tire contact pressures were determined using six pressure transducers mounted on the tire tread. Three were mounted on the face of a lug and three at corresponding locations on the undertread. Contact angles increased with decreases in inflation pressure and increases in dynamic load. Contact pressures on a lug at the edge of the tire increased as dynamic load increased. Mean and peak pressures on the undertread generally were less than those on a lug. The peak pressures on a lug occurred forward of the axle in nearly all combinations of dynamic load, inflation pressure, and pressure sensor location, and peak pressures on the undertread occurred to the rear of the axle in most of the combinations. Ratios of the peak contact pressure to the inflation pressure ranged from 0 at the edge of the undertread for three combinations of dynamic load and inflation pressure to 8.39 for the pressure sensor on a lug, near the tire centerline, when the tire was underinflated. At constant dynamic load, net traction and tractive efficiency decreased as inflation pressure increased.     

一种搪瓷涂层的磨料磨损性能研究

利用转盘式磨料磨损试验机考察了非晶态搪瓷涂层的磨料磨损性能,并分析了磨损机理。结果表明：搪瓷涂层磨损受磨料颗粒的种类及尺寸以及滑动速度的影响,其磨损机制主要为脆性剥落;这种脆性剥落源于滑动过程中涂层磨损表面的裂纹形成及其扩展。     

铜基合金—TiC金属陶瓷复合堆焊层摩擦磨损性能研究

考察了铜基合金/TiC金属陶瓷复合堆焊材料的耐磨性及其影响因素,采用透射电子显微镜和扫描电子显微镜观察分析了复合堆焊材料的结构及磨损表现形貌。结果表明：以TiC金属陶瓷为硬质相的堆焊材料的耐磨性优于以YG硬质合金为硬质相的堆焊材料,其原因是稀土氧化物可细化基体金属组织,改善界面结合,使堆焊层的耐磨性改善;随着堆焊中硬质相含量的增加,耐磨性能提高,当金属陶瓷体积分数为55%-60%时,堆焊层的耐磨性最佳;基体金属的磨损主要呈现显微切削和犁沟特征,而金属陶瓷的流失形式主要表现为界面处TiC颗粒的脱落。     

PTFE@SiO2核壳型添加剂在不同实验条件下的水润滑性能

采用原位聚合法制备了聚四氟乙烯@二氧化硅(PTFE@SiO₂)复合粒子. 利用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、透射电子显微镜(TEM)、粒径分布仪以及傅立叶红外光谱仪(FTIR)对复合粒子的形貌、粒径分布和组成结构进行了分析. 结果表明:所制备的复合粒子呈核壳型复合结构,粒子尺寸处于亚微米级别. 分散性试验表明:该粒子在水中具有良好的分散性和稳定性. 利用LSR-2M往复式摩擦磨损试验机测试了不同试验条件下复合粒子在水环境中的摩擦学性能,结果表明:在常温、0.019 m/s滑动速率以及0.2 μm的钢盘粗糙度下,PTFE@SiO₂润滑剂具有最佳的摩擦学性能;相比于纯水和添加了PTFE/SiO₂的润滑剂,其摩擦系数降低了近80%,磨损体积减小了1~2个数量级. 分析表明:PTFE@SiO₂复合粒子优异的水润滑性能主要与核壳结构的存在以及在摩擦过程中形成的高质量转移膜密切相关.      

Agricultural tire deformation in the 2D case by finite element methods

The mechanical characteristics of the rubber tire and the interaction between a tire and a rigid surface were investigated by a two-dimensional (2D) finite element (FE) model. The FE model consists of a rigid rim and a rigid contact surface which interact with the elastic tire. Four distinct sets of elastic parameters are used to represent beads, sidewall, tread and lugs. Several sets of tire loads and inflation pressures were applied to the FE model as boundary conditions, together with various displacements and friction conditions. The deformation of the tire profile, the tire displacements in the vertical and lateral directions, the normal contact pressures, the frictional forces and the stress distribution of the tire components were investigated by the 2D FE model under the above boundary conditions. The calculated tire deflections were compared with the measured data. The results show a good fit between calculated and measured data, especially at high load and inflation pressure. The comparison shows that the FE analysis is suitable to predict aspects of the tire performance like its deflection and interactions with the contact surface. Compared with the experimental methods, the FE methods show many advantages in the prediction of tire deformation, contact pressure and stress distribution.     

Tire and soil effects on power loss: Measurement and comparison with finite element model results

In the present study, the effect of vertical load, tire inflation pressure and soil moisture content on power loss in tire under controlled soil bin conditions were investigated. Also a finite element model of tire-soil interaction in order to achieve a suitable model for predicting power loss in tire was created. Increasing the vertical load on the tire had a noteworthy impact on increasing the tire contact volume with the soil, reducing the percentage of slip, and increasing the rolling resistance; although, reducing the load on the tire had the opposite effect. At a constant inflation pressure, by increasing the vertical load on the tire, the amount of power loss due to the rolling resistance and the total power loss in the tire increased. Increase in soil moisture content increased the power loss caused by slip. Increasing the inflation pressure at a constant vertical load, also increasing the soil moisture content, led to an increase in the power loss caused by rolling resistance, and increase total power loss. The obtained error for estimating power loss of rolling resistance and total power loss was satisfactory and confirmed the acceptability of the model for power loss estimation.     

Polysiloxane coatings on microspheres based on Multiphase Flow with Interface Exchange-Discrete Element Modelling

Polysiloxane coatings on yttria stabilized zirconia (YSZ) microspheres of 500 μm were simulated in a spout fluidized bed coater using Multiphase Flow with Interface Exchange-Discrete Element Modelling (MFiX-DEM). Two different coater configurations were developed to study the influence of gas velocity and its distribution on particle dynamics. The presence of the Wurster tube not only enhances the distribution but also increases the overall residence time of the particles. Investigations were also carried out with different Wurster tube positions (normal, 10% and 20% lowered from its initial position). Among these, 20% lowered Wurster tube position demonstrated the most effective coating process. The effects of gas inlet pressure on the average gas velocity and the distribution of particles were analyzed. More than 97% of the particles can be retained. The derived results, including average gas velocity, particle retention percentage, and distribution of particles with gas velocity, are being used to guide the experimental work in obtaining defect-free coatings for YSZ microspheres.