稳定分层流动中湍流特性的研究综述

本文总结了近60 年来分层流动中湍流特性研究的成果. 主要从两个方面进行了综述:(1) 分层流动中湍流场的演变和混合. 在这方面主要分析稳定分层对湍流混合和湍流结构的影响, 以及混合层内湍流结构的特性和混合层的演化规律. (2) 分层流动中湍流的扩散和输运. 动量和标量的逆梯度输运特性是分层湍流研究的一个重要方向;分析分层对湍流扩散的影响. 并指出了一些值得今后进一步研究的方向.     

FST方法分析二维Rayleigh-Bénard湍流热对流系统的能量输运

本文应用空间滤波方法：FST(Filter-space technique)方法，研究二维Rayleigh-Bénard(RB)湍流热对流系统中湍动能、热能和拟涡能的能量输运．研究中Rayleigh数(Ra)选取为1x10^8、1x10^9和1x10^10，Prandtl数(Pr)固定为4.38．我们展示了的结果表明，在二维RB系统中，三个Ra数下全场的平均湍动能和平均拟涡能在不同滤波尺度下的能量输运与Kraichnan在1967年预测的二维湍流中的级串理论有所偏差，而中心区域的能量都是向小尺度输运的．结果还揭示了瞬时能量输运的一些局部特性，包括它们在小尺度上不对称的分布．     

基于LBM的壁湍流跨尺度能量传递结构统计

壁湍流不同尺度间能量传输特性存在着明显的各向异性, 了解能量不同尺度间传递的空间分布是进一步构造高保真各向异性大涡模拟亚格子模式的前提. 基于格子Boltzmann数值(lattice Boltzmann method, LBM)模拟方法对雷诺数$Re_{\tau } =180$的槽道湍流进行直接数值模拟. 结果与公开的槽道湍流数据库进行对比, 平均速度剖面、雷诺应力和脉动速度均方根均取得了较好的一致性, 验证了LBM方法模拟槽道湍流的可靠性. 对模拟后的数据采用空间滤波方法得到不同尺度间能量交换量的空间分布场, 结合结构识别捕捉方法——聚类分析法对不同尺度间能量传输结构的空间分布特性进行了分析. 结果表明尺度间能量传输结构在全流场物理空间中主要为小尺寸结构, 结构的体积概率密度呈现出$-$4/5幂律, 按结构距壁面最小距离以结构距壁面距离又可将结构划分为附着结构和分离结构, 其中附着结构以较小的数量占比达到了较高的体积占比, 表明附着结构多为大尺寸结构, 进一步的对附着结构的统计表明结构在尺寸上存在着一定的幂律关系, 表明不同尺度间能量输运结构也具有Townsend提出的附面涡的自相似性, 最后对能量正反传附着结构的成对特性研究发现, 能量正传$\!-\!$反传结构对倾向于沿展向并排排列.      

稳定分层湍流中逆梯度输运的关联分析研究

本文采用关联分析方法研究了稳定温度分层湍流中的结构特性、输运特性，以及热量、动量逆梯度输运现象的尺度效应及其参数演化．首先采用大涡模拟方法对稳定分层湍流中的结构特性和输运特性进行了分析，将逆梯度输运发生的时间尺度作为已知条件，结合关联量分析方法在波数空间中的解析解，对逆梯度输运现象的尺度效应进行了分析研究．结果发现，稳定分层强度较大的流动中发生垂向热量及动量逆梯度输运现象，发生的结构尺度与关联分析所发现垂向热量、动量逆梯度输运的波数形成了呼应．随着分层强度增加，热量、动量的输运强度均受抑制，与逆梯度输运关联的流场结构尺度减小，同样的效应也发生在流场结构向下游演化的过程中．     

槽道湍流近壁区多尺度输运特性研究

利用槽道湍流直接数值模拟的数据库和离散正交子波，对近壁湍流的多尺度输运特性进 行了研究. 通过在流向和展向分别进行子波多尺度分解，得到了近壁区湍动能在流向和展向 多尺度传输的不同性质，发现流向传输以能量的反传为主，而在展向能量存在明显的正传， 并且当过滤尺度较大时以正传为主. 近壁湍流能量传输的各向异性为进一步构造各向异 性大涡模拟亚格子模式提供了必要的参考.     

ADVANCES AND OUTLOOK IN TURBULENT RAYLEIGH-BENARD CONVECTION

对流现象广泛存在于恒星和行星里.在地球上,对流现象在诸如大气、海洋、地核和地幔等众多动力学系统中起着重要作用.Rayleigh-Bénard（RB）湍流热对流系统是从这些复杂的自然现象中抽象出来的研究对流问题的经典流体力学模型.本文主要从湍流传热、羽流、大尺度流动结构、速度和温度脉动的小尺度统计和非传统RB对流等几个方面着重评述近年来RB对流的若干研究新进展,并对今后的研究做出展望.     

后临界湍流区间内旋转薄壳结构振动演化与作用机制实测研究

载荷的时变特征可能会对结构振动强度和能量作用机理产生重要影响,火/核电厂最重要的大型建筑结构均为典型的旋转薄壳结构(如冷却塔、烟囱等).为揭示后临界湍流区间内旋转薄壳结构的振动演化特征及其作用机制,实测了后临界雷诺数($Re\ge $3.5$\times $10$^{6}$)条件下8座典型旋转薄壳结构的振动响应.首先,在对实测响应进行降噪滤波处理后进行了不同时距的信号非平稳识别,基于非平稳分析模型对响应的时变均值和极值估计进行研究,并基于多尺度小波变换的演化谱方法开展了响应的频域演变特性研究.在此基础上,探讨了结构风振响应的共振分量占比及其效应,识别了结构的自振频率和阻尼比,并以结构基频为划分依据分别讨论了不同旋转薄壳结构的阻尼作用机制.研究结果表明:(1)旋转薄壳结构在后临界湍流区间内风致振动响应表现为强度非平稳、频率平稳的演化特性;(2)后临界湍流区间内的旋转薄壳结构的风振问题应区分准静力作用点与共振激发点分别进行研究,不同共振激发点的功率谱分布形式较为相近,而准静力作用点的功率谱分布规律差异较大;(3)共振激发点的振动能量分布呈现明显的分段趋势,基于本文大量实测分析结果回归得出适用于共振激发点的三阶段共振谱表达式;(4)借助本文提出的等效阻尼比概念拟合出此类结构的阻尼比预测公式,论证了目前工程中通用的5%阻尼比取值的不合理性.      

湍流边界层大尺度相干结构空间相位平均拓扑

湍流边界层大尺度相干结构(large-scale coherent structure,LSCS)是目前湍流边界层研究的热点之一.湍流边界层中存在大尺度相干结构均是通过各种谱的低波数峰值证实的,而对大尺度相干结构各种物理量的空间拓扑形态及其发展演化规律还缺乏研究.应用高时间分辨粒子图像测速多相机阵列系统,测量湍流边界层...     

矩形对流槽空间非均匀加热的PIV研究

本文的研究对象是一个宽高比分别为0.99和0.25,以水为对流介质的矩形Rayleigh-Bénard(RB)湍流热对流系统,通过改变下导板加热片输入功率的空间分布,使空间非均匀加热强度δ等于0, 1/6, 1/4, 1/3,研究空间非均匀加热对湍流流动结构的影响.实验中Rayleigh数(Ra)从1.8×109变化到9.1×109,Prandtl数(Pr)固定为5.4.结果表明,非均匀加热提高了流体流动速度,并使羽流向边壁附近聚集,从而增强了系统的整体热输运效率.     

出口条件对圆形湍流射流远场区自保持性的影响

报道出口条件对圆形湍流射流自保持性影响的实验研究结果. 对来自渐缩和长管两种不同结构喷嘴的射流,在相同雷诺数条件下,沿轴线进行了速度测量; 研究的统计量包括平均速度、湍流强度、高阶矩、能谱和积分尺度. 实验结果表明,渐缩喷嘴射流比长管射流发展得更快、更容易达到自保持状态. 通过对比发现,在两射流的速度(温度)场中,平均速度(温度)、湍流强度、偏斜因子和平坦度因子都存在明显的异同. 同时发现两射流的积分尺度随轴向距离的增加都成线性增长,且在渐缩喷嘴射流中增长得更快. 通过对比两射流的边界层厚度、径向与轴向湍流强度的比值、湍动能能谱图并结合前人的研究结果,对两射流湍流场所表现出的不同的统计学行为给出了合理的解释.      

Hysteresis phenomenon in turbulent convection

Coherent large-scale circulations of turbulent thermal convection in air have been studied experimentally in a rectangular box heated from below and cooled from above using Particle Image Velocimetry. The hysteresis phenomenon in turbulent convection was found by varying the temperature difference between the bottom and the top walls of the chamber (the Rayleigh number was changed within the range of 10⁷–10⁸). The hysteresis loop comprises the one-cell and two-cells flow patterns while the aspect ratio is kept constant (A=2–2.23). We found that the change of the sign of the degree of the anisotropy of turbulence was accompanied by the change of the flow pattern. The developed theory of coherent structures in turbulent convection (Phys Rev E 66:1–15, 2002, Boundary-Layer Meteorol, 2005) is in agreement with the experimental observations. The observed coherent structures are superimposed on a small-scale turbulent convection. The redistribution of the turbulent heat flux plays a crucial role in the formation of coherent large-scale circulations in turbulent convection.     

Rayleigh-Bénard湍流热对流研究的进展、现状及展望

对流现象广泛存在于恒星和行星里.在地球上,对流现象在诸如大气、海洋、地核和地幔等众多动力学系统中起着重要作用.Rayleigh-Bénard(RB)湍流热对流系统是从这些复杂的自然现象中抽象出来的研究对流问题的经典流体力学模型.本文主要从湍流传热、羽流、大尺度流动结构、速度和温度脉动的小尺度统计和非传统RB对流等几个方面着重评述近年来RB对流的若干研究新进展,并对今后的研究做出展望.     

入口速度比对射流拟序结构的影响

为了深入了解湍流流动机理以及湍流拟序结构发现过程的影响因素，本文采用大涡模拟方法对不同入口射流伴流速度比的平面湍射流流动进行了数值模拟。采用分步投影法求解动量方程，亚格子项采用标准Smagorinsky亚格子模式模拟，压力泊松方程采用修正的循环消去法快速求解，空间方程采用二阶精度的差分格式，在时间方向上采用二阶精度的显式差分格式。模拟结果给出了平面射流中湍流拟序结构的瞬态发展演变过程，分析了入口速度比对射流拟序结构发展演化过程及宏观流场形态的影响。为进一步研究射流拟序结构及其在湍流流动中的作用提供了基础。     

Scale properties of turbulent transport and coherent structure in stably stratified flows

The empirical mode decomposition (EMD) is used to study the scale properties of turbulent transport and coherent structures based on velocity and temperature time series in stably stratified turbulence. The analysis is focused on the scale properties of intermittency and coherent structures in different modes and the contributions of energy-contained coherent structures to turbulent scalar counter-gradient transport (CGT). It is inferred that the velocity intermittency is scattered to more modes with the development of the stratified flow, and the intermittency is enhanced by the vertical stratification, especially in small scales. The anisotropy of the field is presented due to different time scales of coherent structures of streamwise and vertical velocities. There is global counter-gradient heat transport close to the turbulence-generated grid, and there is local counter-gradient heat transport at certain modes in different positions. Coherent structures play a principal role in the turbulent vertical transport of temperature.     

Modeling of Langmuir Circulation: Triple Decomposition of the Craik–Leibovich Model

Turbulent shear flows on shallow continental shelves (here shallow means that the interaction with the solid, no-slip bottom is important) are of great importance because of their role in vertical mixing as well as on the transport of sediment and bioactive material. The presence of a wavefield in these areas can lead to the appearance of Langmuir circulation which is known to strongly affect the dynamics of a turbulent flow. To investigate those dynamical effects within a RANS-type modeling framework, we apply a triple decompostion to the LES results of Langmuir circulation in order to further isolate the coherent structures from fluctuating velocity field. The results are compared to the classical double-decomposition. In contrast to the double-decomposition framework, the triple-decompostion more effectively educes the coherent structure field and quantifies the need to take into account the energy exchange between the coherent and random fluctuations as well as the overall impact of the coherent structures on the turbulence dynamics.     

The nature of near-wall convection velocity in turbulent channel flow

A novel notion of turbulent structure the local cascade structure-is introduced to study the convection phenomenon in a turbulent channel flow. A space-time cross-correlation method is used to calculate the convection velocity. It is found that there are two characteristic convection speeds near the wall, one associated with small-scale streaks of a lower speed and another with streamwise vortices and hairpin vortices of a higher speed. The new concept of turbulent structure is powerful to illustrate the dominant role of coherent structures in the near-wall convection, and to reveal also the nature of the convection-the propagation of patterns of velocity fluctuations-which is scale-dependent.     

金属丝壁面加热湍流标度律的实验研究

通过在固壁表面的平板湍流边界层沿流向平行放置若干通电加热的金属细丝,在平板表面形成沿展向周期性分布的温度场,利用该温度场引起的空气热对流,在湍流边界层近壁区域产生一组沿湍流边界层展向周期分布的流向涡结构。对壁湍流小尺度结构标度律统计特性的研究表明,金属丝加热后形成的规则流向涡结构将壁湍流各种尺度湍涡结构不规则的脉动有序地组织起来,增强了湍流小尺度结构的层次结构相似性,减小了壁湍流中小尺度结构的间歇性和奇异性,抑制了壁湍流中奇异的湍涡结构。     

Turbulent natural convection in a square enclosure bounded by a solid wall with localized heating

Turbulent natural convection and conduction in a square enclosure bounded by a massive wall with a localized heating is numerically studied. The bounding solid wall has a relative thermal conductivity of 10 and a relative thickness of 0.1. Losses to the surroundings are specified using a Biot number of 500. Two-dimensional equations of conservation of mass, momentum and energy, with the Boussinesq approximation and using the κ-ε model for turbulence are solved using finite difference method. Grids are generated in a nonuniform manner so that steep gradients near the wall regions are accounted for as required. Numerical solution is obtained for Ra numbers ranging from 10⁶ to 10¹³. The position of the source is also investigated. It is found that the heat transfer by convection is the highest when the heat source is located at the upper part of the cavity. The turbulent properties show also the same conclusion. Received on 4 November 1998     

Parameter-free numerical method for modeling thermal convection in square cavities in a wide range of Rayleigh numbers

Some numerical results for the two- and three-dimensional de Vahl Davis benchmark are presented. This benchmark describes thermal convection in a square (cubic) cavity with vertical heated walls in a wide range of Rayleigh numbers (10⁴ to 10¹⁴), which covers both laminar and highly turbulent f lows. Turbulent f lows are usually described using a turbulence model with parameters that depend on the Rayleigh number and require adjustment. An alternative is Direct Numerical Simulation (DNS) methods, but they demand extremely large computational grids. Recently, there has been an increasing interest in DNS methods with an incomplete resolution, which, in some cases, are able to provide acceptable results without resolving Kolmogorov scales. On the basis of this approach, the so-called parameter-free computational techniques have been developed. These methods cover a wide range of Rayleigh numbers and allow computing various integral properties of heat transport on relatively coarse computational grids. In this paper, a new numerical method based on the CABARET scheme is proposed for solving the Navier–Stokes equations in the Boussinesq approximation. This technique does not involve a turbulence model or any tuning parameters and has a second-order approximation scheme in time and space on uniform and nonuniform grids with a minimal computational stencil. Testing the technique on the de Vahl Davis benchmark and a sequence of refined grids shows that the method yields integral heat f luxes with a high degree of accuracy for both laminar and highly turbulent f lows. For Rayleigh numbers up to 10¹⁴, a several percent accuracy is achieved on an extremely coarse grid consisting of 20 × 20 cells refined toward the boundary. No definite or comprehensive explanation of this computational phenomenon has been given. Cautious optimism is expressed regarding the perspectives of using the new method for thermal convection computations at low Prandtl numbers typical of liquid metals.