稳定分层二层流室内实验早期格栅湍流结构

采用室内实验混合箱和粒子图像测速技术,本文研究了稳定分层无平均剪切二层流(上层淡水、下层盐水)振动湍流结构。对实验录像进行粒子图像测速技术处理,获得垂向二维流场(垂直于格栅平面)瞬时速度和涡量,并用于计算:①时均速度和时均涡量;②均方根速度;③均匀程度和各向同性程度;④平均流强度;⑤时均泰勒的欧拉积分长度尺度;⑥时均湍动能和时均湍动能垂向通量;⑦水平和垂向速度的欧拉频谱。结果显示:(1)格栅方棒处时间平均速度方向垂直向上,而其两侧的时间平均涡量正负交替,表明格栅附近射流结构占据主要位置且存在反向涡旋对。(2)均方根速度随着距离格栅(水平面)高程的增大而减小,并且满足高程的-1.425(接近-3/2)幂次律,表明格栅湍流均方根速度的垂向变化较为剧烈。(3)靠近混合箱边壁处的均匀程度和各向同性程度都大于1,表明靠近混合箱边壁处存在各向异性湍流。(4)格栅反湍流强度的量级非0,但是,相对较小,表明平均流强度较低,故而,本实验结果仍可与无平均流的情况作对比。(5)时均泰勒的欧拉积分长度尺度随着距离格栅(水平面)高程的增大而线性增大,表明随着湍流向上发展,涡的平均尺度增大。(6)时均湍动能和时均湍动能垂向通量随着距离格栅(水平面)高程的增大而减小,而时均湍动能垂向通量为正值,表明远离格栅时均湍动能衰减,但是,始终向上传递。(7)水平和垂向速度的欧拉频谱随着距离格栅(水平面)高程的增大而减小,幂次律介于ω^-1和ω^-5/3(ω为频率)之间,表明水平和垂向的湍流脉动能量远离格栅均衰减,并受湍流的有限雷诺数效应的影响。     

可压缩各向同性衰减湍流直接数值模拟研究

采用五阶有限差分WENO格式直接模拟了高初始湍流Mach数的可压缩均匀各向同性湍流,主要分析了湍流的统计特性 和压缩性的影响,包括能谱特征、激波串、耗散率、标度律等. 研究表明,湍动能主要来自于速度场螺旋分量的贡献;各向同性湍流的小尺度脉动对压缩性更为敏感,并且压缩性的增强加快了湍流大 尺度脉动向小尺度脉动的湍动能输运;随着湍流Mach数的升高,胀量(压缩)耗散率所占比率也显著增长. 标度律分析表明,强可压缩湍流的横向速度结构函数仍然具有扩展自相似性;当阶数较高(p ≥ 5)时,纵向速度结构函数的扩展自相似性则不再成立. 对于压缩性较弱的湍流,与不可压缩湍流一致,横向湍流脉动的间歇性要强于纵向湍流脉动;而对于强可压缩湍流,纵向湍流脉动的 间歇性要强于横向湍流脉动.     

）IRECT NUMERICAL SIMULATION OF DECAYING COMPRESSIBLE ISOTROPIC TURBULENCE

采用五阶有限差分WENO格式直接模拟了高初始湍流Mach数的可压缩均匀各向同性湍流,主要分析了湍流的统计特性和压缩性的影响,包括能谱特征、激波串、耗散率、标度律等.研究表明,湍动能主要来自于速度场螺旋分量的贡献;各向同性湍流的小尺度脉动对压缩性更为敏感,并且压缩性的增强加快了湍流大尺度脉动向小尺度脉动的湍动能输运;随着湍流Mach数的升高,胀量（压缩）耗散率所占比率也显著增长.标度律分析表明,强可压缩湍流的横向速度结构函数仍然具有扩展自相似性;当阶数较高（p≥5）时,纵向速度结构函数的扩展自相似性则不再成立.对于压缩性较弱的湍流,与不可压缩湍流一致,横向湍流脉动的间歇性要强于纵向湍流脉动;而对于强可压缩湍流,纵向湍流脉动的间歇性要强于横向湍流脉动.     

二维槽道湍流数值模拟与白组织特性

从流体力学基本方程出发,讨论了二维槽道湍流的衰减特性,通过对流场施加合适的体积力,采用拟谱方法对二维槽道强制湍流进行了数值模拟.研究了二维槽道衰减湍流的自组织与逆能量级串特性,再现了二维槽道衰减湍流中湍涡的自组织过程,以及不同波数湍流结构所携能量在自组织过程中的变化,并解释了二维槽道湍流平均速度曲线特征以及海洋环流所特有的自然现象.     

二维槽道湍流数值模拟与自组织特性

从流体力学基本方程出发,讨论了二维槽道湍流的衰减特性,通过对流场施加合适的体积力,采用拟谱方法对二维槽道强制湍流进行了数值模拟。研究了二维槽道衰减湍流的自组织与逆能量级串特性,再现了二维槽道衰减湍流中湍涡的自组织过程,以及不同波数湍流结构所携能量在自组织过程中的变化,并解释了二维槽道湍流平均速度曲线特征以及海洋环流所特有的自然现象。     

利用低雷诺数形式的k-ε模型预测管道中的复杂湍流场

本文利用低雷诺数形式的 k-8湍流模式对先突缩再突扩的轴对称管内的复杂湍流场进行了理论预测,获得了平均速度、流函数、湍动能、湍流耗散率和平均压力场的分布曲线、对理论计算结果的特征进行了分析.     

旋转湍流中雷诺应力模型压力应变关联项的修正研究

利用张量的不变量理论,推导得出传统雷诺应力模型中压力应变关联项模型应用于旋转湍流模拟中的一些基本问题,即在纯旋转条件下,传统模型所描述的初始各向异性的湍流中雷诺应力张量演化规律是一个无衰减振荡过程,而快速畸变理论推导结果显示,其演化应是一个阻尼振荡衰减的过程。以衰减雷诺应力为目的,构造出包含旋转率张量高阶量的关联项。然后,结合变形率张量的高阶项,将修正模型扩展至椭圆形流线类型流动。最后,将修正模型应用于轴向旋转圆管内湍流流场的模拟,并将结果与实测结果进行了对比。     

液固两相槽道流中湍流调制的数值研究

结合雷诺应力模型 (Reynolds Stress Model, RSM) 和混合模型 (Mixture Model) 对槽道湍流向下流动中的颗粒调制湍流问题进行了研究．该模型考虑了颗粒流的动能理论和颗粒对湍流的反馈作用．着重分析了颗粒对湍流的调制作用,以及颗粒参数变量（如颗粒密度和质量载荷）对湍流调制的影响．结果表明：(1)在颗粒抑制湍流的范围内,当颗粒密度小于载流体密度时,湍流强度的改变量与颗粒密度成反比;当颗粒密度大于载流体密度时,湍流强度的改变量与颗粒密度成正比;(2)在一定范围内,颗粒抑制湍流的能力随颗粒质量载荷增加而变强．     

低雷诺数沟槽表面湍流/非湍流界面特性的实验研究

湍流/非湍流界面是流动中湍流和无旋流的边界,其相关研究在加深对湍流与无旋流之间的物质、动量和能量交换的理解有重要意义.本文采用时间解析的二维粒子图像测速技术,分别对零压梯度光滑、顺流向锯齿形沟槽表面平板在不同雷诺数下对湍流/非湍流界面的几何特征及动力学特性进行了实验研究.实验雷诺数为$Re_{\tau } =400\sim1000$.本文采用了湍动能准则对湍流/非湍流界面进行了识别,并分析界面高度分布、分形特征及界面附近的条件平均速度和涡量.结果表明在不同雷诺数下, 无论是光滑壁面还是沟槽壁面,界面平均高度在0.8 $\sim$ 0.9$\delta_{99} $附近. 对于沟槽壁面而言,减阻时对应的界面高度的概率密度分布与光滑壁面基本一致, 均遵循正态分布,而当阻力增大时, 界面高度分布偏离正态分布出现正的偏度. 在本实验情况下,界面分形维度、跨界面速度跳变均会随着雷诺数增大而增大. 此外,不同壁面情况下无量纲条件平均涡量在界面附近的分布相近,而界面附近无量纲速度梯度最大值近似为常数.      

近壁湍流统计性质研究

采用大涡模拟方法,模拟了槽道湍流,得到了不同雷诺数下槽道湍流的结果. 在此基础上,研究了平均速度、雷诺应力、脉动动能和脉动速度均方根的分布;讨论了平均速度的壁面律问题;给出了雷诺应力、脉动动能和脉动速度均方根随雷诺数的变化规律,其中雷诺应力、脉动动能给出了定量公式.      

On the effect of inflow conditions in simulation of a turbulent round jet

This paper investigates the impact of the inflow conditions on simulations of a round jet discharging from a wall into a large space. The fluid dynamic characteristics of a round jet are studied numerically. A numerical method based on the control volume approach with collocated grid arrangement is employed. The k-e{k-\varepsilon} model is utilized to approximate turbulent stresses by considering six different inlet conditions. The velocity field is presented, and the rate of decay at the jet centerline is determined. The results showed that inflow conditions had a strong influence on the jet characteristics. This paper also investigates both sharp-edged and contoured nozzles. The effects of velocity, turbulence intensity, turbulence kinetic energy, and turbulence dissipation rate on flow field characteristics are examined. Results showed that the present simulations in both types of nozzles are in good agreement with experiments when considering the appropriate inflow conditions.     

Estimation of the rate of dissipation of turbulent kinetic energy and turbulent lengthscales in grid-generated turbulence

We have compared direct measurements of the rate of dissipation of turbulent kinetic energy, e, to estimates using Batchelor fitting techniques in controlled laboratory experiments. Turbulence was generated uniformly throughout a linearly salt stratified fluid by the continual horizontal oscillation of a rigid vertical grid. Batchelor estimates of e were obtained by processing data acquired from traversing fast response thermistors through the fluid in three orthogonal directions. It was found that the Batchelor estimates from the two probes traversing in the plane of the grid were similar to each other, and systematically larger than those from probes traversed perpendicular to the grid plane. We show that this is related to the spatial inhomogeneity of the high wavenumber content of the temperature gradient field generated by the grid. Hence, our experiments demonstrate that care needs to be taken when using these techniques to estimate e in grid-generated turbulence with zero mean flow. Turbulent lengthscales were also measured from the same traverse data, and it was found that the estimates of this quantity from all three traverse directions were similar.     

Subgrid length-scales for large-eddy simulation of stratified turbulence

The influence of buoyancy on the length-scales for the dissipation rate of kinetic energy, and for momentum, heat, and other scalar transport has to be known for subgrid-scale (SGS) models in a large-eddy simulation (LES). For the inertial subrange, Lilly (1967) has shown that grid spacing is the relevant length-scale for SGS effects. Deardorff (1980) proposed to reduce all the length-scales for stable stratification. Numerical and experimental data show, however, that the dissipation length-scale may strongly increase in stable layers with little shear. Lumley's (1964) theory for the energy spectrum in a stratified fluid also suggests such an increase. In this paper we apply the analysis of previous algebraic second-order closure SGS models, parameter studies with different length-scale models in LES, and the analysis of direct simulations of sheared and unsheared stably stratified homogeneous turbulence. These analyses show advantages of first-order closures for LES and suggest that the limiting effect of stratification should only be applied to the length-scales of vertical eddy-diffusivities of heat and scalars but not to those of momentum and dissipation.Dedicated to Professor J.L. Lumley on the occasion of his 60th birthday.This work was supported by the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft.     

A Direct Numerical Study of Transport and Anisotropy in a Stably Stratified Turbulent Flow with Uniform Horizontal Shear

Direct numerical simulations of homogeneous turbulence in stably stratified shear flow have been performed to aid the understanding of turbulence and turbulent mixing in geophysical flow. Two cases are compared. In the first case, which has been studied in the past, the mean velocity has vertical shear and the mean density is vertically stably stratified. In the second case, which has not been studied systematically before, the mean velocity has horizontal shear and the mean density is again vertically stably stratified. The critical value of the gradient Richardson number, for which a constant turbulence level is obtained, is found to be an order of magnitude larger in the horizontal shear case. The turbulent transport coefficients of momentum and vertical mass transfer are also an order of magnitude larger in the horizontal shear case. The anisotropy of the turbulence intensities are found to be in the range expected of flows with mean shear with no major qualitative change in the range of Richardson numbers studied here. However, the anisotropy of the turbulent dissipation rate is strongly affected by stratification with the vertical component dominating the others. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Experimental study of an impinging jet with different swirl rates

A stereo PIV technique using advanced pre- and post-processing algorithms is implemented for the experimental study of the local structure of turbulent swirling impinging jets. The main emphasis of the present work is the analysis of the influence of swirl rate on the flow structure. During measurements, the Reynolds number was 8900, the nozzle-to-plate distance was equal to three nozzle diameters and the swirl rate was varied from 0 to 1.0. For the studied flows, spatial distributions of the mean velocity and statistical moments (including triple moments) of turbulent pulsations were measured.

The influence of the PIV finite spatial resolution on the measured dissipation rate and velocity moments was analyzed and compared with theoretical predictions. For this purpose, a special series of 2D PIV measurements was carried out with vector spacing up to several Kolmogorov lengthscales.

All terms of the axial mean momentum and the turbulent kinetic energy budget equations were obtained for the cross-section located one nozzle diameter from the impinging plate. For the TKE budget, the dissipation term was directly calculated from the instantaneous velocity fields, thereby allowing the pressure diffusion term to be found as a residual one. It was found that the magnitude of pressure diffusion decreased with the growth of the swirl rate. In general, the studied swirling impinging jets had a greater spread rate and a more rapid decay in absolute velocity when compared to the non-swirling jet.     

Large-scale computer simulation of fully developed turbulent channel flow with heat transfer

Recently, with the advent of supercomputers, there has been considerable interest in the use of direct numerical simulation to obtain information about turbulent shear flow at low Reynolds number. This paper presents a pseudospectral technique to solve the full three-dimensional time-dependent Navier-Stokes and advection-diffusion equations without the use of subgrid-scale modelling. The technique has not been previously used for fully developed turbulent channel flow simulation and is based on methods applied in other contexts. The emphasis of this paper is to provide a reasonably detailed account of how the simulation is done rather than to present new calculations of turbulence. The details of an algorithm for turbulent channel flow simulation and the grid and time step sizes needed to integrate through transient behaviour to steady state turbulence have not been published before and are presented here. Results from a Cray-2 simulation of fully developed turbulent flow in a channel with heat transfer are presented along with a critical comparison between experiment and computation. The first- and second-order moments agree well with experimental measurements; the agreement is poor for higher-order moments such as the skewness and flatness near the walls of the channel. Detailed information given about the effects of spatial grid resolution on a computed results is important for estimating the size of the computation required to study various aspects of a turbulent flow.     

Experimental study of stratified jet by simultaneous measurements of velocity and density fields

Stratified flows with small density difference commonly exist in geophysical and engineering applications, which often involve interaction of turbulence and buoyancy effect. A combined particle image velocimetry (PIV) and planar laser-induced fluorescence (PLIF) system is developed to measure the velocity and density fields in a dense jet discharged horizontally into a tank filled with light fluid. The illumination of PIV particles and excitation of PLIF dye are achieved by a dual-head pulsed Nd:YAG laser and two CCD cameras with a set of optical filters. The procedure for matching refractive indexes of two fluids and calibration of the combined system are presented, as well as a quantitative analysis of the measurement uncertainties. The flow structures and mixing dynamics within the central vertical plane are studied by examining the averaged parameters, turbulent kinetic energy budget, and modeling of momentum flux and buoyancy flux. At downstream, profiles of velocity and density display strong asymmetry with respect to its center. This is attributed to the fact that stable stratification reduces mixing and unstable stratification enhances mixing. In stable stratification region, most of turbulence production is consumed by mean-flow convection, whereas in unstable stratification region, turbulence production is nearly balanced by viscous dissipation. Experimental data also indicate that at downstream locations, mixing length model performs better in mixing zone of stable stratification regions, whereas in other regions, eddy viscosity/diffusivity models with static model coefficients represent effectively momentum and buoyancy flux terms. The measured turbulent Prandtl number displays strong spatial variation in the stratified jet.     

稳定分层流动中湍流特性的研究综述

本文总结了近60 年来分层流动中湍流特性研究的成果. 主要从两个方面进行了综述:(1) 分层流动中湍流场的演变和混合. 在这方面主要分析稳定分层对湍流混合和湍流结构的影响, 以及混合层内湍流结构的特性和混合层的演化规律. (2) 分层流动中湍流的扩散和输运. 动量和标量的逆梯度输运特性是分层湍流研究的一个重要方向;分析分层对湍流扩散的影响. 并指出了一些值得今后进一步研究的方向.     

Performance of a probe for measuring turbulent energy and temperature dissipation rates

A probe consisting of four X-wires (a total of eight hot wires operated in constant temperature mode) and two pairs of parallel cold wires (operated in constant current mode) is in principle capable of providing simultaneous data for the instantaneous energy and temperature dissipation rates. To evaluate the performance of this probe, measurements have been made in decaying turbulence downstream of a grid/screen combination. The directly measured mean values of the energy and temperature dissipation rates are compared with those obtained from the streamwise decay rates of the mean turbulent energy and temperature variance. The probe also yields all three fluctuating vorticity components; after applying spatial resolution corrections, their spectra are in close agreement with isotropic calculations over nearly all wavenumbers. Both the vorticity variance and the mean energy dissipation rate exhibit the same power-law decay rate. Transport equations for the mean energy and temperature dissipation rates are satisfied to within ᆞ%.