托卡马克超导环形场线圈的磁弹性屈曲

基于扰动矢势理论和静态势能原理,应用有限元方法,求解了托卡马克超导环向场线圈的磁弹性屈曲的临界电流,重点考察了线圈面内巨大的磁感应张力和电流矢量的扰动历史对环向场线圈稳定性的影响。     

复合材料刚度性能表征的协同损伤力学模型

针对复合材料层合板的弥散型损伤,提出一个刚度性能表征的协同损伤力学模型. 该模型兼顾了微观物理损伤响应和宏观材料刚度性能表征. 从微观角度,建立细观RVE 模型求解裂纹表面张开位移和滑开位移,以此定义损伤张量,并在宏观上通过对材料应变和损伤表面位移进行均匀化处理,建立单向板或层合板的损伤刚度矩阵和损伤张量之间的联系. 以基体裂纹为例,详细分析并建立了横向裂纹和纵向裂纹的损伤本构. 计算了[±θ/90₄]_S 铺层层合板中基体横向裂纹对刚度性能的影响,结果表明该方法能够准确地预测复合材料层合板由损伤导致的刚度性能衰减.      

Nb3Sn超导线圈力学性能精确分析的双向均质化方法

Nb₃Sn超导磁体运行时产生很高磁场, Nb₃Sn超导线圈会受到很强电磁体力的作用, 从而会产生很大的力学应变. 由于Nb₃Sn超导材料的应变敏感性, 会使得Nb₃Sn磁体线圈的临界性能退化, 这对磁体的安全稳定运行造成极大影响, 所以精确计算超导磁体在电磁体力下的力学行为具有重要的科学意义. Nb₃Sn超导磁体主要是由超导线绕制成线圈结构再经过环氧树脂固化而成, Nb₃Sn超导线是主要由多根微米级的超导芯丝、铜形成的复合结构, 所以从超导芯丝到超导磁体其尺寸跨越了几个数量级, 从而给精确分析超导线圈力学变形带来挑战. 本文首先采用代表性单元均质化方法分析了整体线圈的等效力学参数, 通过对比等效均质化模型与线圈真实结构的计算结果, 发现等效均质化模型存在很大的误差. 因此, 提出一种高精度而且计算代价低的双向均质化分析方法, 研究超导线圈内各组分材料(Nb₃Sn芯丝、铜和环氧树脂)应力-应变分布. 该方法不需要进行大规模的数值建模, 并且与真实复合线圈下的结果对比吻合很好, 由此验证了该方法的有效性和准确性. 最后基于提出的双向均质化分析方法, 详细讨论了Nb₃Sn超导线圈各层材料在电磁力作用下应力-应变随匝数和层数的变化规律.      

基于数字图像相关的激光修复镍基合金疲劳损伤表征方法研究

开展激光修复镍基合金的疲劳试验，对研究修复材料疲劳性能及分析其失效行为具有重要意义。疲劳过程中，试件产生局部损伤，会导致材料力学性能恶化。如何建立光学变形场与疲劳损伤参数的定量关系实现对疲劳损伤的有效表征，是实验力学领域备受关注的问题。从激光修复镍基合金疲劳失效行为研究的需求出发，本文建立了基于单相机三维数字图像相关的疲劳光力学测试系统，并设计了包含“修复基体-修复边界-修复区”的组合型拉伸疲劳试件，在建立的测试系统下可同时测量和表征试件三种区域的全场变形。利用所建立的测试系统，实现了激光修复材料在拉-拉疲劳过程中的全场变形在线测量，得到了不同疲劳周次下的试件基体、修复边界和修复区的位移场与应变场；根据测量得到的应变场提出了疲劳中以试件历经不同循环周次后的残余应变为损伤参量的表征方法，并获得了修复镍基合金试件疲劳过程中残余应变场的演化规律。试验结果表明，在疲劳过程中，试件残余应变场内存在应变集中现象，应变集中幅值随疲劳周次的提高而增加，试件残余应变集中区域内的应变集中值远高于非应变集中区域，因此根据该结果可有效地预测疲劳裂纹萌生的时机与位置。     

无胶结材料的离散元微观参数交互作用研究

为研究无胶结材料离散元参数之间的交互影响,采用抗转动模型进行三轴排水试验模拟。首先,采用完全试验设计方法和析因试验设计方法,分别对宏微观参数相依规律以及参数之间的交互作用进行定性分析;然后,采用多元非线性回归分析方法对其进行定量分析,并提出了考虑交互作用的宏微观参数换算理论公式。着重探讨了无胶结材料微观参数中的刚度比α=k_s/k_n(0.3~0.9)、滚动刚度系数β(0.1~3)、颗粒内摩擦角θ(10~40)、法向接触刚度k_n(1×10~7~7×10~7)以及塑性弯矩系数η(0.1~3)与材料宏观力学性质峰值应力σ_p、残余强度σ_r、弹性模量E、泊松比ν以及内摩擦角φ之间的相关关系。研究结果表明,(1)颗粒材料的宏观强度参数主要受颗粒内摩擦角以及抗转动参数影响,而其变形参数主要由颗粒接触刚度及接触刚度比控制;(2)各个微观参数之间就存在不同程度的交互作用,且交互作用对试样宏观性质将产生一定影响;(3)对峰值强度、残余强度和宏观内摩擦角而言,两抗转动参数之间以及抗转动参数与颗粒内摩擦角之间存在较强交互作用。对于宏观弹性模量和泊松比而言,颗粒接触刚度和颗粒接触刚度比与其他微观参数产生较强的交互作用。研究成果对合理科学地确定离散元模型的微观参数具有一定的指导意义。     

考虑塑性和刚度不匹配的焊接残余应力估算

现有残余应力计算方法未能考虑材料塑性变形和焊接接头刚度不匹配的影响,使得焊接残余应力计算结果和实际残余应力存在较大偏差.在2219-T87铝合金钨极氩弧焊焊接头残余应力测试基础上,提出一种基于非线性有限元和材料弹性模量分区的残余应力—释放应变曲线的残余应力计算方法,研究了材料塑性变形和接头刚度不匹配对焊接残余应力计算的影响.结果表明,焊接接头中非均质材料塑性不匹配可以引起对于残余应力计算的较大误差;材料塑性变形对残余应力的影响大于接头刚度不匹配对残余应力的影响.所提出方法修正了传统方法在焊接接头的残余应力计算中由于未考虑接头非均质材料塑性不匹配而引起的误差.     

静水压作用下Nb3Sn多晶体超导临界温度退化的耦合模型

Nb3Sn超导材料主要用于强磁场超导磁体的制造。力学变形诱导的其超导临界性能退化给强磁场超导磁体装置的电磁性能指标和安全运行造成了极其不利的影响。针对静水压作用下，Nb3Sn单晶体和多晶体表现出的不同退化行为，本文基于Maki De Gennes（MDG）关系式，建立了描述Nb3Sn单晶体变形-超导临界温度耦合响应的本构关系，并借助于多晶体有限元方法，对静水压作用下Nb3Sn多晶体超导临界温度退化响应进行了预测，预测结果与实验结果定性吻合。模型实现了从Nb3Sn单晶体到Nb3Sn多晶体变形-超导临界温度退化响应曲线的一致性预测。研究结果有助于提高对Nb3Sn高场超导材料变形-超导电性能耦合行为的认识，为发展描述运行工况下Nb3Sn超导材料力-电磁-热多物理场多尺度耦合行为的建模与数值计算方法提供了一定的基础；同时，相关结果对于特殊工况下高场超导磁体性能的评估和高应变耐受性超导材料的制备也具有一定的指导作用。     

纤维增强树脂基复合材料的疲劳剩余刚度研究进展

回顾了过去二十年来公开发表的复合材料刚度退化的主要模型,对这些模型做了分类和讨论.按照模型的理论基础及研究方法将它们分为了理论模型、半经验模型和经验模型三类.理论模型是指那些完全依赖于力学分析而得到的模型,这类模型建立了材料的微观损伤机理与宏观刚度退化之间的关系.经验模型通常不需要过多的力学分析,仅对大量实验数据进行经验性拟合,一般具有简单易用的形式.半经验模型是理论与经验模型的结合------在力学分析基础上的经验处理.      

超导线圈在强磁场作用下的弹塑性变形分析

根据超导线圈受电磁力、热膨胀、弯曲应力作用的受力机制,首先理论研究了超导线圈在发生弹塑性变形时内部的应力、应变、位移,然后使用两段直线之间由过渡曲线相连接的简化模型作为超导线的应力-应变曲线的近似特性。利用有限元方法,数值模拟了电磁力作用下典型的Nb3Sn超导线材在不同边界条件下的应力、应变、位移分布情况。计算结果定量显示了超导线的弹塑性变形特性同电流密度的关系,初步预测了超导线圈发生塑性变形的区域和扩展以及支撑结构对超导磁体力学行为的影响。     

各向异性非线性固体力学的规范空间理论

本文在弹性规范空间概念基础上，利用非平衡态热力学理论，证明了各向异性固体力学非线性问题规范空间场以及不可逆过程本征解的存在。损伤对结构刚度的弱化效应和损伤诱发各向异性效应分别反映在本征弹性和相应的模态向量中。在简正坐标中考察各向异性体变形时，材料的行为以六个普通的粘弹性Ｍａｘｗｅｌｌ方程描述，总的响应由模态叠加得到。以此为基础给出的非线性本构方程具有坐标转换不变性，最后给出了二个具体的算例。     

Effects of inter-fibre spacing on damage evolution in unidirectional (UD) fibre-reinforced composites

A three dimensional (3D) micromechanical study has been performed in order to investigate local damage in UD composite materials under transverse and longitudinal tensile loading. In particular, the influence of non-uniform distribution of fibres in RVEs (representative volume element) with a hexagonal packing array and the effects of thermal residual stresses has been investigated. To examine the effect of inter-fibre spacing and residual stress on failure, a study based on the Maximum Principal Stress failure criterion and a stiffness degradation technique has been used for damage analysis of the unit cell subjected to mechanical loading. Results indicate a strong dependence of damage onset and its evolution from the fibres position within the RVE. Predicted mechanical properties, damage initiation and evolution are also clearly influenced by the presence of residual stress.     

含界面相复合材料热残余应力分析

本文分析了含有界面相纤维增强复合材料热残余应力的空间分布。针对材料实际微结构几何特点,建立含有界面相的三维三相单丝模型,用均匀和梯度函数描述界面相模量随空间变化规律,由轴对称体弹性力学理论得到单丝热残余应力分布,结果表明梯度界面降低了残余应力。通过碳纤维电阻法测出T300/环氧树脂单丝体系固化后的纤维轴向应变,与梯度界面的分析结果基本一致。用叠加方法得到密排六方结构代表性体积元(RVE)中纤维间相互偶合的应力场,同时应用有限元法分析RVE中纤维间的残余应力分布,两者结果相互验证。     

多尺度复合材料力学研究进展

多尺度复合材料力学是运用多尺度分析思想研究空间分布非均匀材料力学性能的学科, 近年来,多 组分、多层级先进材料的蓬勃发展和微纳米实验观测手段的不断进步,有力地推动了该学科的研究,论文围绕非均 匀材料力学性能的多尺度分析,首先从微纳米尺度到宏观尺度综述了常用的理论分析方法;接着分别针对非均匀 连续介质和离散体系介绍了常用的多尺度计算模拟方法;然后结合本课题组在纳米复合材料、抗冲击吸能材料、随 机网络材料和多层级自相似材料等方面的研究工作,举例说明了如何综合运用多种方法对各种复杂材料系统进行 多尺度分析;最后,展望了该领域还需进一步发展和完善的若干方向。     

Multi-scale modeling of the mechanical response of plain weave composites and cellular solids

Multi-component materials with customized mechanical properties, such as textile composites and sandwich materials (cellular core with metallic or composite skin), show a great prospective for use in aerostructures. Understanding of the mechanical response of these materials is still in progress. In the present paper, the tensile response of plain weave composites as well as the compressive response of cellular solids are investigated using a multi-scale damage model. The model, implemented by means of the FE method, is based on homogenized progressive damage modeling of a representative unit-cell. Four failure modes have been considered in the failure analysis of the tows, while material property degradation was performed using a damage mechanics approach which takes into account strain softening. For the cellular solids, two different types of FE models were considered namely, a beam model and a shell model. Failure analysis and material property degradation of the struts were integrated into a bilinear material model. Simulations show a non-linear tensile response of the plain weave mainly attributed to matrix cracking and shear failures occurring at warp tows and resin-rich areas. For the cellular solid, preliminary elastic analyses show a customizability of the normal stiffness with regard to strut’s dimensions.     

Stress concentration and effective stiffness of aligned fiber reinforced composite with anisotropic constituents

The paper addresses the problem of calculation of the local stress field and effective elastic properties of a unidirectional fiber reinforced composite with anisotropic constituents. For this aim, the representative unit cell approach has been utilized. The micro geometry of the composite is modeled by a periodic structure with a unit cell containing multiple circular fibers. The number of fibers is sufficient to account for the micro structure statistics of composite. A new method based on the multipole expansion technique is developed to obtain the exact series solution for the micro stress field. The method combines the principle of superposition, technique of complex potentials and some new results in the theory of special functions. A proper choice of potentials and new results for their series expansions allow one to reduce the boundary-value problem for the multiple-connected domain to an ordinary, well-posed set of linear algebraic equations. This reduction provides high numerical efficiency of the developed method. Exact expressions for the components of the effective stiffness tensor have been obtained by analytical averaging of the strain and stress fields.     

NDE of metal damage: ultrasonics with a damage mechanics model

This research describes a nondestructive method for the quantitative estimation of property variations due to damage in metal materials. The method employs a damage mechanics model, which accounts for stiffness degradation and damage evolution of a metal medium with a measurement of ultrasonic velocity. In order to describe the progressive deterioration of materials prior to the initiation of macrocracks, we have developed a new damage mechanics model. Thereafter, a finite element model valid for numerically describing such damage process has been developed by ABAQUS/Standard code, and correlations between damage state, elastic stiffness and plastic strain could be found by the results of the finite element simulation. The property variations due to damage evolution are calculated based on the Mori–Tanaka theory, and then the ultrasonic velocity can be predicted by Christoffel’s equation. When the measured velocity is coupled with the theoretically predicted velocity, the unknown damage variable is solved, from which other residual properties are determined by the predictions of damage model. The proposed technique is performed on type 304 stainless steel bars. The numerical results obtained by the simulation were compared with experimental ones in order to verify the validity of the proposed finite element model and good agreement was found. It is shown that the damaged properties of metals can be estimated accurately by the proposed method.     

PROGRESSIVE DAMAGE ARREST MECHANISM IN TAILORED LAMINATED PLATES WITH A CUTOUT

This study addresses the effectiveness of a simple stiffness tailoring concept to delay damage initiation, control damage progression, and improve residual strength in tensile-loaded composite plates with a central circular cutout. The tailoring concept is to simply reposit all axially oriented （0°） material into regions near the edge of the plate away from the cutout. This tailoring is done in a way so as not to affect the weight of the plate. This accomplishes several beneficial changes in the way that the plate resists loading with no increases in material cost or weight. Lowering the axial stiffness of the laminate surrounding the cutout lowers the stress concentration. Increasing the axial stiffness near edges of the plate attracts loading away from the vicinity of the cutout to further lower stresses in the critical cutout region. This study focuses on in-plane response including damage progression and residual strength as a function of the degree of tailoring and cutout size. Strength and stiffness properties typical of IM7/8551-7 preperg material were assumed and a modified version of the Hashin failure criteria was used to identify the local damage. Results show that tailoring can significantly increase the damage initiation load and the residual strength. In some cases, observed evidence shows that tailoring performs as a damage arrest mechanism.     

层板复合材料的疲劳剩余刚度统计分布模型

在分析现有关于层板复合材料疲劳剩余刚度衰退模型的基础上，根据层板复合材料在疲劳载荷作用下刚度衰退变化的现象，研究了疲劳载荷对层板复合材料刚度衰退的影响，建立了一个新的、更为合理的用于描述层板复合材料在常幅疲劳载荷作用下的刚度衰退模型，导出了剩余刚度统计分布的表达式，给出了确定模型参数的方法。为验证该模型，设计了几组测试实验，并利用试验结果对模型参数进行了估计。利用该统计分布模型，可以预报层板复合材料在给定应力水平的疲劳载荷作用下循环指定周次时剩余刚度的统计分布。实验数据表明，理论预报和实验结果符合得是很好的。     

双网络水凝胶损伤本构模型研究进展

新型高分子生物材料——双网络水凝胶不仅保持了传统水凝胶优良的物理性质,而且具有超高的刚度、强度和韧性等优异的力学性能,具有广阔的应用前景．它们在大变形下表现出应力软化、颈缩、应变硬化、损伤各向异性和损伤交叉效应等复杂的非线性力学行为．研究双网络水凝胶的损伤力学十分必要．本文聚焦共价交联型双网络水凝胶,描述了它们在实验中观察到的力学行为以及相应的微观损伤机理,介绍了现有的损伤本构模型,并概括了这些模型的优点与不足,最后对双网络水凝胶的损伤力学研究进行了简明扼要的展望．