渐变折射率传感气室中干涉噪声的数值模拟与分析

在直接红外吸收式光纤气体传感器中，由渐变折射率（Graduated Refractive Index，GRIN）棒透镜构成的微型传感气室有着广泛的应用。分析了GRIN气室中的干涉噪声信号和甲烷信号，并利用MATLAB对干涉噪声信号的幅值与分布反馈式半导体激光器（DFBLD）的频率调制幅度之间的关系以及干涉噪声对气体检测灵敏度的影响进行了数值模拟与分析。当前谐波检测技术是气体检测的一种非常重要的技术，这种技术需要检测气体吸收信号的一次、二次或更高次谐波。而GRIN气室的二次干涉噪声对浓度信号有很大的影响，研究发现当频率调制幅度达到某些特定频率值时，二次干涉噪声信号的幅值变为零，通过调整气室参数和DFBLD的调制频率可以削减干涉噪声的影响从而提高谐波检测技术的检测灵敏度。     

基于波长调制技术的激光器调制特性研究

在流场诊断技术中,可调谐半导体吸收光谱技术（TDLAS）成为主要的诊断技术之一,其可实现非接触、原位检测。波长调制（WMS）和直接吸收(DA)是两种最常用的TDLAS气体传感方法,在目标含量很低或者极端流场环境下,波长调制技术呈现出更多的优势,检测灵敏度与直接吸收相比可以提高1～2个数量级。在近红外波长调制技术应用领域,分布反馈式（DFB）半导体激光器成为流场诊断技术的光源选择之一,无论利用谐波信号（或者归一化谐波信号）的线型拟合,还是选择谐波信号的峰值来反演流场参数,吸收模型的准确建立均十分重要。在模型建立时,激光器频率-时间响应以及光强-时间响应的准确表示尤为重要。为解决吸收模型准确建立问题,提出了一种准确测量激光器调制参数的完整方法,通过实验测量了用于探测水汽吸收的1 392和1 469 nm激光器的调制特性,研究了分布反馈式激光器的调制参数随调制幅度,调制频率以及工作温度的变化。根据该方法得到的调制参数,建立吸收模型,测得常温下空气中水汽浓度为1.97%,直接吸收方法测得浓度为1.99%,验证了该测量方法的准确性。研究表明,调制深度随调制幅度的增加线性增加,随调制频率的增加非线性单调减小,随工作温度的升高线性增加;激光器的出光强度和频率同时被调制,强度变化超前频率变化的相位,随调制幅度的变化不明显,随调制频率的增加单调增加,随工作温度的升高单调减小;归一化一次谐波振幅和二次振幅均随调制幅度的增加而增加,随调制频率的增加而减小,随工作温度的变化不明显。在吸收光谱应用领域,波长调制技术发挥的作用愈加重要,调制系数与谐波信号的峰值息息相关,在波长调制技术应用时,选取适当的调制参数,有利于得到合适的谐波信号,可通过改变调制幅度、调制频率、工作温度得到最优调制系数。研究了近红外分布反馈式半导体激光器的调制特性,该方法同样适用于不同封装和不同波段激光器调制特性的研究,利于推广吸收光谱技术在各领域的应用。     

TDLAS波长调制压力测量法参数优化

使用TDLAS技术进行动态压力测量已经成为压力测量领域的研究热点。波长调制法实验装置较为复杂,需要对多个参数进行设置,选择出最优的预设参数能够取得更好的实验效果,获得更高的测量精度。目前波长调制法的实验参数设置基本凭借个人经验,使用Matlab程序仿真结合波长调制法的TDLAS测量技术,能够对实验中需要进行预设的重要参数进行了分析。通过计算4990cm-1波段和6330cm-1波段附近的多条吸收峰,发现4990.09cm-1波段处的吸收峰更适合作为波长调制法的测量波段。以4990.09cm-1处的吸收峰为研究对象,进行了波长调制法压力测量仿真建模,计算了调制度、调谐频率和调制频率对二次谐波幅值和对称性的影响并深入地分析了影响因素,总结了其变化规律。在综合考虑抗噪性能和测量精度的情况下,选择了调制度为2.5,调谐频率30Hz,调制频率5kHz为最佳实验参数。基于Matlab的仿真模型能够快速计算大量参数点,更加直观地分析出对参数的影响趋势,为实验仪器和预设参数的选择提供依据。     

基于Gabor变换的TDLAS检测信号的降噪研究

可调谐二极管激光吸收光谱(TDLAS)技术结合波长调制光谱(WMS)技术是用于痕量气体检测的重要技术手段。通过锁相放大器进行谐波检测,对解调得到的二次谐波信号进行分析可获得气体吸收的信息。但由于二次谐波信号受到噪声的影响,降低了检测系统的精度和稳定性。为了提高TDLAS检测系统的信噪比(SNR),提出了一种基于Gabor变换对二次谐波信号进行数字滤波降噪的方法。以CH₄在1 653.72 nm处的吸收光谱为例,通过仿真和实验对该降噪方法的有效性进行了验证。仿真结果表明,通过Gabor变换对信噪比为0dB的二次谐波信号进行处理后,系统的信噪比可提高15.73 dB。实验结果表明,基于Gabor变换进行降噪处理后,CH₄浓度在0.001%～0.02%区间内与二次谐波峰值的线性相关系数r达到了0.996 59,且系统的检测精度和稳定性明显提高。     

Frequency doubling of phase-modulated femtosecond laser pulses in periodically poled and chirped nonlinear crystals

The second harmonic generation (SHG) at a wavelength of 0.8 μm by 50-and 10-fs pulses with and without phase modulation (PM) was systematically studied in LiNbO₃ crystals with regular domain structure and linearly varied domain thickness. The main results were obtained by numerical method, taking into account the difference between group velocities of interacting pulses and the group-velocity dispersion. In the approximation of the given field of the fundamental radiation, an analytical expression was derived for the spectral density of the second harmonic in the periodically poled nonlinear crystal (PPNC) under nonstationary excitation conditions. It was numerically found that the conversion efficiency of about 90% can be achieved by doubling the frequency of 50-fs laser pulses without PM in the LiNbO₃ PPNC. The maximum conversion efficiency for the SHG by PM pulses is achieved at a certain optimum chirp step in the crystal domain length, which depends on both the value and sign of frequency modulation.     

TDLAS波长调制法中调制深度与高次谐波中心幅值关系的研究

可调谐半导体激光光谱技术（TDLAS）是近年来发展十分迅速的光谱检测技术,相较于其他光谱检测技术,它具有高灵敏度、高分辨率、实时监测、便携性好、小型化等优点,在工业环保、医疗检测、气象监测等领域得到了广泛的应用。TDLAS波长调制法中谐波信号易受气压影响,经研究发现气压的影响是调制深度对谐波信号的影响,基于TDLAS技术谐波法的原理,研究了各次谐波与调制深度的关系,通过计算四次谐波与二次谐波中心幅值比,利用调制深度函数推算当前气压环境的调制深度,调整调制频率幅度,使得调制深度接近各次谐波最佳调制深度值,使谐波信号信噪比最佳,提高检测精度。实验通过国瑞智GRZ5031湿度发生器产生固定为1 000 ppm的水汽,调节气阀控制密封箱内不同的气压环境,采用TDLAS水汽检测系统获得了10.2~177.9 kPa气压条件下的二次谐波和四次谐波信号,并进行了仿真与实验分析。仿真结果显示：四次谐波与二次谐波中心幅值比的理论值和仿真值最大相对误差为-1.44%,调制深度的理论值与仿真值最大相对误差为1.78%,说明了仿真下的调制深度函数曲线与理论一致。实验结果显示：根据调制深度函数推算调制深度值,当m=2.226 7时,实测的二次谐波中心频率幅值达到最大值,当m=4.061 0时,实测的四次谐波中心频率幅值达到最大值,与理论结果一致;在30.2 kPa<p<177.9 kPa时,调制深度与气压乘积mp值相对误差较小,最大相对误差不超过±3.2%,说明了此气压条件下的mp值波动不大,通过调制深度函数推算的调制深度值与实际值近似,验证了调制深度函数理论的准确性。     

激光频率调制线型分析

在激光频率调制的理论分析中,一般采用正弦波调制、正弦波解调,而没有讨论调制和解调的其它情况。本文主要分析了Guass线型吸收的情况下,锯齿波调制、方波解调的一次、二次谐波相检结果和三角波调制、方波解调的一次、二次谐波相检结果,以及调制深度对信号谱形和信号强度的影响。我们发现,在锯齿波调制、方波解调情况下,一次、二次谐波谱形和正弦波调制情况区别很大;但在三角波调制、方波解调情况下,可以获得和正弦波调制、正弦波解市场相似的结论。另外,不同的调制深度对输出的调制谱形也有重要的影响。我们还用甲烷的可调谐 红外光调制吸收光谱实验验证了理论分析结果。最终得到结论：频率调制谱的信号谱形及信号强度与调制波形、解调波形和调制深度均有关系。     

基于谱线频率特征的调谐二极管激光吸收光谱参数分析

调谐激光二极管吸收光谱(TDLAS)技术因其高分辨率、高灵敏度和快速测量等优点在工业生产、环境污染监测等方面受到广泛应用。波长调制光谱（wavelength modulation spectrum, WMS）的二次谐波信号经常用作气体浓度反演的检测信号。TDLAS检测性能与系统参数,如锁相放大器的时间常数、扫描幅度、扫描频率、调制幅度、调制频率等的选取紧密相关,实际测量中各参数的选择多以谱线形态特征为依据,参数之间的关联性未能得到较好体现。由于信号的采样与处理均在频域对谱线产生作用,各参数之间的作用相互关联。然而很少有研究参数对谱线频域的影响,针对此问题,在一定的理论基础上通过实验分别观察各调制参数对二次谐波信号的影响。通过保持其他参数不变,只改变一个参数的方法,得出各个参数对信号线型、频率特征及噪声引入的影响规律,继而分析并验证了多参数联合变化对谱线频带的决定作用。与基于时域特征的传统方法相比,基于谱线频率特征分析一方面具有与谱线信号采集检测处理机理相近的优点,另一方面可以直观得到各参数对主频带的影响和不同频率信号的衰减趋势。总结出基于频率特征的各参数的基本选取方法,以谱线频带和截止频率相互关系为判定标准,截止频率的大小由锁相放大器时间常数决定。通过设置合适的时间常数和扫描参数使信号频带与截止频率相近但不相交,使谱线频带内频率分量不产生衰减,频带外噪声得到最大抑制;再根据锁相放大器的性能和信号信噪比来确定调制参数,使谱线主频幅度最大;最后根据系统需求确定采样率。单周期采样点不变时,低扫描频率时检测精度相对提高但耗时较长;反之,扫描频率提高,速度变快但检测精度下降。通过联合影响规律调整关联参数,减小硬件限制对参数最优值选取造成的影响。可在考虑系统检测需求与硬件条件限制的前提下,通过参数选择得到最优二次谐波信号,为此技术的实际应用提供了参数优化的实验依据与参考方法。     

Using Fast Fourier Transform to compute the line shape of frequency-modulated spectral profiles

An expression for the shape of spectral lines recorded by sinusoidal frequency modulation and harmonic detection is derived. It can be fast computed by means of the Fast Fourier Transform method and it holds for any modulation depth and modulation frequency. Different line shape functions, such as Voigt, Galatry, and speed-dependent Voigt, may be included in the model. In this work, the performance of the computing method is tested with experimental second harmonic rotational profiles, but it can be applied to higher harmonic spectra as well.     

准连续激光调制吸收谱的多谐波分析

使用准连续二极管激光器进行多重调制光谱检测时,发现吸收光谱信号中存在着丰富的倍频、和频以及差频成分;从激光与气体吸收谱线的非线性作用角度研究了倍频、和频及差频等信号存在的必然性;从实验角度对信号特征进行研究,发现其中有些和频、差频成分的幅度比传统调谐二极管激光吸收光谱技术中的二次谐波信号的幅度更大,有望在准连续调制谱技术中提高检测的灵敏度。     

Large optical-frequency shift of molecular radiation via coherent coupling to an off-resonance plasmon

We demonstrate coherent optical coupling between molecular and plasmon resonances that are well separated in energy. In the presence of metallic nanoparticles, the second harmonic spectrum of organic dyes no longer peaks at the absorption wavelength but is instead blueshifted by 25 nm towards the localized plasmon resonance. The phase of the light generated by the dyes displays a large modulation across the plasmon resonance and no change across the molecular one. The second harmonic signal contributed by the nanoparticles, which is peaked at the plasmon frequency when no molecules are present, similarly displays a shift towards the molecular resonance in their presence. A model based on the interplay of the nonlinear optical near fields is able to account for these observations.     

Analysis of broadband third harmonic generation with non-collinear angular dispersion in KDP crystals

A new scheme with non-collinear sum frequency generation (SFG) process of broadband third harmonic generation (THG) with two KDP crystals (one doubler and one mixer) using angular dispersion was proposed. The principle of broadband harmonic generation with non-collinear angular dispersion was presented. The comparison between the schemes of non-collinear and collinear SFG process was performed. The effects of the angular dispersion on the conversion efficiency, the pulse shape and the spectrum of the third harmonic field were discussed. The results show that, if proper angular dispersion is added to the fundamental and the second harmonic field outside the mixing KDP crystal, respectively, the broadband third harmonic conversion efficiency can be improved significantly. However, the difficulty of this scheme arises due to the requirement of two gratings with different angular dispersion outside the mixer. With the new scheme, it can be simpler that only one grating is needed to realize the broadband phase matching in the non-collinear SFG process. Although the fundamental and the second harmonic field inside the mixing crystal are non-collinear except the center wavelength, a blazing grating with proper angular dispersion for the fundamental field (twice as that for second harmonic field) can yield the well compensation for phase mismatching in the SFG process. Consequently, the conversion efficiency and the characteristics of the third harmonic field for the broadband third harmonic generation can be improved significantly.     

采用小波分析方法降低可调谐半导体激光吸收光谱技术测量下限的实验研究

基于可调谐激光吸收光谱技术,主要采用数据处理的方法如互相关、小波分析等降低光谱吸收技术的测量下限。采用可调谐激光吸收光谱技术中的波长调制技术,对较低浓度下的NH₃进行了降低测量下限的试验研究。采用近红外波段2.25 μm附近的一组ν₂+ν₃ NH₃吸收谱线,其强度远高于1.5 μm处谱线,结合波长调制技术在最优信噪比的条件下对常温常压下不同浓度的NH₃进行了测量。为了保证实验条件下测量得到的二次谐波信号的峰值高度达到最大且信噪比最优,实验在调制系数为2.2左右的情况下,通过加载最优的高频调制信号来保证信噪比(SNR)。在10 m长的Herriott池中探测到了浓度为0.6×10-6的二次谐波信号,其中信号处理部分主要采用相关分析、多次平均以及小波变换分析来控制中心波长的移动和降低噪音的干扰。结果表明,经过数据处理以后的谐波信号,其检测下限降低到处理前的约百分之一,且不需要增加任何实验设备就可以很好的抑制噪音的影响,将相关分析和小波分析与波长调制技术相结合,这种数据处理方法对于在线检测技术具有很好的实用价值。     

光纤气体传感器解调方法的研究

利用可调谐激光光谱技术并结合二次谐波检测的波长调制方法对气体浓度进行检测,大大提高了检测灵敏度.然而光的传输和电路自身延时都会产生未知的相位延时,含有气体浓度信息的被测信号和二倍频参考信号的相位差变化严重影响二次谐波信号测量结果.本文设计出一种4路乘法锁相解调电路,设计中分别用正弦信号和余弦信号对被测信号进行解调,经积分电路后得到两路分别与相位差的正弦值和余弦值相关的解调信号.将两路解调信号平方,再通过加法器相加后消除相位差,得到完全与相位差无关的幅值信号.实验证明当被测信号相位在0°—90°变化时,解调 关键词： 可调谐半导体激光吸收光谱 波长调制 解调电路 相位差     

Frequency measurement of a submillimeter wave gyrotron output

Measurement of frequency spectra of the output of a gyrotron in the millimeter to submillimeter wavelength range using a Michelson interferometer have been made. The results are compared with frequency measurements using a Fabry-Perot interferometer. A correction for mesh transmittance is used to give the true frequency spectrum. The method is used to search for the presence of higher cyclotron harmonics (n=f /f _c=3,4,…) which may be generated along with the more intense fundamentals (n=1) or second harmonics (n=2), and to study mode competition between the fundamental and the second harmonic modes.     

Absorption line profile recovery based on residual amplitude modulation and first harmonic integration methods in photoacoustic gas sensing

Two methods for recovery of gas absorption line profiles are presented in this paper using photoacoustic spectroscopy and tunable diode laser spectroscopy (TDLS) with wavelength modulation (WM). A theoretical analysis based on Fourier coefficients is given in order to describe the various components that arise under simultaneous intensity and frequency modulation. The first method makes use of the residual amplitude modulation (RAM) signal which is always present in current modulation of distributed feedback (DFB) tunable diode lasers. The second method involves integration of a near-pure first harmonic derivative signal, separated from other distorting components by appropriate choice of the lock-in detection phase in the case of low modulation index. Good agreement is obtained with both methods between the experimental results and the theoretical simulation for the P17 absorption line of acetylene at 1535.39 nm but the second method gives a much improved accuracy and signal-to-noise ratio in lineshape recovery with photoacoustic spectroscopy.     

Experiment Study of Dual Wavelength and Dual Pulse Q-switched Intracavity Frequency Doubling of a Tunable Cr:LiSAF Laser

In this paper, a flashlamp-pumped Q-switched Cr: LiSAF laser system with intracavity frequency doubling is designed to obtain dual pulse and dual wavelength laser output. The behaviors of second harmonic output of dual pulse and dual wavelength are studied experimentally. Good results are obtained in experiments: the output energy of each second harmonic pulse a round 448.1 nm is 10.2 mJ, the dual pulse time interval can be tuned widely, and the tunable range of each second harmonic wavelength is 448.1 to 465 nm.     

合肥储存环相干谐波自由电子激光研究方法的改进

 根据简单的计算模型,导出辐射能量谱形状因子和相干谐波辐射表达式,用此表达式讨论了不对称光学速调管的相干谐波辐射;对于合肥储存环相干谐波自由电子激光,提出了一个不对称光学速调管相干谐波辐射的研究方案,并且作了详细的计算,结果表明在较高的电子束能量下,调整光学速调管和外激光参数,使辐射段波荡器的辐射基波与外激光的二次谐波共振,进行相干谐波产生实验,能获得10⁹量级相干加强因子。