气固两相三维圆柱绕流的直接数值模拟

本文采用直接数值模拟(DNS)方法研究了气周两相三维圆柱绕流的涡量场和颗粒扩散,并着重讨论了圆柱绕流中卡门涡街的形成和涡结构的转捩过程。同时分析了圆柱绕流中不同Stokes数的颗粒在涡结构作用下的横向扩散。结果显示Stokes数为1的颗粒主要分布在流场大尺度涡结构的外边界,而Stokes数为0．01的颗粒在涡结构的作用下,在流场中充分混合。     

激光全散射法测量燃煤颗粒物浓度的实验研究

本研究在激光全散射法颗粒物浓度检测系统上进行了不同性质、浓度燃煤飞灰颗粒的质量浓度测量实验。结果显示,联合全散射法颗粒物浓度检测系统和反演计算方法能良好的测算标准颗粒的质量浓度,误差约为7%。对于燃煤飞灰颗粒,测算结果能反映气流中颗粒浓度的变化,然而测算值高于真实值约19.3%~27.2%。并且,对除尘器前级电场飞灰的测算偏差大于第四电场飞灰。进一步的理论计算结果表明,随颗粒粒径增大,散射光分布逐步向前向(即0°方向)集中,导致光电探测器在收集透射光的同时收集部分前向散射光,使得反演计算值大于真实值。而前级电场飞灰中含有更多的大粒径、非球形颗粒且粒径分布范围更宽,偏离了反演算法的假定条件,导致对测算偏差增大。     

燃煤含铁矿物的迁移转化特性研究

采用场发射扫描电镜结合X射线能谱分析仪(FSEM-EDX)系统研究了燃煤电站静电除尘器下各电场飞灰中磁珠的显微结构和化学组成,并利用热力学软件FACT计算预测了煤中含铁矿物的迁移转化过程．结果表明,外在含铁矿物在燃煤过程中易直接氧化形成结晶程度较好的铁氧化物相;内在含铁矿物与其他矿物在高温下熔合形成含Fe、Al、 Si的复杂的玻璃相,煤中含铁矿物的赋存特征、反应温度和气氛是影响含铁矿物迁移转化的主要因素。燃煤过程中Fe2 中间产物的形成以及Fe-O-S共熔体在炉内的长时间停留是结渣形成的重要原因。     

颗粒沉降运动的虚拟区域法直接数值模拟

文采用基于四边形网格的分布式拉格朗日乘子／虚拟区域方法(DLM／FD method)对二维方槽内775个圆形颗粒在流体中的沉降过程进行了直接数值模拟。得到了颗粒流沉降过程中流体和颗粒速度和涡量分布、流场压力分布等流动细节,展示了颗粒在沉降过程中由于相间的相互作用以及颗粒间的作用,使得颗粒流在流场内形成大小不一的旋流区,颗粒回旋着沉降,同时颗粒的尾涡影响附近颗粒的运动．本文的结果说明分布式拉格朗日乘子／虚拟区域方法对模拟存在很多颗粒的悬浮体流动是可行的。     

气固两相平面混合层的直接数值模拟

本文采用直接数值模拟(DNS)方法研究了气固两相混合层的涡量场和颗粒扩散,分析了湍流混合层中涡结构的卷起和配对过程,并讨论了大尺度涡结构的配对过程对平均速度、雷诺应力的影响。同时分析了混合层中不同Stokes数的颗粒在涡结构的作用下的混合和扩散。结果显示Stokes数为1的颗粒主要分布在流场大尺度涡结构的外边界,而Stokes数为0.01在涡结构的作用下,在流场中充分混合。     

可燃悬浮寺燃烧诱导激波可其加速过程研究

以铝粉为例，基于双流体模型，分别采用ＴＶＤ格式和ＭａｃＣｏｍａｃｋ格式计算气相和颗粒相流场，基于Ａｒｒｉｈｅｎｉｕｓ定律及管道壁面湍流ｋ－ε模型计算流场反应速度，对水平燃烧管内可燃悬浮粉尘在弱点火条件下激波的产生及加强过程进行了理论分析与数值模拟。研究发现，壁面湍流在火焰加速及燃烧诱导激波过程中起着关键作用，数值计算结果揭示了可燃悬浮粉尘云中压缩波到激波的转捩机制及气固两相流场参数的变化规律。计算     

风沙运动问题的SPH-FVM耦合方法数值模拟研究

针对离散颗粒模型和欧拉-欧拉双流体模型在求解气粒两相流动问题中存在的不足,提出了一种新方法——SPH-FVM耦合方法,并应用于风沙运动过程的数值模拟计算.新方法基于拟流体模型,采用光滑粒子流体动力学方法(SPH)对离散颗粒相进行求解,追踪单颗粒运动轨迹,采用有限体积法(FVM)求解连续气体相,捕捉流场特性,两相间通过曳力、压力梯度、体积分数等参量进行耦合,建立了两种不同坐标系下方法间的耦合框架.对SPH粒子所承载的物质属性进行了重定义,改造成了适用于离散颗粒相求解的光滑离散颗粒流体动力学模型(SDPH),阐述了SPH粒子与离散相中颗粒之间的关系,推导得到了拟流体SPH离散方程组.模拟了风沙运动中沙粒跃移过程和自由来流风速作用下沙粒的运动过程以及沙丘在风力作用下缓慢向前蠕移的过程,分析了颗粒的运动轨迹,流场中沙粒水平速度分布规律以及气体速度场在沙粒反作用下的变化情况等,与实验结果相符合,结果表明该方法不仅精度较高,而且计算量较小,适于求解风沙运动问题乃至其他气粒两相流动问题.     

用雷诺应力模型计算旋风分离器中气-固两相流动

针对分离器内部的复杂的三维强旋转、气-固两相湍流运动,采用雷诺应力模型(SSG),利用贴体网格技术,模拟计算了分离器内部流动,并将计算结果与实验数据进行分析、比较。分离器内的固体颗粒运动采用涉及湍流扩散影响的随机轨道模型和确定轨道模型,在流场计算的基础上,模拟了不同直径的颗粒在分离器内的运动规律及颗粒分离效率,并同理论和实验得到的数据进行了比较。     

北京奥运期间大气细粒子谱与能见度、PM10质量浓度对比分析

利用自行研制的大气细粒子谱分析仪、振荡天平、大气能见度仪和气象参数仪,对2008年北京奥运期间的主场馆区域大气质量状况进行了连续在线测量。奥运期间粒子日平均数浓度变化表明,核模态粒子(5~20 nm)主要受气相成核过程的影响,数浓度变化曲线呈单峰值结构;爱根核模态(20~100 nm)受人为源及核模态粒子贡献影响较大,数浓度曲线呈典型的三峰值结构;积聚模态(100 nm~1μm)数浓度日变化不大,但受降水等天气因素影响较大。结合地面能见度数据,对降雨、灰霾和晴好天气状态下大气细粒子谱变化特征进行分析,结果表明,降雨对颗粒物的清除作用与颗粒物粒径大小密切相关,而灰霾天气下大气能见度的降低主要受积聚模态粒子散射消光的影响。同时,利用细粒子数浓度计算得到粒径小于10μm的颗粒(PM10)质量浓度,计算值与振荡天平实测值具有较好的一致性,相关系数达86.1%。     

考虑双向耦合效应的格子Boltzmann气固两相湍流模型

在流体粒子概率密度函数输运方程中考虑颗粒对流体的反作用力,发展了考虑双向耦合效应的LB气固两相流模型,引入Smagorinsky亚格子模型模拟高雷诺数气相流场.对经典后台阶气固两相流动进行模拟,气相和颗粒相速度分布与实验结果进行比较,发现考虑双向耦合效应的LB气固两相流模型结果明显优于单向耦合结果.进一步研究不同惯性颗粒在流场中的弥散特性,小颗粒(St~O(0.1))对流体的跟随性较好,在流场中分布较为均匀;而St~O(1)的颗粒难被流场涡卷吸进入涡内,呈现倾向性弥散现象;大颗粒(St~O(10))由于自身惯性进入流场涡,在流场中分布较为均匀.     

Modeling of the submicron particles formation and initial layer ash deposition during high temperature oxy-coal combustion

The future use of coal as a fuel for power generation in the US depends on the availability of financially viable technologies for capture and storage of CO₂ emissions from power plants. Key second-generation candidates for CO₂ capture include high temperature and pressurized oxy-firing of coal, which has the potential to increase efficiency, lower capital costs, avoid air ingress and reduce oxygen requirements. However, unquantified challenges, such as flame behavior, heat transfer, ash transformation, ash deposition and char oxidation, still exist for those technologies. This study specifically focuses on the formation of submicron particles and initial layer ash deposition during high temperature oxy-coal combustion. Previous work has shown that the initial layer deposits are mainly formed of submicron size ash aerosols transported by thermophoresis. Unfortunately, the importance of submicron particle deposition has not received much attention, probably due to the insignificant deposit mass and difficulty in prediction of the submicron particles formation. In this work, models including mineral matter vaporization model, scavenging model and deposition model are developed and applied into a three-dimensional CFD framework to predict the submicron particles formation and subsequent initial layer deposits formation. The model results are comparable to experimental data. The merits of this work are that it has led to the development of a novel approach to predict both submicron particle formation and initial layer ash deposition during oxy-coal combustion.     

煤中钠元素赋存形态对亚微米颗粒物形成的影响研究

将原煤通过三步化学提取实验(水洗,NH_3OAc洗,HCl洗),然后通过浸溶实验(Impregnation Experiment),将煤中羧基(-COOH)中的H离子置换成Na离子.并将原煤、提取实验后煤和浸溶实验后的三种煤样在沉降炉中热解和燃烧,研究煤中钠的有机/无机赋存形态对其气化特征和亚微米颗粒物形成的影响.实验结果发现:提取实验后的煤样,Na元素大部分以硅酸盐形式存在,两种煤在沉降炉中的热解结果表明以硅酸盐形式存在于煤中的钠元素很难气化.浸溶实验后的煤样中,Na元素大部分以羧酸(COO-Na)的形式存在,两种煤在沉降炉中的热解实验结果表明以有机结合态存在于煤中的钠元素非常易气化.Na元素赋存形态对其燃烧过程中气化有重要影响,最终表现在亚微米颗粒物中的含量上.     

Spherical turbulent flame propagation of pulverized coal particle clouds in an O2/N2 atmosphere

The present study aims to clarify the effects of turbulence intensity and coal concentration on the spherical turbulent flame propagation of a pulverized coal particle cloud. A unique experimental apparatus was developed in which coal particles can be dispersed homogeneously in a turbulent flow field generated by two fans. Experiments on spherical turbulent flame propagation of pulverized coal particle clouds in a constant volume spherical chamber in various turbulence intensities and coal concentrations were conducted. A common bituminous coal was used in the present study. The flame propagation velocity was obtained from an analysis of flame propagation images taken using a high-speed camera. It was found that the flame propagation velocity increased with increasing flame radius. The flame propagation velocity increases as the turbulence intensity increases. Similar trends were observed in spherical flames using gaseous fuel. The coal concentration has a weak effect on the flame propagation velocity, which is unique to pulverized coal combustions in a turbulent field. These are the first reports of experimental results for the spherical turbulent flame propagation behavior of pulverized coal particle clouds. The results obtained in the present study are obviously different from those of previous pulverized coal combustion studies and any other results of gaseous fuel combustion research.     

Investigating particle and volatile evolution during pulverized coal combustion using high-speed digital in-line holography

Devolatilization is an important process in pulverized coal combustion because it affects the ignition, volatile combustion, and subsequent char burning and ash formation. In this study, high-speed digital in-line holography is employed to visualize and quantify the particle and volatile evolution during pulverized coal combustion. China Shanxi bituminous coal particles sieved in the range of 105–154 µm are entrained into a flat flame burner through a central tube for the study. Time-resolved observations show the volatile ejection, accumulation, and detachment in the early stage of coal combustion. Three-dimensional imaging and automatic particle extraction algorithm allow for the size and velocity statistics of the particle and stringy volatile tail. The results demonstrate the smaller particle generation and coal particle swelling in the devolatilization. It is found that the coal particles and volatiles accelerate due to the thermal buoyancy and the volatiles move faster than the coal particles. On average, smaller particles move faster than the larger ones while some can move much slower possibly because of the fragmentation.     

Mechanisms of the central mode particle formation during pulverized coal combustion

Ash particles produced from pulverized coal combustion are considered to be tri-modally distributed. These include the well-known ultrafine and coarse modes, and a central mode that is less reported but attracts increasing attention. This work presents a preliminary study on the formation mechanisms of the central mode particles during pulverized coal combustion. Experiments of four sized and density-separated coal samples were carried out in a laboratory drop-tube furnace under various controlled conditions. Experimental data show that the ash particle size distributions have an evident central mode at 4 μm for all coal samples. Increasing combustion temperature leads to an increase in the central mode particle formation, which is thought to be due to enhanced char fragmentation. The small-size coal sample produces a larger amount of the central mode particles, reasonably due to abundant fine particles in the parent coal sample. Under similar combustion conditions, both the Heavy (>2.0 g/cm³) and Light (<1.4 g/cm³) coal fractions produce a central mode, indicating that not only the included minerals but also the excluded minerals contribute to the formation of the central mode particles.     

Numerical investigation of pulverized coal particle group combustion using tabulated chemistry

The ignition and combustion of coal particle groups are investigated numerically in a laminar flow reactor. The Flamelet Generated Manifold method is extended to account for the complex mixture of gases being released during devolatilization, which is calculated with a competing two-step model. A second mixture fraction is introduced to include the mixing with the second methane fuel stream. The interactions of the gas phase with particles are modeled within a fully coupled Euler-Lagrange framework. To investigate the influence of particle groups on ignition and combustion, successively increasing densities of particle streams have been analyzed. The ignition delay time is increased significantly by higher particle densities. This delay is validated successfully with the available measurements. Moreover, the shape of the volatile flame was found to be strongly influenced by the particle number density inside the flame. A transition from spherical flames around single particles to a conical flame around the particle cloud could be found in numerical results as well as in experiments. As the primary mechanism for the substantial ignition delay and the formation of the flame, the increased heat transfer from the gas-phase to the particle group, resulting in lower gas-phase temperatures, was identified.     

Use of elemental size distributions in identifying particle formation modes

The chemical composition of particles generated during pulverized coal combustion is the consequence of their formation processes. This work aims to use the size resolved elemental composition of coal-derived particles to identify their formation modes. A size-classified bituminous coal is burnt in a laboratory drop tube furnace at 1150, 1250, and 1350 °C, respectively. The elemental composition of the size-segregated particles from coal combustion is analyzed and the total mass fraction size distributions of Si and Al are obtained. Three particle formation modes are observed in these distribution profiles. The coarse mode has the highest value of the total mass fraction of Si and Al while the ultrafine mode has the lowest one. The total mass fraction of Si and Al in these two modes is nearly independent of particle size. It is believed that the coarse mode is formed by the mineral coalescence mechanism and the ultrafine mode by the vaporization–condensation mechanism. The difference in the total mass fraction of Si and Al between the central mode and the other two indicates that the central mode is formed by different mechanisms. Based on the observation that the total mass fraction of Si and Al in this mode increases with increasing particle size, heterogeneous condensation of vaporized species on existing fine residual ash particles is proposed to account for the formation of these particles. The study of the elemental composition of the three modes represented in five categories verifies the proposed formation mechanisms for them to some extent.     

Additional criteria for MILD coal combustion

We proposed a theoretical basis for Moderate or Intense Low-oxygen Dilution (MILD) coal combustion based on the turbulent scalar energy spectra. This is motivated by the hypothesis that smallest scalar mixing length scales should be on the order of the particle size or smaller to ensure that mixing can occur to prevent formation of diffusion flames. Our proposed criterion is evaluated using several experimental datasets from the literature for coal combustion in both MILD and traditional combustion regimes. The experimental results confirm that the smallest mixing length scales should be of the order of or smaller than the particle diameter, η_mix?d_p, to breakup the heat and mass transfer boundary layers around particles in MILD coal combustion. Results indicate that poor mixing of species with small Schmidt numbers around small particles leads to the high luminous intensity in the reactor. The effects of inlet velocity and jet diameter on the mixing length scales are analyzed. Higher inlet velocity and smaller jet diameter are expected to reach MILD regime. The proposed criterion can be used to guide experimental design to achieve MILD conditions for coal combustion.     

强声波作用下烟气中滑移单颗粒煤粉传热传质特性

根据二维轴对称、非稳态,层流的质量、动量和能量守恒方程,研究强声波作用下烟气中滑移单颗粒煤粉的传热传质特性,颗粒与烟气之间有稳定的滑移速度.分析声压级范围为150 dB~170 dB,可听声频率范围内,及在声质点速度与滑移速度的不同速率比情况下,颗粒局部努赛尔数、表面平均努赛尔数以及时间-空间平均努赛尔数的分布规律.在可听声频率范围内,存在极值频率,此时煤颗粒表面的传热传质效果最佳.为强声波应用于电站锅炉中、强化煤颗粒燃烧提供理论基础.     

煤焦燃烧过程中的亚观和微观形态及反应机理

通过FESEM和EBSP对煤粉在TGA、DTF和电站锅炉内燃烧过程中的亚观和微观形态及碳的含量变化的研究表明:炭的形态可分为5类:薄壁网架炭、厚壁网架炭、浅孔实体炭、实体炭和含碳矿物;同一煤样同一温度条件下炉内炭比TGA和DTF中的炭具有更大的反应比表面积;炉内炭的表面含碳量变化不大,不存在低温反应器的表面灰壳,因此,应用球形灰壳理论预报炉内煤粉的燃烧速率是值得怀疑的;亚观形态与微观形态间不存在几何分形上的自相似性.