超高压和酶抑制剂联合处理对荔枝果肉中过氧化物酶和果胶甲基酯酶的影响

 为了研究超高压与酶抑制剂联合处理对荔枝果肉中过氧化物酶（POD）和果胶甲基酯酶（PME）的影响，将荔枝（“淮枝”品种）果肉在两种酶抑制剂组合溶液（A：5 g/L柠檬酸+2.5 g/L L-抗坏血酸+5 g/L氯化钙；B：10 g/L柠檬酸+5 g/L L-抗坏血酸+10 g/L氯化钙）中分别浸泡10 min，并在100~400 MPa压力、10 ℃温度条件下处理30 min，采用分光光度法测定果肉中POD、PME的活性。结果表明：A、B两种组合处理能够明显钝化POD，但却显著激活了PME；超高压与A组合联合处理不能使POD、PME活性下降；超高压与B组合联合处理对POD、PME的影响与压力值有关系，100~300 MPa的超高压与B组合联合处理使POD活性下降，200~400 MPa的超高压与B组合联合处理则使PME活性升高。因此，超高压与酶抑制剂联合处理对荔枝果肉中POD的钝化存在一定的协同效应，且浓度越高，协同抑制效应越明显；而超高压与酶抑制剂联合处理对荔枝果肉中PME的钝化却表现出一定的拮抗性。     

超高压处理对荔枝果肉中两种酶和可溶性蛋白的影响

 为了研究超高压处理对荔枝果肉中过氧化物酶（POD）、果胶甲基酯酶（PME）及可溶性蛋白含量的影响,将荔枝（“淮枝”品种）果肉在100~400 MPa压力、10 ℃温度条件下处理30 min,采用分光光度法测定果肉中POD、PME的活性,用天然凝胶电泳法以及活性染色法测定POD、PME同工酶的变化,用SDS凝胶电泳法测定果肉中可溶性蛋白含量。结果表明：100~200 MPa超高压处理使荔枝果肉中POD活性上升且出现新的同工酶,300~400 MPa超高压处理则使其活性降低且新出现的同工酶消失;100 MPa压力处理使荔枝果肉中PME活性上升且出现新的同工酶,200~400 MPa超高压处理则使其活性降低且新出现的同工酶消失;100 MPa超高压处理使荔枝果肉中可溶性蛋白含量有所增加,而在200~400 MPa压力处理下其含量持续下降。     

超高压处理对海参自溶酶活性影响的研究

 海参的超高压处理与传统的处理方法相比有许多优越性,具有十分广阔的应用前景。研究了超高压处理过程中压力（0.1~550 MPa）、保压时间（0~30 min）、温度（24~62 ℃）及保压方式对海参自溶酶活性的影响。在室温、保压20 min的条件下,200 MPa左右较低压力下酶活性降低,相对残存活性为88.25%;250 MPa较高压力下自溶酶被激活,酶活性为106.77%;550 MPa高压下酶活性最低为29.81%。自溶酶活性随保压时间和温度的增加先上升后下降;保压方式对自溶酶活性的影响不大。同时利用误差反向传播神经网络（Back Propagation Neural Network,BP人工神经网络）,模拟了超高压钝酶效果,与实验结果比较,平均相对误差为0.9%,可以获得较好的预测结果。研究结果表明,在一定的压力、保压时间和温度下,酶被激活,其活性上升;而在一定的压力、保压时间和温度下,酶被钝化,活性降低。对优化海参超高压钝酶工艺具有一定的参考价值。     

温压协同处理黑莓β-葡萄糖苷酶失活动力学研究

 以黑莓β-葡萄糖苷酶为对象,研究其温压协同条件下的失活动力学规律,可为超高压食品处理技术的工业化和花色苷的保留提供有力的技术支持。实验压力为300~600 MPa,温度为35~55 ℃。结果表明：β-葡萄糖苷酶在温压协同条件下的失活过程为两个阶段,第一阶段用瞬时失活值描述,压力和温度影响其大小,不受保压时间影响;第二阶段将β-葡萄糖苷酶分为稳定部分和敏感部分,β-葡萄糖苷酶的失活过程用双相一级反应动力学模型描述,其失活速率常数随温度、压力的升高而增大。敏感部分和稳定部分在400 MPa、55 ℃条件下,失活速率常数K_L和K_S分别为2.777和0.047 min^-1,二者失活90%所需时间D_L和D_S分别为0.83和49.1 min。在400 MPa条件下,敏感部分的D值减少90%所需增加的温度T_Z和活化能E_a分别为23.36 ℃和81.95 kJ/mol;在45 ℃条件下D值减少90%所需增加的压力p_Z和活化体积V_a分别为1 111 MPa和-5.02 cm³/mol。     

高压与加热协同处理对牛肌肉中蛋白酶活性的影响

在不同温度(20～60℃)和压力(0.1～600 MPa)下处理20 min,对牛肌肉中蛋白酶活性的影响进行了研究.结果显示:室温下,随着处理压力的增加,酶的活力显著下降,而压力达400 MPa及以上时,酶的活力则没有明显变化,同时在pH值为3和7.5时酶的活性几乎完全丧失.200 MPa以下的压力处理使肌肉中游离氨基...     

金属离子辅助高静压钝化树莓多酚氧化酶研究

 树莓多酚氧化酶具有较强的耐压性,在600 MPa压力下处理45 min,其残余酶活仍高达40%以上。为了进一步钝化树莓内源多酚氧化酶的活性,研究了金属离子辅助高静压对树莓多酚氧化酶钝化的影响。在树莓多酚氧化酶粗酶液中添加对酶活性有抑制、激活、无改变的金属离子,研究其辅助400、600 MPa压力处理钝化树莓多酚氧化酶的效果。发现添加金属离子后,多酚氧化酶的活性随压力增大、时间延长而降低;Fe²⁺、Mn²⁺以及Cu²⁺均有不同程度的协同高静压钝化作用,而Ca²⁺在钝化树莓多酚氧化酶时与高静压出现拮抗现象,对树莓多酚氧化酶活性无影响的Zn²⁺未出现协同/拮抗作用。     

超高压处理对多酚氧化酶活性的影响

 研究了超高压中温协同处理对砀山梨汁中多酚氧化酶活性的影响,实验压力为0.1~500 MPa,温度为20~60 ℃。此外,考察了不同pH值（3~7）和保压时间（2~34 min）超高压处理对酶活性的影响。实验结果分析表明：在处理温度为50 ℃、保压时间为10 min和梨汁pH值为5的条件下,200~300 MPa处理梨汁时多酚氧化酶被激活,活性表现最高;500 MPa时酶的活性下降到75.3%。协同温度为30 ℃处理梨汁时,酶的活性反而增大;30 ℃以后,酶活性随温度升高而迅速降低;有效协同高压处理的温度为40 ℃。随着保压时间的延长,梨汁中过氧化物酶的活性减小;18 min以前下降速度较快些,之后下降速度变缓。pH在5~6之间,酶的残留活性最大;pH值为6时,梨汁中多酚氧化酶最为耐压。     

高压处理对辣根过氧化物酶活性及构象的影响

 高压处理对果蔬过氧化物酶活性的钝化程度会影响果蔬的感官品质和贮藏期,有必要研究高压条件下过氧化物酶的结构变化与其活性的关系。采用圆二色谱法和荧光光谱法,研究了室温下,100、300、500 MPa压力分别处理15 min对辣根过氧化物酶二级、三级结构及活性的影响。结果表明：高压处理对辣根过氧化物酶（HRP）有钝化作用,随着处理压力的增加,HRP的活性依次下降2.36%、5.69%、10.36%,HRP较耐压;HRP的α-螺旋、β-折叠和无规卷曲含量的升幅均小于4%,β-转角含量显著下降,且下降程度均达到11%;高压处理后的HRP在234 nm激发光谱和308 nm发射光谱特征峰的荧光强度下降,下降程度依次为18.28%、5.46%和4.04%,且100 MPa压力下处理的HRP荧光强度下降的程度最大。说明高压处理对HRP有钝化作用,且与其二级和三级结构的变化有关。     

HPCD脱除紫甘蓝色素中烯丙基异硫氰酸酯工艺的优化北大核心CSCD

在紫甘蓝色素提取过程中,由于硫代葡萄糖苷酶解产物烯丙基异硫氰酸酯(AITC)的产生,导致紫甘蓝色素提取液有不良风味,从而限制了它在食品工业上的应用。因此研究新型的高压二氧化碳(HPCD)技术脱除AITC工艺,分别考察了5种水平的压强、温度、处理时间和卸压时间对HPCD脱除AITC效果的影响。通过单因素实验和正交实验确定了HPCD脱除AITC的最佳工艺组合为:温度50℃,处理时间60min,卸压时间2min。在最佳条件下经HPCD处理后,紫甘蓝色素的风味物质种类由17种减至7种,许多异味物质得到不同程度的脱除,其中异味核心物质AITC的质量分数由3.15%减少至1.06%,达到较好的异味脱除效果。     

超高压均质技术在鲜榨果蔬汁加工中应用的研究进展北大核心CSCD

鲜榨果蔬汁富含维生素C、酚类等活性物质。超高压均质技术是基于传统均质技术发展起来的一种非热加工技术,压力最高可达400MPa,能在常温或较低温度下达到杀菌、钝酶等效果。将超高压均质技术应用于鲜榨果蔬汁的加工,可最大限度地保留鲜榨果蔬汁的原有品质。综述了超高压均质处理对鲜榨果蔬汁中微生物、酶及品质影响的研究进展,讨论了超高压均质技术在鲜榨果蔬汁加工中的应用前景。     

Guided-Wave Two-Dimensional Acousto-Optic Scanner Using Proton-Exchanged Lithium Niobate Waveguide

Two-dimensional scanning of a 0.6328 mum guided-light beam has been realized using noncolinear acousto-optic (AO) coplanar Bragg diffraction together with colinear AO guided-mode to substrate radiation-mode conversion in a Z-cut Xpropagation LiNbO3 proton-exchanged (PE) waveguide. The two surface acoustic (SAW) waves utilized are at the center frequencies of 500 and 200 MHz, propagating in the Y and X axes, respectively. Two-dimensional scanning of approximately 720 resolvable light beam spots, namely, 18 40 (horizontal vertical) scanning, has been demonstrated using a light beam of 1.0 mm aperture. The total number of resolvable beam spots can be greatly increased from 720 by simply utilizing SAW transducers of larger bandwidth and a light beam of greater aperture. It should also be possible to significantly increase the diffraction efficiency from 3 % by optimizing the parameters of the PE waveguide and the SAWs.     

Effect ofγ-radiation on the spectral luminescence characteristics of impure cadmium tungstate crystals

Results of a study of the effect of γ-radiation on the spectral luminescence properties of cadmium tungstate crystals doped with silver, bismuth, and molybdenum cations are presented. Spectral characteristics of the nondnnnoped crystals are briefly described. Absorption and photo and X-ray luminescence spectra of the crystals taken before and after exposure to γ-radiation (5.5·10⁴ Gy) are compared. It is found that the spectral characteristics of the crystals doped with silver, bismuth, and molybdenum cations do not change markedly after the exposure. The relation between the type of impurity-induced defects, individual characteristics of the impurity cations, and the character of the effect of γ-radiation on the spectral luminescence properties of impure crystals is analyzed (preliminarily). Translated from Zhurnal Prikladnoi Spektroskopii, Vol. 64, No. 1, pp. 55–60, January–February, 1997.     

Theoretical analysis and simulation of conjugate heights for dual-conjugate AO system in lidar

A multi-conjugate adaptive optics （MCAO） can offer a possibility of widening field of view （FOV） characterized by the isoplanatic angle, and the choose of conjugate height becomes a basic problem for MCAO, which influences the size of iosplanatic angle. Considering the application of lidar, the isoplanatic angle＇s expressions of two deformable mirrors （DMs） MCAO for uplink and downlink are deduced. The effects of conjugate heights for dual-conjugate AO are thoughtfully discussed, and the isoplanatic angles are further analyzed. The results show that the isopanatic angle varies with the conjugate height and reaches the maximum as the conjugate height is at the optimal altitude. Moreover, the optimal conjugate height changes with the propagation distance.     

Quick single-photon detector with many avalanche photo diodes working on the time division

Due to the limit of response speed of the present single-photon detector, the code rate is still too low to come into practical use for the present quantum key distribution (QKD) system.A new idea is put up to design a quick single-photon detector.This quick single-photon detector is composed of a multi-port optic-fiber splitter and many avalanche photo diodes (APDs).Au of the ports with APDs work on the time division and cooperate with a logic discriminating and deciding unit driven by the clock signal.The operation frequency lies on the number N of ports, and can reach N times of the conventional single-photon detector.The single-photon prompt detection can come true for high repetition-rate pulses.The applying of this detector will largely raise the code rate of the QKD, and boost the commercial use.     

Improvement of four-wave mixing-based wavelength conversion efficiency in dispersion shifted fiber by 40-GHz clock pumping

40-GHz clock modulated signal as a pump to improve the efficiency of four-wave mixing (FWM)-based wavelength conversion in a 26.5-km dispersion shifted fiber (DSF) is investigated. The experimental results demonstrate that the conjugated FWM component has higher intensity with the clock pumping than that with the continuous-wave (CW) light pumping. The improvement of FWM-based wavelength conversion efficiency is negligible when the pump power is less than Brillouin threshold. But when the pump power is greater than Brillouin threshold, the improvement becomes significant and increases with the increment of pump power. The improvement can increase up to 9 dB if pump power reaches 17 dBm.     

Characterization of PolyA and PolyC mismatches by Raman spectroscopy

A.C mismatches are studied by Raman spectral characterization of PolyA, PolyC, and their equimolar complex in solution of 0.14 mol/L Na ,pH7.0.Experimental results show that A·C mismatches occur to be A/B (mainly A) conformers, and unlike Watson-Crick base pairing, this kind of mismatches is stabilized by only one hydrogen bond involving cytosine N4H2 and adenine N7.The formation of A·C complex makes the base stacking interactions much stronger, and conformation of the backbone more ordered, which leads to obvious Raman hypochromic effect with some shifts in corresponding bands.     

Speech enhancement by array crosstalk resistant ANC and spectrum subtraction

Microphone array-based speech enhancement has great importance for speech communications and speech recognition. To reduce the aperture of the microphone array and to increase the effect of the speech enhancement will greatly broaden the application areas of the microphone array. An array crosstalk resistant adaptive noise cancellation method is therefore presented. And then an improved spectral subtraction algorithm is further cascaded to obtain better enhancement results. Theoretic analysis and experiments indicate that the proposed scheme needs only a very small microphone array while it simultaneously achieves a higher SNR improvement. Besides, the proposed scheme can be used in many noisy environments and is easy for real-time implementation.     

Multi-pulse operation of a Kerr-lens mode-locked femtosecond laser

Our experimental results show that the presence of a proper amount of negative group velocity dispersion is essential to multi-pulse operation of a Kerr-lens mode-locked femtosecond laser. We demonstrate that the pulse separations and the number of pulses contained within a cavity round trip are strongly dependent on the initial perturbations. The results allow us to get a better understanding on the influences of the convoluted self-phase modulation and intra-cavity dispersions on the stable multi-pulse oscillation in a Kerr-lens mode-locked femtosecond laser.     

Propagation of Helmholtz-Gauss beams in weak turbulent atmosphere

Based on the Rytov approximation of light propagation in weak turbulent atmosphere,the closed-form expressions of field and average irradiance of each one of the four fundamental families of Helmholtz-Gauss (HzG)beams:cosine-Gauss beams,stationary Mathieu-Gauss beams,stationary parabolic-Gauss beams,and Bessel-Gauss beams,which are propagating in weak turbulent atmosphere,are obtained.The results show that the field and average irradiance can be written as the product of four factors:complex amplitude depending on the z-coordinate only,a Ganssian beam.a factor of complex phase perturbation induced by atmospheric turbulence,and a complex scaled version of the transverse shape of the non-diffracting beam.The effect of weak atmospheric turbulence on irradiance distribution of the HzG beam can be ignored.