基于纳米光学天线的扫描近场光学探针研究

提出了一种基于纳米光学天线的新型扫描近场光学探针,基本结构是在传统光学探针的下端面集成金属偶极纳米光学天线,当入射光照射金属纳米偶极天线时激发金属表面等离激元共振,在天线间隙处产生了巨大的局域场增强,既提高耦合进入探针的光信号强度,又提高信噪比,实现高分辨率。利用时域有限差分(FDTD)法研究了不同孔径(50,100,130,150,170和200 nm)的新型探针对同一样品的探测结果。照明光源为830 nm平面波,TE极化,扫描高度10 nm。研究结果表明新型探针分辨率随孔径增大时变化规律是先增加后减小,在孔径150 nm时分辨率最高,达45 nm,比同样孔径传统探针分辨率提高近4倍。对比分析了当探针位于样品中心时不同孔径探针端面光场分布图,认为新型探针分辨率变化规律是纳米天线在探针上的有效长度不同所致。对其灵敏度和对比度也进行了初步分析。     

金属镜面上纳米光学天线阵列自发辐射增强与定向辐射

本文提出一种金属镜面上纳米光学天线阵列结构,天线采用金纳米立方体,单个点辐射源位于天线和金镜面之间的纳米间隙内.天线和金镜面之间的纳米间隙支持间隙表面等离激元,能够增强自发辐射速率;同时,周期排布的纳米天线支持表面晶格共振(surface lattice resonance, SLR),通过适当设计阵列周期,可实现沿垂直于基底方向的远场定向辐射.本文结合阵列扫描法(array scanning method, ASM)和全波严格数值方法,计算了辐射源的自发辐射速率.对于远场辐射强度角分布的计算,本文给出了互易定理方法的严格表述和证明过程,该证明过程不同于已有文献中的证明过程,对于无限大周期结构具有更严格的适用性,或者具有更低的计算量.本文提出的天线结构和设计方法可用于指导设计高速、高亮度、定向辐射光源.     

金属基底上光学偶极纳米天线的自发辐射宽带增强:表面等离激元直观模型

本文提出一种具有宽波段自发辐射增强性能的金属基底上光学偶极纳米天线,实现的总辐射速率与远场辐射速率增强因子分别达到5454和1041,在近红外波段,自发辐射增强(Purcell因子超过1000)波长范围达到260 nm,并且能够实现远场定向辐射.为了阐明天线性能背后的物理机制,本文考虑天线臂上表面等离激元激发和多重散射的直观物理过程,基于Maxwell方程组第一性原理,建立了一个半解析模型,能够全面复现天线的辐射特性,包括总辐射速率、远场辐射速率、远场辐射方向图等.该模型提供了一个直观的物理图像,即在模型导出的两个相位匹配条件下,表面等离激元在天线臂上形成了一对Fabry-Perot共振获得增强,然后传播到纳米间隙内点辐射源位置和散射到自由空间,由此分别提高了总辐射速率和远场辐射速率.并且,这一对Fabry-Perot共振产生了一对相互靠近的谐振峰,由此形成了宽波段自发辐射增强.本文提出的偶极纳米天线可以应用于荧光增强、拉曼散射增强及高速、高亮度纳米光源等领域,所提出的模型可用于光学天线的物理理解和直观设计.     

扫描近场光学显微镜探针与光场相互作用的分析

采用时域有限差分方法对镀金属膜光纤探针在近场光探测中对光场产生的扰动和相互作用过程进行了数值分析。选择纳米孔径的隐失场光场和镀金属膜光纤探针建立了近场光探测的理论模型,讨论了探针孔径尺寸、扫描高度等因素对光场探测的影响,以及测量光场与初始光场之间的关系等。研究结果表明,当探针孔径尺寸与待测纳米孔径尺寸相当,探针扫描高度在接近探针孔径尺寸的一半时,测量得到的光场分布数据能够准确描述初始光场分布。     

银纳米圆盘光天线的远场方向性研究

采用时域有限差分方法计算了银纳米圆盘光天线模型的场分布,研究了光偶极天线的远场辐射特性随距离和厚度、半径变化的规律以及影响其远场方向性的因素.研究发现,偶极子垂直放置在银纳米圆盘下方一定距离时,银盘厚度和半径的改变均可使方向性图中出现新的辐射模式,同时方向性增益得到增强.通过对其近场的观察和分析可以得知,新的辐射模式的产生来源于高阶模式的局域表面等离激元.结果表明,背景材料为GaN时,产生高阶模式局域表面等离激元的合适条件为电偶极子距银盘底部40nm.另外,为了有效地支持高阶模式局域表面等离激元的形成,银盘厚度与半径最小分别为30nm和100nm.本文的研究对掌握纳米银盘结构的光天线特性及其在光器件中的运用有重要意义.     

银纳米圆盘光天线的远场方向性研究

采用时域有限差分方法计算了银纳米圆盘光天线模型的场分布,研究了光偶极天线的远场辐射特性随距离和厚度、半径变化的规律以及影响其远场方向性的因素. 研究发现,偶极子垂直放置在银纳米圆盘下方一定距离时,银盘厚度和半径的改变均可使方向性图中出现新的辐射模式,同时方向性增益得到增强.通过对其近场的观察和分析可以得知,新的辐射模式的产生来源于高阶模式的局域表面等离激元. 结果表明,背景材料为GaN时,产生高阶模式局域表面等离激元的合适条件为电偶极子距银盘底部40 nm. 另外,为了有效地支持高阶模式局域表面等离激元的形成,银盘厚度与半径最小分别为30 nm和100 nm. 本文的研究对掌握纳米银盘结构的光天线特性及其在光器件中的运用有重要意义.     

光偶极天线的远场方向性研究

用时域有限差分方法模拟了两种光偶极天线模型的场分布,研究了光偶极天线的远场辐射特性随其长度增加而变化的规律以及影响其远场方向性的因素,发现光偶极天线的远场方向性随其长度增加而变化的规律类似于经典对称振子天线的相应规律.但高阶局域表面等离激元模式的存在使得光偶极天线的远场辐射图更快地出现了旁瓣.这些发现对于提高光天线的性能具有重要意义. 关键词： 光偶极天线 局域表面等离激元 金纳米粒子 远场方向性     

单壁碳纳米管束针尖增强近场拉曼光谱探测实验研究

针尖增强近场拉曼光谱术是最近发展起来的光谱技术。金属探针在获得样品纳米局域表面形貌的同时,受激光激发,在针尖附近产生增强电磁场,得到与形貌位置精确对应的针尖增强局域拉曼光谱,形貌和光谱的结合实现了纳米局域的光谱指认。文章建立了一套针尖增强近场拉曼光谱测量装置,并用此装置对电弧法合成的单壁碳纳米管进行了近场拉曼光谱探测。测量了直径为100 nm单壁碳纳米管束的针尖增强拉曼光谱,进一步得到至多3根单壁碳纳米管的近场拉曼光谱,实现了超衍射分辨光谱探测。通过与远场拉曼光谱比较发现,针尖增强近场拉曼光谱的增强因子大于230倍。实验证明,同时具有超衍射空间分辨和拉曼光谱信号增强能力的针尖增强近场拉曼光谱术将是纳米材料和纳米结构表征的一种重要方法。     

一种用于时间反演通信的亚波长天线阵列设计

基于时间反演电磁波的远场超分辨聚焦特性, 设计了一种亚波长天线阵列, 其天线单元刻蚀有微结构、单元间距为1/20工作波长且信道相互独立. 在保证相似的辐射特性的条件下, 该亚波长天线阵列对比于其他微结构刻蚀所组成的亚波长天线阵列, 具有较好的远场超分辨率聚焦特性. 为基于时间反演的高速率、高质量多天线通信提供了一种有效的终端天线阵列.     

基于多层膜结构的亚波长光栅研究

利用表面等离子体共振效应理论及金属-介质复合膜的特殊纳米光学效应对平面多层膜超分辨光刻技术进行了研究. 在曝光光源为365 nm的情况下,实现周期230 nm,线宽100 nm的超分辨光刻成像. 讨论了均匀金属-介质多层膜的结构参数选择,并通过数值仿真得到有效的光强度和对比度, 然后用等离子体纳米光刻进行试验验证,通过最优化选择,最终得到了亚波长结构多层膜的大区域范围超分辨成像.     

Far-field control of radiation from an individual optical nanocavity: analogue to an optical dipole

We demonstrate long-range control of the radiative lifetime of a silicon optical nanocavity using a metallic atomic force microscope probe. We extract changes in the radiative lifetime from changes in the cavity's transmittivity resulting from probe-cavity interaction over distances of several optical wavelengths. Analogous to atomic systems, the cavity acts as an individual radiating dipole with a radiative rate that is modified by a metallic interface.     

Non-radiative decay of a dipole emitter close to a metallic nanoparticle: Importance of higher-order multipole contributions

The contribution of higher-order multipoles to radiative and non-radiative decay of a single dipole emitter close to a spherical metallic nanoparticle is re-examined. Taking a Ag spherical nanoparticle (AgNP) with the radius of 5 nm as an example, a significant contribution (between 50% and 101% of the total value) of higher-order multipoles to non-radiative rates is found even at the emitter distance of 5 nm from the AgNP surface. On the other hand, the higher-order multipole contribution to radiative rates is negligible. Consequently, a dipole-dipole approximation can yield only an upper bound on the apparent quantum yield. In contrast, the non-radiative rates calculated with the quasistatic Gersten and Nitzan method are found to be in much better agreement with exact electrodynamic results. Finally, the size corrected metal dielectric function is shown to decrease the non-radiative rates near the dipolar surface plasmon resonance.     

Diagnosis of a low pressure capacitively coupled argon plasma by using a simple collisional-radiative model

This paper proposes a simple collisional-radiative model to characterise capacitively coupled argon plasmas driven by conventional radio frequency in combination with optical emission spectroscopy and Langmuir probe measurements. Two major processes are considered in this model, electron-impact excitation and the spontaneous radiative decay. The diffusion loss term, which is found to be important for the two metastable states (4s[3/2]₂, 4s'[1/2]₀), is also taken into account. Behaviours of representative metastable and radiative states are discussed. Two emission lines (located at 696.5 nm and 750.4 nm) are selected and intensities are measured to obtain populated densities of the corresponding radiative states in the argon plasma. The calculated results agree well with that measured by Langmuir probe, indicating that the current model combined with optical emission spectroscopy is a candidate tool for electron density and temperature measurement in radio frequency capacitively coupled discharges.     

Plasmonic nanoloop array antenna

In this Letter, we create an optical nanoantenna array composed of parasitic plasmonic loops that can enhance radiation characteristics and direct the optical energy successfully. Three metallic loops inspired by the concept of the Yagi-Uda antenna are optimized around the region where they feature high scattering performance to control the radiation beam. The loop geometry, when compared to the dipole configuration, has the benefit of using the available aperture in an effective way to provide higher directivity. The angular emission of the nanoloop array antenna is highly directive, and a directivity of 8.2 dB for upward radiation is established.     

Numerical synthesis of metallic nanostructures for enhancing the emission of a dipole through surface plasmon coupling

In this study, we numerically synthesize a two-dimensional metallic nanostructure consisting of a Au half-space and two separate Ag elliptical cylinders by the simulated annealing (SA) method. The simulated nanostructure is so designed that the surface plasmon polariton (SPP) and the localized surface plasmon (LSP) are simultaneously excited at their common resonant wavelength (535 nm), leading to the enhancement of emission of a nearby dipole source. This enhancement effect is more significant than that of the case where only one of the SPP and LSP is excited. In numerically synthesizing a metallic nanostructure, we try to maximize both the downward emission (in the direction away from the metallic structure) and the emission efficiency. A cost function is defined as some combination of the downward emission and the emission efficiency. We adjust the simulated structure by SA to minimize the cost function at a designated resonant wavelength, and calculate and analyze the spectra of downward emission and emission efficiency for the optimal structure. Other structures are also investigated for comparison. From numerical simulations, it is demonstrated that the enhancement of dipole emission is better for optimization at wavelength 535 nm than at other wavelengths. Note that the downward emission and the emission efficiency can reach maxima almost simultaneously when the SPP and the LSP couple effectively at a common resonant wavelength. This implies that the lighting efficiency of green light-emitting diodes (LEDs) can be increased by the coupling effect at a common resonant wavelength of SPP and LSP.     

Writing 40 nm marks by using a beaked metallic plate near-field optical probe

We have developed a near-field optical probe that uses a triangular metallic plate with a three-dimensionally tapered apex as a light source for thermally assisted magnetic recording. Numerical analysis using a finite-element method shows that the size of the optical spot generated at the apex is 15 nm x 20 nm, and the efficiency (defined as the ratio between the power of the optical near field at the surface of the recording medium and that of the incident light) is 15% when the incident light is focused by a lens with a numerical aperture of 0.8. The metallic plate was fabricated on the surface of a quartz slider and used for writing marks on a phase change recording medium. The marks were observed with a scanning electron microscope, and we confirmed that marks with a diameter of 40 nm were successfully written on the medium.     

共享孔径人工电磁媒质设计及其在高增益低雷达散射截面天线中的应用

提出了一种具有部分反射特性和吸波特性的共享孔径人工电磁媒质(shared aperture metamaterial, SA-MTM).该媒质由上层斜十字金属图案加载集总电阻的吸波表面、下层开条带缝隙金属面的部分反射表面以及中间介质层构成, 吸波表面和部分反射表面在垂直维度上共享了一个物理孔径使该媒质同时实现了吸波特性和部分反射特性.将SA-MTM与天线一体化设计, 利用SA-MTM的部分反射表面和天线表面构成的法布里-珀罗(Fabry-Perot, F-P)谐振腔提升天线的增益, 利用SA-MTM的吸波表面吸收入射电磁波实现低雷达散射截面(radar section cross, RCS)天线的设计.仿真和实验结果表明, SA-MTM 的加载使天线的前向增益在5.57–5.94 GHz 的工作带宽范围内都提升了3 dB以上, 且天线的后向RCS在2–9 GHz范围内都有明显的减缩.该研究成果克服了天线辐射性能和散射性能无法兼顾的矛盾, 对高增益低RCS天线的设计具有重要的指导意义.     

XPS analysis of palladium oxide layers and particles

The thermal reduction of both oxidised palladium foil and SiO₂/Si(100) supported palladium oxide particles, ranging in size fro 3.5 to 13 nm, was investigated with XPS. Equations were derived for the XPS intensities, measured at normal emission angles, of the particles which consisted of a metallic core and an oxidic skin. By applying these equations on the spectra measured after each reduction step, the particle size and the size of the metallic core were calculated. Measurements on palladium foil showed that the oxide layer thickness decreases linearly with the reduction time up to the last monolayer oxide. The reduction rate of the surface oxide is about eight times lower than the reduction rate of the bulk oxide. The growth of the metallic core in palladium oxide particles appeared to be linearly proportional to the surface area. The reduction rate of the smallest particles was comparable to the reduction rate of the surface oxide of the palladium foil. The larger particles behave identical to the palladium foil.     

Control of single emitter radiation by polarization- and position-dependent activation of dark antenna modes

We study the modification of the decay rates of a single dipolar emitter positioned in the vicinity of metallic linear nanoantennas when higher-order plasmonic excitations are induced. We show that it is possible to effectively tune the enhancement or suppression of both the radiative and nonradiative decay processes by controlling the position and orientation of the dipole with respect to the antenna. Transverse polarization of a single emitter, with respect to the antenna axis, located at the center of the antenna activates dark antenna modes that modify dramatically both the intensity and the spectral features of the decay rates.     

用表面等离子体共振传感器检测纳米间距

结合物理光学原理和表面等离子体共振（SPR）角度传感器,提出了可以突破衍射极限的纳米间距检测方法。在理论上建立起纳米间距和位相改变量之间的函数关系,借助于SPR角度传感器的高灵敏性,提出通过检测出射光束振动方向的p分量和s分量的位相差值来实现纳米间距的实时检测。模拟结果显示：纳米间距改变量从-0.5～0.5μm变化时,位相改变量可实现-150°～150°的变化,检测灵敏度〉1 nm。该检测方法能够实现10 nm以下间距的灵敏检测,且具有结构简单,易于操作,实时检测的特点。