Fe/Co/Ni-N共掺杂石墨烯氧还原反应活性的DFT研究

为了研究Fe/Co/Ni-N掺杂石墨烯的氧还原反应(ORR)活性,比较单金属原子和氮不同的掺杂方式对石墨烯ORR活性的影响.利用Materials Studio软件建立了Fe/Co/Ni-N掺杂石墨烯模型,然后将氧气分子分别吸附在Fe/Co/Ni-N掺杂石墨烯模型表面上.采用CASTEP模块对构建的模型进行结构优化并模拟计算,分析了Fe/Co/Ni-N掺杂石墨烯的吸附能、脱附能和导电性变化规律.基于模拟计算,发现单金属原子掺杂石墨烯时,Fe掺杂石墨烯的ORR活性优于Co和Ni;单金属原子和氮共掺杂石墨烯时,Fe-N掺杂石墨烯的ORR活性高于Co-N和Ni-N掺杂石墨烯,且M-N₄-G形态的ORR活性优于M-N₁-G、M-N₂-G和M-N₃-G.     

B,P单掺杂和共掺杂石墨烯对O,O_2,OH和OOH吸附特性的密度泛函研究

基于第一性原理的密度泛函理论研究了B,P单掺杂以及B,P共掺杂石墨烯对O,O_2,OH和OOH的吸附特性.通过分析吸附能、键长、态密度以及电荷转移,比较了不同掺杂对燃料电池氧还原反应(ORR)中间物吸附的影响,进而探讨了反应过程,并给出各步反应自由能的变化趋势.结果表明:B,P单掺杂石墨烯对各中间物的吸附能存在线性关系,掺P石墨烯吸附OOH的吸附能为3.26 eV,远大于掺B石墨烯的吸附能0.73 eV;掺P石墨烯较大的吸附能有利于中间物OOH中O—O键的断裂,掺B石墨烯吸附能小有利于中间物OH生成H2O脱附的反应发生;而B,P共掺杂石墨烯的吸附存在协同效应,具有更好的催化ORR的反应能力.     

基于BC3NT的混合系锂空气电池正极第一性原理研究

文章采用第一性原理,利用掺杂硼的碳纳米管(BC₃NT)容易产生拓扑缺陷的特点,将其用作混合系锂空气电池正极材料,研究了BC₃NT拓扑缺陷电子性质及氧分子吸附.结果表明:BC₃NT产生的拓扑缺陷使得氧气在纳米管外表面吸附更加稳定,且缺陷环越大,吸附越稳定.七元环缺陷、八元环缺陷分别会使氧气在纳米管外表面发生半解离吸附和完全解离吸附,有利于氧还原反应的发生;通过布居分析电荷转移进一步验证了缺陷环越大,转移电荷越多,吸附越稳定. BC₃NT能增强对氧分子的解离吸附能力,有利于氧还原反应的进行.该材料适合用作混合系锂空气电池正极,有利于提高其性能.     

金属原子修饰石墨烯体系催化性能的理论研究

采用基于密度泛函理论的第一性原理方法研究了单个CO和O2气体分子在金属原子修饰石墨烯表面的吸附和反应过程.结果表明:空位缺陷结构的石墨烯能够提高金属原子的稳定性,金属原子掺杂的石墨烯体系能够调控气体分子的吸附特性.通入混合的CO和O2作为反应气体,石墨烯表面容易被吸附性更强的O2分子占据,进而防止催化剂的CO中毒.此外,对比分析两种催化机理(Langmuir-Hinshelwood和Eley-Rideal)对CO氧化反应的影响.与其它金属原子相比,Al原子掺杂的石墨烯体系具有极低的反应势垒(0.4 e V),更有助于CO氧化反应的迅速进行.     

金属原子修饰石墨烯体系催化性能的理论研究

采用基于密度泛函理论的第一性原理方法研究了单个CO 和O2气体分子在金属原子修饰石墨烯表面的吸附和反应过程. 结果表明: 空位缺陷结构的石墨烯能够提高金属原子的稳定性, 金属原子掺杂的石墨烯体系能够调控气体分子的吸附特性. 通入混合的CO和O2作为反应气体, 石墨烯表面容易被吸附性更强的O2分子占据, 进而防止催化剂的CO 中毒. 此外, 对比分析两种催化机理(Langmuir-Hinshelwood和Eley-Rideal)对CO氧化反应的影响. 与其它金属原子相比, Al原子掺杂的石墨烯体系具有极低的反应势垒(< 0.4 eV), 更有助于CO氧化反应的迅速进行.     

预紧力对锂空气电池传质及性能的研究

施加预紧力的过程是电池实验中一个重要的组装过程,研究施加预紧力的大小对正极扩散层初始孔隙率等其他参数的影响十分重要。本文通过使用COMSOL Multiphys软件建立锂空气电池二维瞬态模型,研究了锂空气电池的孔隙率等参数随着预紧力大小的变化分布趋势。经过研究表明:在对锂空气电池上施加预紧力的作用下,导致正极的孔隙率有所下降,生成物过氧化锂会更快堵满正极,进而导致电池的性能有所下降。     

硼掺杂双层石墨烯吸附钠的第一性原理研究

采用密度泛函理论(DFT)的第一性原理方法,对Na在本征双层石墨烯(PBLG)和不同掺杂浓度的B掺杂石墨烯(BBLG)表面的吸附性质进行了研究.确定了不同B掺杂浓度时BBLG的最稳定B分布结构,计算了Na在PBLG和不同掺杂浓度的BBLG表面的吸附能.计算结果表明,B原子掺杂倾向于占据上层中对位或次临近位置,并与下层中六边形碳环中心相对,B_4C_(32)的形成能最小;B掺杂浓度的增加使BBLG中上层石墨烯片层结构起伏增大,而对下层影响较小;Na在BBLG表面吸附高度和平均层间距受上层结构起伏影响显著;Na倾向于吸附在B_9C_(27)表面B原子的上方,使原始平面结构产生起伏,Na与B_9C_(27)表面的结合最稳定.     

氮掺杂双层石墨烯吸附钠的第一性原理研究

采用密度泛函理论(DFT)的第一性原理方法,对Na在本征双层石墨烯(PBLG)和不同掺杂浓度的N掺杂石墨烯(NBLG)表面的吸附性质进行了研究.确定了不同N掺杂浓度时NBLG的最稳定N分布结构,计算了Na在PBLG和不同掺杂浓度的NBLG表面的吸附能.计算结果表明,N原子掺杂倾向于取代对位或次临近位置的C原子,并与下层C原子相对;随着N掺杂浓度的增加,吸附高度逐渐增加,且与掺杂N原子分布相匹配; Na在PBLG表面吸附使平均层间距增加,而在NBLG表面吸附使之减小; Na与C_(27)N_9表面的结合最稳定.     

N_2在Co掺杂Ru(001)表面吸附的DFT研究

采用密度泛函理论与周期性平板模型相结合的方法,对N_2在Ru(001)表面top、fcc、hcp、bridge四个吸附位和Ru-Co(001)表面Ru-top、Co-top、Ru(Ru)Ru-bridge、Co(Co)Co-bridge、Ru(Co)Co-bridge、Ru(Ru)Co-bridge、Ru_2Co-hcp、RuCo_2-hcp、Ru_2Co-fcc、RuCo_2-fcc十个吸附位的14种吸附模型进行了构型优化、能量计算,得到了N_2较有利的吸附位;并对清洁表面进行能带分析,对最佳吸附位进行总态密度分析.结果表明:掺杂Co后,Ru催化剂的能带变宽,催化活性增强;N_2在Ru(001)表面的最稳定吸附位top的吸附能是-88.94 kJ·mol~(-1),在Ru-Co(001)表面的最稳定吸附位Ru-top的吸附能是-95.71 kJ·mol~(-1),而且N_2与金属表面成键,属于化学吸附.     

稀土元素Gd掺杂CeO_2(111)面储释氧性能的第一性原理研究

本文采用第一性原理平面波超软赝势方法,研究了Gd掺杂Ce O2改性材料应用于固体氧化物电池电解质时的表面储释氧性能.对比研究了三种表面覆盖率Ce1-xGdxO2(x=0,0.10,0.15)下掺杂元素Gd对Ce O2的晶体结构、电子结构、氧缺陷形成过程以及表面积碳过程的影响.计算给出了相应掺杂比例下的氧缺陷形成能以及晶体表面吸附石墨烯的吸附能;结果表明:随着掺杂量的增大,氧缺陷形成能减小,晶体表面对石墨烯的吸附能增大;分析掺杂前后改性催化材料的电子结构的变化;说明Gd掺杂会导致Ce O2晶体表面结构畸变收缩,有效活化表面氧,同时利用化学平衡原理证明了Gd掺杂后的催化材料可以有效抑制表面碳沉积.从理论的角度解释了Gd掺杂Ce O2改性材料在固体氧化物电解质应用中的优势.     

TiS2-graphene heterostructures enabling polysulfide anchoring and fast electrocatalyst for lithium-sulfur batteries: A first-principles calculation

Lithium-sulfur batteries have attracted attention because of their high energy density. However, the "shuttle effect" caused by the dissolving of polysulfide in the electrolyte has greatly hindered the widespread commercial use of lithium-sulfur batteries. In this paper, a novel two-dimensional TiS₂/graphene heterostructure is theoretically designed as the anchoring material for lithium-sulfur batteries to suppress the shuttle effect. This heterostructure formed by the stacking of graphene and TiS₂ monolayer is the van der Waals type, which retains the intrinsic metallic electronic structure of graphene and TiS₂ monolayer. Graphene improves the electronic conductivity of the sulfur cathode, and the transferred electrons from graphene enhance the polarity of the TiS₂ monolayer. Simulations of the polysulfide adsorption show that the TiS₂/graphene heterostructure can maintain good metallic properties and the appropriate adsorption energies of 0.98-3.72 eV, which can effectively anchor polysulfides. Charge transfer analysis suggests that further enhancement of polarity is beneficial to reduce the high proportion of van der Waals (vdW) force in the adsorption energy, thereby further enhancing the anchoring ability. Low Li₂S decomposition barrier and Li-ion migration barrier imply that the heterostructure has the ability to catalyze fast electrochemical kinetic processes. Therefore, TiS₂/graphene heterostructure could be an important candidate for ideal anchoring materials of lithium-sulfur batteries.     

Density functional theory-based analysis on O2 molecular interaction with the tri-s-triazine-based graphitic carbon nitride

The structural and electronic properties of O₂ molecular adsorption on the Tri-s-triazine-based graphitic carbon nitride (g-C₃N₄) surface was investigated through first principles calculation based on density functional theory (DFT). Here, we show that the O₂ molecule is merely physisorbed on the surface of g-C₃N₄ through the interaction of its lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO) with the orbitals of the 2-coordinated nitrogen atoms of the surface. Though physisorbed, a stronger molecular adsorption was found as compared with its adsorption on pure graphene sheets. We also found that the O₂ molecule gains very small amount of electron charges from the surface, which, together with a stronger adsorption energy, may attribute to a more effective oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) site as compared with pure graphene. These results would then be important for reactions with intermediate surface oxidation step in a carbon and nitrogen-based catalyst, and could lead to realization of an effective materials design for surface application, e.g. towards a more efficient catalyst for the ORR on the cathode side of the proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC).     

FeNi Layered Double‐Hydroxide Nanosheets on a 3D Carbon Network as an Efficient Electrocatalyst for the Oxygen Evolution Reaction

An efficient electrocatalyst for oxygen evolution has been prepared via the deposition of iron–nickel layered double‐hydroxide (FeNi‐LDH) nanosheets on 3D carbon network as the building scaffold in a one‐step hydrothermal process. It is found that upon the assembling of FeNi‐LDH nanosheets with graphene into the 3D cross‐linked hybrid, the FeNi‐LDH/graphene hybrid features a well‐improved catalytic activity towards the oxygen evolution reaction (OER) with a good stability during the long‐term cycling experiment. Moreover, the hybrid catalyst is also active in the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR), qualifying it as a new type of bifunctional catalyst that can work in metal–air batteries.     

Co9S8 Nanoparticles Incorporated in Hierarchically Porous 3D Few‐Layer Graphene‐Like Carbon with S,N‐Doping as Superior Electrocatalyst for Oxygen Reduction Reaction

Electrochemical oxygen reduction reaction (ORR), using nonprecious metal catalysts, has attracted great attention due to the importance in renewable energy technologies, such as fuel cells and metal–air batteries. A simple and scalable synthetic route is demonstrated for the preparation of a novel 3D hybrid nanocatalyst consisting of Co₉S₈ nanoparticles which are incorporated in N,S‐doped carbon (N, S–C) with rational structure design. In particular, the hybrid catalyst is prepared by direct pyrolysis and calcination of a gel mixture of Mg,Co nitrate‐thiourea‐glycine under Ar atmosphere, with subsequent HCl washing. The properties of obtained hybrid catalyst are quite dependent on calcination temperature and added glycine amount. Under a molar ratio of Co5‐Mg15‐tu10‐gl45 and a calcination temperature of 900 °C, Co₉S₈ nanoparticles are embedded in a well‐developed carbon matrix which shows a porous 3D few‐layer graphene‐like N, S–C with open and hierarchical micro–meso–macro pore structure. Because of the synergistic effect between Co₉S₈ nanoparticles and well‐developed carbon support, the composite exhibits high ORR activity close to that of commercial Pt/C catalyst. More importantly, the composite displays superior long‐term stability and good tolerance against methanol. The strategy developed here provides a novel and efficient approach to prepare a cost‐effective and highly active ORR electrocatalyst.     

Adsorption of propylene carbonate on the Li Mn_2O_4 (100) surface investigated by DFT+U calculations

Understanding the mechanism of the interfacial reaction between the cathode material and the electrolyte is a significant work because the interfacial reaction is an important factor affecting the stability,capacity,and cycling performance of Li-ion batteries.In this work,spin-polarized density functional theory calculations with on-site Coulomb energy have been employed to study the adsorption of electrolyte components propylene carbonate(PC)on the LiMn2O4(100)surface.The findings show that the PC molecule prefers to interact with the Mn atom on the LiMn2O4(100)surface via the carbonyl oxygen(Oc),with the adsorption energy of?1.16 eV,which is an exothermic reaction.As the adsorption of organic molecule PC increases the Mn atoms coordination with O atoms on the(100)surface,the Mn3+ions on the surface lose charge and the reactivity is substantially decreased,which improves the stability of the surface and benefits the cycling performance.     

Nitrogen‐Doped Carbon with Mesopore Confinement Efficiently Enhances the Tolerance,Sensitivity, and Stability of a Pt Catalyst for the Oxygen Reduction Reaction

Electrocatalysts for the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) present some of the most challenging vulnerability issues reducing ORR performance and shortening their practical lifetime. Fuel crossover resistance, selective activity, and catalytic stability of ORR catalysts are still to be addressed. Here, a facile and in situ template‐free synthesis of Pt‐containing mesoporous nitrogen‐doped carbon composites (Pt‐m‐N‐C) is designed and specifically developed to overcome its drawback as an electrocatalyst for ORR, while its high activity is sustained. The as‐prepared Pt‐m‐N‐C catalyst exhibits high electrocatalytic activity, dominant four‐electron oxygen reduction pathway, superior stability, fuel crossover resistance, and selective activity to a commercial Pt/C catalyst in 0.1 m KOH aqueous solution. Such excellent performance benefits from in situ covalent incorporation of Pt nanoparticles with optimal size into N‐doped carbon support, dense active catalytic sites on surface, excellent electrical contacts between the catalytic sites and the electron‐conducting host, and a favorable mesoporous structure for the stabilization of the Pt nanoparticles by pore confinement and diffusion of oxygen molecules.