The High Energy X-ray telescope (HE) onboard the Insight-HXMT astronomy satellite

The Insight-Hard X-ray Modulation Telescope(Insight-HXMT) is a broadband X-ray and γ-ray(1-3000 ke V) astronomy satellite. One of its three main telescopes is the High Energy X-ray telescope(HE). The main detector plane of HE comprises 18 Na I(Tl)/Cs I(Na) phoswich detectors, where Na I(Tl) is used as the primary detector to measure ~ 20-250 ke V photons incident from the field of view(FOV) defined by collimators, and Cs I(Na) is used as the active shielding detector to Na I(Tl) by pulse shape discrimination. Additionally, Cs I(Na) is used as an omnidirectional γ-ray monitor. The HE collimators have a diverse FOV,i.e. 1.1°×5.7°(15 units), 5.7°×5.7°(2 units), and blocked(1 unit). Therefore, the combined FOV of HE is approximately5.7°×5.7°. Each HE detector has a diameter of 190 mm resulting in a total geometrical area of approximately 5100 cm2, and the energy resolution is ~15% at 60 ke V. For each recorded X-ray event by HE, the timing accuracy is less than 10 μs and the deadtime is less than 10 μs. HE is used for observing spectra and temporal variability of X-ray sources in the 20-250 ke V band either by pointing observations for known sources or scanning observations to unveil new sources. Additionally, HE is used for monitoring the γ-ray burst in 0.2-3 Me V band. This paper not only presents the design and performance of HE instruments but also reports results of the on-ground calibration experiments.     

The Low Energy X-ray telescope (LE) onboard the Insight-HXMT astronomy satellite

The Low Energy X-ray telescope(LE) is one of the three main instruments of the Insight-Hard X-ray Modulation Telescope(Insight-HXMT). It is equipped with Swept Charge Device(SCD) sensor arrays with a total geometrical area of 384 cm^2 and an energy band from 0.7 to 13 ke V. In order to evaluate the particle induced X-ray background and the cosmic X-ray background simultaneously, LE adopts collimators to define four types of Field Of Views(FOVs), i.e., 1.6°×6°, 4°×6°, 50°-60°×2°-6 oand the blocked ones which block the X-ray by an aluminum cover. LE is constituted of three detector boxes(LEDs) and an electric control box(LEB) and achieves a good energy resolution of 140 e V@5.9 ke V, an excellent time resolution of 0.98 ms, as well as an extremely low pileup(<1%@18000 cts/s). Detailed performance tests and calibration on the ground have been performed,including energy-channel relation, energy response, detection efficiency and time response.     

CdZnTe像素探测器的电输运性能

碲锌镉(CdZnTe)是一种性能优异的室温核辐射半导体探测器材料,广泛应用于核安全、核医学以及空间科学等领域.然而,传统的CdZnTe平面探测器受制于"空穴拖尾"效应的影响,探测性能有待改善.采用改进的垂直布里奇曼法生长的In掺杂Cd_(0.9)Zn_(0.1)Te单晶制备出单载流子收集的4×4像素阵列探测器,通过电流-电压(I-V)测试和γ射线能谱响应测试,研究了像素探测器的电学性能和载流子电输运性能,随之与相应的CdZnTe平面探测器进行了性能对比.结果表明,CdZnTe像素探测器的电阻率约为1.73×10~(10)?·cm,且施加100 V偏压后单像素点的最大漏电流小于2.2 nA;当施加偏压升高至300 V时,单像素点对~(241)Am@59.5 keV的γ射线的最佳能量分辨率可达5.78%,探测性能优于相同条件下制备的CdZnTe平面探测器.     

Development of new CdZnTe detectors for room‐temperature high‐flux radiation measurements

Recently, CdZnTe (CZT) detectors have been widely proposed and developed for room‐temperature X‐ray spectroscopy even at high fluxes, and great efforts have been made on both the device and the crystal growth technologies. In this work, the performance of new travelling‐heater‐method (THM)‐grown CZT detectors, recently developed at IMEM‐CNR Parma, Italy, is presented. Thick planar detectors (3 mm thick) with gold electroless contacts were realised, with a planar cathode covering the detector surface (4.1 mm × 4.1 mm) and a central anode (2 mm × 2 mm) surrounded by a guard‐ring electrode. The detectors, characterized by low leakage currents at room temperature (4.7 nA cm^?2 at 1000 V cm^?1), allow good room‐temperature operation even at high bias voltages (>7000 V cm^?1). At low rates (200 counts s^?1), the detectors exhibit an energy resolution around 4% FWHM at 59.5 keV (²⁴¹Am source) up to 2200 V, by using commercial front‐end electronics (A250F/NF charge‐sensitive preamplifier, Amptek, USA; nominal equivalent noise charge of 100 electrons RMS). At high rates (1 Mcounts s^?1), the detectors, coupled to a custom‐designed digital pulse processing electronics developed at DiFC of University of Palermo (Italy), show low spectroscopic degradations: energy resolution values of 8% and 9.7% FWHM at 59.5 keV (²⁴¹Am source) were measured, with throughputs of 0.4% and 60% at 1 Mcounts s^?1, respectively. An energy resolution of 7.7% FWHM at 122.1 keV (⁵⁷Co source) with a throughput of 50% was obtained at 550 kcounts s^?1 (energy resolution of 3.2% at low rate). These activities are in the framework of an Italian research project on the development of energy‐resolved photon‐counting systems for high‐flux energy‐resolved X‐ray imaging.     

Depth sensitivity of lexan polycarbonate detector

The dependence of the registration sensitivity of Lexan polycarbonate with depth inside the detector was studied. Samples of Lexan from General Electric were irradiated to two long range ions. These were Ni and Au ions with a projectile energy of 0.3 and 1 GeV/n. Two independent techniques, the track-diameter technique (TDT) and the track profile technique (TPT), were used. The registration sensitivity was measured at depths of 7, 10, 15, 18, 20, 28, 35 and 40 μm inside the detector. The results of the two techniques show that the detector sensitivity decreases gradually with the depth inside the detector. It reaches 20% less compared to sensitivity at the surface after 40 μm have been removed.     

Electric field control of structure, dimensionality, and reactivity of gold nanoclusters on metal-supported MgO films

Electric field control of the structure, dimensionality, and reactivity of gold nanoclusters (Au*(20)) deposited on MgO films of various thicknesses supported on Ag(100) are introduced and studied using first-principles electronic structure calculations. Field-controlled interfacial charging and field-induced dimensionality crossover are predicted. For a field E(z)=1 V/nm, an optimal planar Au(20) island on MgO(8 layers)/Ag(100) is determined, while for E(z)=0, the preferred structure of the cluster is a tetrahedron. Field control of the reactivity of the adsorbed nanocluster with O(2) is discussed.     

Level-set based topology optimization for electromagnetic dipole antenna design

This paper presents a level-set framework for a typical electromagnetic design problem of dipole antenna. In this study, the geometrical configuration of an antenna is represented by the zero-level contour of a higher-dimensional level-set function. The governing equation for the induced current flow on a metal surface is the Electric Field Integral Equation (EFIE), which takes into account the electric component of the incident wave. The design objective is formulated in terms of the surface current and incident electric field. The normal velocity of the level-set model, which reflects the sensitivity of the objective function, is derived from the adjoint variable method and shape derivative. By optimizing the objective function, the area with the highest current density, to which the voltage feeding should be applied, can be reshaped. The advantages of adopting the level-set technique for electromagnetic design lie in its capacity for capturing sophisticated topological changes and facilitation in mathematical representation of the design configuration. The demonstrative examples of dipole antenna design show that the level-set method results in a fairly smooth optimization process, where the vacuum/metal interface gradually attains its optimal configuration. A series of design cases with self-adjoint and non-self-adjoint sensitivity analyses are studied and compared to the benchmarking problems in dipole antenna.     

CdZnTe <Emphasis Type="BoldItalic">γ</Emphasis> detector for deep inelastic neutron scattering on the VESUVIO spectrometer

In this paper it is shown that solid-state cadmium-zinc-telluride (CZT) is a promising photon detector for neutron spectroscopy in a wide energy interval, ranging from thermal (25 meV) to epithermal (70 eV) neutron energies. In the present study two CZT detectors were tested as part of the inverse-geometry neutron spectrometer VESUVIO operating at the ISIS pulsed neutron source. The response of the CZT detector to photon emission from radiative neutron capture in ²³⁸U was determined by biparametric measurements of neutron time of flight and photon energy. The scattering response function F(y) from a Pb sample has been derived using both CZT and conventional ⁶Li-glass scintillator detectors. The former showed both an improved signal to background ratio and higher efficiency as compared to ⁶Li glass, allowing us to measure F(y) up to the fourth ²³⁸U absorption energy (E_r=66.02 eV). Due to the small size of CZT detectors, their use is envisaged in arrays, with high spatial resolution, for neutron-scattering studies at high energy (>1 eV) and low wavevector (q <10 Å^-1) transfers. PACS 29.30.Hs; 29.30.Kv; 29.40.Kw; 61.12.Ek     

Experimental studies of micromegas detectors with different micro-meshes

The structure of micromegas (micro-mesh gaseous structure) detectors with different micro-meshes of stainless steel wire woven netting and Ni foil has been presented. The counting rates, energy resolution, gain, discharge probability and time resolution have been measured. Wider counter plateaus and gain for the developed detector were obtained. Excellent energy resolution of the micromegas detector, 17% (FWHM) based on Ni foil micro-mesh and 25% (FWHM) based on stainless steel wire woven netting micro-mesh, has been obtained for the 5.9 keV photon peak of the 55Fe X-ray source in an Ar/CO2(10%) gas mixture. The best time resolution at -620 V micro-mesh voltage and -870 V drift voltage is 14.8 ns for cosmic rays in an Ar/CO2 (10%) gas mixture. These results satisfy the basic demand of the micromegas detector preliminary design.     

基于蛇形光路的PET探测器作用深度提取方法

为实现正电子发射断层成像(Positron Emission Tomography,PET)探测器的作用深度(Depth Of Interaction,DOI)信息获取,本文提出一种基于分光技术的探测器设计方案.探测器采用晶体单元与硅光电倍增管(Silicon Photomultiplier,SiPM)一对一耦合、蛇形光路的设计和单端Anger加权读出方法进行DOI解码.基于GATE软件进行蒙特卡罗模拟,建立8×1的LSO晶体阵列(单根晶体尺寸3.1×3.1×20mm3);模拟泛场照射获取位置查找表;并进行不同深度的模拟,获得各晶体在各深度的空间分辨率.结果显示所模拟的探测器模块DOI分辨率在1.0~6.7mm之间,平均值为3.2mm.本文提出的基于蛇形光路的PET探测器方案能在维持系统成本和复杂度的前提下实现DOI解码,提升PET系统的成像性能.     

Influence of binding energies of electrons on nuclear mass predictions

Nuclear mass contains a wealth of nuclear structure information, and has been widely employed to extract the nuclear effective interactions. The known nuclear mass is usually extracted from the experimental atomic mass by subtracting the masses of electrons and adding the binding energy of electrons in the atom. However,the binding energies of electrons are sometimes neglected in extracting the known nuclear masses. The influence of binding energies of electrons on nuclear mass predictions are carefully investigated in this work. If the binding energies of electrons are directly subtracted from the theoretical mass predictions, the rms deviations of nuclear mass predictions with respect to the known data are increased by about 200 ke V for nuclei with Z, N 8. Furthermore, by using the Coulomb energies between protons to absorb the binding energies of electrons, their influence on the rms deviations is significantly reduced to only about 10 ke V for nuclei with Z, N 8. However, the binding energies of electrons are still important for the heavy nuclei, about 150 ke V for nuclei around Z = 100 and up to about 500 ke V for nuclei around Z = 120. Therefore, it is necessary to consider the binding energies of electrons to reliably predict the masses of heavy nuclei at an accuracy of hundreds of ke V.     

Characteristics of millimeter wave detection in a Fabry-Perot resonator using a YBCO-BiO composite superconductor

A quasioptical technique with a hemispherical-type Fabry-Perot resonator for measuring characteristics of millimeter wave detection using a YBCO-BiO composite superconductor has been successfully developed. This Fabry-Perot resonator consists of a spherical mirror and a plane mirror mounted on the cold head of the refrigerator, under a controlled temperature of 40 to 300 K. The method offers the advantages of estimating irradiation power, easily controlling the sample temperature, analyzing the mode of the irradiated millimeter waves and easily extending to higher frequencies. The superconducting millimeter wave detector has been measured with this technique, with measured sensitivities of 46.5 V/W (70 K) to 160 V/W (35 K) at 50 GHz. These results are close to the theoretical values calculated numerically from the characteristics of the detector. It was confirmed that the millimeter wave detection system using the Fabry-Perot resonator is suitable for estimating the sensitivity of the high-Tc superconducting millimeter wave detector.     

Design study of a radio-frequency quadrupole for high-intensity beams

The Rare isotope Accelerator Of Newness(RAON) heavy-ion accelerator has been designed for the Rare Isotope Science Project(RISP) in Korea. The RAON will produce heavy-ion beams from 660-MeV-proton to200-MeV/u-uranium with continuous wave(CW) power of 400 k W to support research in various scientific fields.Its system consists of an ECR ion source, LEBTs with 10 ke V/u, CW RFQ accelerator with 81.25 MHz and 500 ke V/u, a MEBT system, and a SC linac. In detail, the driver linac system consists of a Quarter Wave Resonator(QWR) section with 81.25 MHz and a Half Wave Resonator(HWR) section with 162.5 MHz, Linac-1, and a Spoke Cavity section with 325 MHz, Linac-2. These linacs have been designed to optimize the beam parameters to meet the required design goals. At the same time, a light-heavy ion accelerator with high-intensity beam, such as proton,deuteron, and helium beams, is required for experiments. In this paper, we present the design study of the high intensity RFQ for a deuteron beam with energies from 30 ke V/u to 1.5 MeV/u and currents in the m A range. This system is composed of an Penning Ionization Gauge ion source, short LEBT with a RF deflector, and shared SC Linac. In order to increase acceleration efficiency in a short length with low cost, the 2nd harmonic of 162.5 MHz is applied as the operation frequency in the D~+RFQ design. The D~+RFQ is designed with 4.97 m, 1.52 bravery factor. Since it operates with 2nd harmonic frequency, the beam should be 50% of the duty factor while the cavity should be operated in CW mode, to protect the downstream linac system. We focus on avoiding emittance growth by the space-charge effect and optimizing the RFQ to achieve a high transmission and low emittance growth. Both the RFQ beam dynamics study and RFQ cavity design study for two and three dimensions will be discussed.     

Parity of the band head at 3710 keV in 99Rh using clover detector as compton polarimeter

Clover detector has been used as a Compton polarimeter to measure the linear polarization of γ-rays produced in heavy ion fusion reaction. The polarization sensitivity of the clover detector has been measured over γ-ray energies ranging from 386 to 1368 ke V. The E1 multipolarity of the 1117 keV transition in ⁹⁹Rh has been established using this polarimeter. This has resulted in the assignment of negative parity to the band head at 3710 keV in ⁹⁹Rh.     

用于中国散裂中子源多功能反射谱仪的高气压多丝正比室探测器的研制

中国散裂中子源需要建设一台多功能反射谱仪中子探测器,满足在10年运行期间内,50%(@2A)以上的探测效率、好于2 mm的二维位置分辨、200 mm×200 mm的灵敏面积、3倍的n/γ分辨能力及良好的二维成像性能.基于此要求,探测器因此采用基于高气压~3He气体的多丝正比室,并以满足反射谱仪的探测效率、位置分辨、长期稳定工作和n/y分辨能力为目标进行探测器的设计.本文经过模拟和实验计算得出:以9 mm厚的铝合金入射窗、铝丝密封的高气压腔体和6 bar~3He+2.5 bar C_3H_8的工作气体的设计,可满足探测器对2 A中子10年运行期间内54%以上的探测效率要求;探测器对中子的位置分辨可达到1.4 mm左右;设计的气体净化系统,拥有2 L/min的气流速度可有效去除探测器内的负电性杂质气体,气体循环净化后可提高探测器约27%的气体增益,保证探测器长期稳定的运行;通过对~(252)Cf中子源的能谱测量和成像测量,得出探测器的n/γ分辨能力在5倍以上和均匀的成像结果.研制的探测器满足反射谱仪需求,并已在中国散裂中子源反射谱仪靶站就位联调.     

MICROMEGAS探测器初步测试

介绍了一种利用鱼线做放大区间隔的MICROMEGAS探测器, 灵敏面积为50 mm ×50 mm。 在Ar+CO₂（10%）气体条件下, 利用55Fe源5.9 keV的 X射线对MICROMEGAS探测器进行了初步测试: 计数率大于103 Hz的条件下, 计数率坪长达到280 V; 当栅极电压在800 V时能量分辨为30%; 当增益高于104时打火率低于10-4; PCB板读出条周期为400 μm条件下的位置分辨好于120 μm。 结果表明, 研制的MICROMEGAS探测器达到了初步设计的基本要求。 In this paper,A MICROMEGAS(Micro Mesh Gaseous Structure) detector with the amplification gap defined by stretching nylon fishing lines has been described . And its count plateau, gas gain and energy resolution in the condition of a 55Fe X ray source and Ar CO₂ (10%) mixture gases are measured as functions of mesh voltage. The count plateau approaches 280 V at the count rate of 103 Hz. The discharge rate is less than 10－4 when the gas gain is up to 104. The energy resolution is 30% (FWHM) based on －800 V mesh voltage. The position resolution is less than 120 μm at the condition of the sensitive area (50 mm×50 mm) Printed Circuit Boards (PCB) and its strip pitch of 400 μm. The results can satisfy the basic demand of MICROMEGAS detector preliminary design.     

Toward one nanometer X-ray focusing: a complex refractive lens design

We report a design for one nanometer X-ray focusing by a complex refractive lens, which is capable of focusing 20 keV X-rays down to a lateral size of 0.92 nm （full-width at half-maximum （FWHM）） and an axial size of 98 nm （FWHM） with intensity gain of 49050. This complex refractive lens is comprised of a series of kinoform lenses, whose aperture is gradually matched to the converging trace of the X-ray beam so as to increase the numerical aperture （NA）. The theoretical principle of the proposed complex refractive lens is presented. The NAs of these lenses are calculated. The numerical simulation results demonstrate that the proposed design can focus the X-ray beam into sub-nanometer while remaining high gain.     

中国散裂中子源小角中子散射谱仪探测器研制

中子小角散射探测器是小角散射（SANS）谱仪的关键设备之一,探测器要求有足够大的探测面积、较高的探测效率及较好的空间分辨率,能够在真空腔中稳定地工作并可在腔体内前后移动。综合考虑,SANS探测器采用120只8 mm直径位置灵敏3He管,组成有效面积1 000 mm（X）×1 020 mm（Y）的二维探测器阵列。探测器阵列分为10个模块,每一个模块功能完全独立,包括12只3He管及其对应的读出电子学和数据获取系统。读出电子学位于探测器背面的回字形密闭腔体内,由CSNS电子学组自主研发。SANS探测器从设计、选型、样机、调试到安装历时三年,中子束流实验结果显示探测器探测效率大于50%（@2Å）,空间分辨率好于10 mm（FWHM）,完全达到设计要求,目前正在中国散裂中子源小角散射谱仪运行使用。     

非对等FOV作用下的高分辨率FTIRS仪器线型函数研究

视场角(FOV)是仅次于最大光程差、决定高分辨率傅里叶红外光谱仪(FTIRS)仪器线型函数(ILS)的重要因素.由于光学设计和装调原因,理论为圆形FOV的扩散光束,到达探测器端时,其水平和垂直方向上的FOV值往往不再严格对等.对此,提出了以椭圆形面光源取代传统文献中的圆形面光源来反映这种非对等性,并结合最大光程差参数,...     

不同厚度像素CdZnTe探测器的性能测试和评估

碲锌镉材料(CdZnTe)是目前探测X射线和γ射线的最好材料之一。将241 Am和137 Cs辐射源作用于像素CdZnTe探测器,通过实验和仿真分别得到能量谱估计、能量分辨率和峰值效率。由实验和仿真结果得出:在662keV的高能量下,厚度较大的CdZnTe探测器可获得更高的能量分辨率和峰值效率,但在59.5keV低能处会出现拖尾升高和电荷损失的现象;厚度较薄的探测器在低能处的特性反而更好。