三腔整管RKA相位的理论与模拟的比较分析

首先采用运动学理论和空间电荷波理论推出了计算中间腔间隙入口处调制电流相位的经验公式。采用调制电子束激励中间腔的非线性理论估算中间腔和输出腔间隙电压的幅度和相位,并提出了估算输出腔间隙入口处调制电流相位的经验公式。采用这些理论和二维粒子模拟比较了中间腔和输出腔间隙入口处调制电流相位、中间腔和输出腔间隙电压相位。中间腔和输出间隙入口处调制电流相位误差为2.627°(模型1)和3.857°(模型2)。中间腔间隙电压幅度的相对误差是1.47%,输出腔幅度的相对误差是5.42%,中间腔相位的误差是4.017°(模型2)和5.427°(模型3),输出腔的相位的误差是12.32°。最后根据二维粒子模拟得出了三种模型调制电流的相位与距离的关系。相关理论计算结果与2D的PIC模拟结果进行了比对,验证了理论估算结果的可信度。     

Reconstruction of the characteristics of a light-scattering layer from its reflectance and transmittance: The neural network method

The problem of reconstructing the probability of photon survival, the optical layer thickness, and the parameter of asymmetry of the scattering indicatrix of an elementary volume from the dependence of the reflectance and the transmittance on the angle of incidence of radiation onto a layer of a medium with Fresnel reflection from the boundaries is considered. To solve this problem, a method based on the use of correlation neural networks is proposed. For training and control of the operation of neural networks, the reflectance and the transmittance of the layer calculated within the framework of the radiation transfer theory were used. For the simulation of the scattering characteristics of an elementary volume, the Mie theory was used. Estimates of errors in the reconstruction of the characteristics of the medium were performed.     

非局域自散焦克尔介质中空间光暗孤子成丝的理论与实验研究

对非局域自散焦克尔介质中的空间光暗孤子成丝进行了研究. 理论上从非局域非线性理论模型出发, 数值模拟研究了非局域程度和吸收系数对暗孤子成丝的影响. 当入射背景光强一定时, 非局域程度越大成丝起始点越远、成丝数量越少; 而当入射背景光强与临界光强之比一定时, 非局域程度基本不影响成丝起始点以及成丝数量, 且非局域下的成丝数量与局域下一样. 此外, 当入射背景光强一定时, 吸收系数越大成丝数量越少. 实验上通过改变染料溶液的浓度以及背景光斑的椭圆率, 分别研究了样品浓度和背景光斑椭圆率对暗孤子成丝的影响. 当入射背景平均光强一定时, 样品浓度越小成丝数量越少, 背景光斑椭圆率越小成丝数量越少; 而当入射背景平均光强与临界光强之比一定时, 样品浓度基本不影响成丝数量. 在实验中还观察到了光学冲击波现象.     

Absorption of electromagnetic radiation by a bimetallic cylindrical particle of finite length

The absorption cross section of electromagnetic radiation is calculated for a bimetallic cylindrical particle of finite length. A general case is considered, where the ratio of the radius of the particle core to the particle radius and the ratio of the radius of the particle to its length can take arbitrary values. The conditions of diffuse reflection of electrons from the internal and external surfaces of the metal shell of the particle and from its faces are used as the boundary conditions of the problem. The effect of the ratio of the radius of the core of a bimetallic cylindrical particle to the particle radius and the ratio of the radius of the particle to its length on the electromagnetic properties of the particle is analyzed.     

星载多角度偏振成像仪偏振辐射测量的理论误差分析

星载多角度偏振成像仪可以获取目标的多角度偏振辐射信息,探测精度是重要的技术指标。为研究仪器的测量精度及相关的误差因素,以Stokes-Mueller为数学描述方法,分析仪器的原理和光路结构特点,从理论上推导了仪器的偏振辐射测量模型,并通过实验初步验证了镜头Mueller模型的正确性。在考虑目标光各种偏振态的情况下,分析了非理想光学器件重要参数对目标光偏振度测量结果的影响,得到了偏振度测量误差与通道相对透射率、空间高频相对透射率/响应率、线偏振片振透轴方位角、镜头线性双向衰减这四种参数偏差之间的关系。按照仪器探测精度要求,结合各参数偏差对应误差最敏感的目标光偏振态,从理论上提出了各重要参数的误差容限。该研究为整个仪器的研制、定标及后期数据处理提供了理论依据。     

Determination of the Disperse Composition of a PbO Suspension Containing Aggregates of Particles of Lamellar Shape by the Laser-Polarimetry Method

The results of measurements of the scattering matrix at a wavelength of 0.63 μm in the range of scattering angles of 10°–155° are presented for an aqueous suspension of lead oxide containing particles of plate form and their aggregates of monomers with dimensions of ~5 nm. The results of the measurements are compared with the results of calculations for axially symmetric scatterers (ellipsoids of rotation, cylinders). It is shown that the presence of aggregates affects the scattering properties of such a medium. The results of reconstructing the distribution of particles of a disperse medium in sizes from the measurements data of the scattering matrix are presented. The reconstruction of the distributions was carried out by solving the problem of optimizing the sum of the squared deviations of the experimental and calculated values of matrix elements in the framework of the model of axially symmetric scatterers. It is shown that the distribution of particles by sizes is more accurately reconstructed by minimizing the sum of the squares of the deviations for the sum of the diagonal elements. The obtained distribution is compared with the distribution measured by the method of dynamic light scattering.     

克尔介质中纠缠光与三能级原子作用的光子统计

采用求解薛定谔方程和数值计算方法,研究了克尔介质中双模纠缠相干光场与三能级原子相互作用系统的光子统计性质,分析了双模纠缠相干光场的纠缠程度、克尔介质与光场的耦合强度、双模光的平均光子数和原子基态概率幅对光子统计性质的影响。结果表明：双模纠缠相干光场的纠缠程度对光子统计性质没有明显的影响;克尔效应增强使光子统计性质的时闻演化曲线的振荡频率变大、振荡幅度变小;当保持场模1的平均光子数不变而场模2的平均光子数变小时,光子统计性质的时间演化曲线的振荡幅度变大。     

Application of the neural network method for determining the characteristics of homogeneous spherical particles

The problem of reconstructing the characteristics of disperse particles from measurements of scattered radiation is considered. To solve this problem, the neural network method, based on the approximation of the parameters of particles by a linear combination of the results of measurements, is used. The capabilities of the method are studied on the examples of the reconstruction of the radius and the refractive index of spherical particles from measurements (for example, in flow-type cytometers) of the luminance of radiation scattered by individual particles, as well as the reconstruction of the mean radius, the coefficient of variation, and the refractive index from measurements of the luminance of radiation scattered by an ensemble of particles. Errors in the reconstruction of the characteristics of disperse particles depending on the structure of the neural network and the parameters of particles are studied.     

Corrections to the Thomson cross section caused by relativistic effects and by the presence of the drift velocity of a classical charged particle in the field of a monochromatic plane wave

An approach to the solution of the relativistic problem of the motion of a classical charged particle in the field of a monochromatic plane wave with an arbitrary polarization (linear, circular, or elliptic) is proposed. It is based on the analysis of the 4-vector equation of motion of the charged particle together with the 4-vector and tensor equations for the components of the electromagnetic field tensor of a monochromatic plane wave. This approach provides analytical expressions for the time-averaged square of the 4-acceleration of the charge, as well as for the averaged values of any quantities periodic in the time of the reference frame. Expressions for the integral power of scattered radiation, which is proportional to the time-averaged square of the 4-acceleration of the charge, and for the integral scattering cross section, which is the ratio of the power of scattered radiation to the intensity of incident radiation, are obtained for an arbitrary inertial reference frame. An expression for the scattering cross section, which coincides with the known results at the circular and linear polarizations of the incident waves and describes the case of elliptic polarization of the incident wave, is obtained for the reference frame where the charged particle is on average at rest. An expression for the scattering cross section including relativistic effects and the nonzero drift velocity of a particle in this system is obtained for the laboratory reference frame, where the initial velocity of the charged particle is zero. In the case of the circular polarization of the incident wave, the scattering cross section in the laboratory frame is equal to the Thompson cross section.     

Changes of polarization of light beams on propagation through tissue

The values of the degree of polarization and the coherence of the light beam are of great importance in many areas. In this paper, we study the effects of tissue turbulence on the degree of polarization of a partially coherent electromagnetic beam. Based on the unified theory of coherence and polarization for random electromagnetic beams and the spectral density of the index of refraction fluctuations of tissue, we have established the detailed formula for calculating the change of the degree of polarization of the beam when propagating through tissue. Compared with the light propagation through atmosphere, the result shows that although the propagation distance in tissue imaging is very short, the degree of polarization of the beam may change greatly. An example was given which clearly shows the effect of the correction properties and the tissue turbulence on the degree of polarization of the light beam propagating within the tissue.     

Energy of the elastic loading of anharmonic solids

This paper reports on the results of measurements of changes in the temperature of a solid under the adiabatic elastic loading (thermoelastic effect), the coefficient of thermal expansion, and the Young’s modulus of a rigid-chain vitrified polymer, namely, polyimide. It has been found that there are differences in the sign and magnitude of the changes in the energy of thermal origin in samples and the work of the external force. The energy of the thermoelastic effect has been explained in terms of the influence exerted by the anharmonic expansion of a solid, with the separation of the quasi-static potential and dynamic components of the thermal energy of the solid. The loading with an external force causes a redistribution of the thermal energy. A change in the temperature of the solid corresponds to a change in the dynamic component. An energy analysis of the adiabatically loaded anharmonic oscillator has confirmed the conclusion regarding the mechanism of energy transfer and revealed that, under loading, there is a redistribution of the kinetic and potential components of the internal energy of the oscillator.     

温控太赫兹调制器多频带调制特性

基于开口谐振环结构设计了多频带太赫兹波调制器,并在谐振环的开口处及两侧均填充温敏介质锑化铟(InSb),研究了锑化铟的电磁性质随温度的变化、等效电感的组数对共振频带数目的影响以及锑化铟不同的填充方式对太赫兹波调制特性随温度的变化规律。研究结果表明,当环境温度从160 K上升到350 K时,锑化铟的载流子浓度和等离子体频率逐渐增大,然而等效介电常数却不断减小;每增加一组等效电感,太赫兹波调制器都会相应的增加一个共振频带;在调制器开口处和两侧均填充锑化铟时,当环境温度在160～350 K变化时,温度对太赫兹波的共振频率和共振幅度的调制效果比仅在开口处或者两侧填充锑化铟时更明显,且随着温度的升高,每个共振频带所对应的共振频率均明显增大。     

混合态下运动原子与相干态光场相互作用的量子纠缠

利用负熵方法,研究了混合态运动原子与相干态光场相互作用系统的量子纠缠特性,讨论了原子初态、场模结构参数、相干场平均光子数、失谐量、跃迁光子数等物理参量对系统纠缠度的影响。结果表明：考虑原子运动时,系统纠缠度在整个时域范围内出现了规则的周期振荡。原子初态趋于纯态时系统纠缠度较高。随着相干场平均光子数的增大,系统纠缠度的峰值逐渐变小,规则振荡的周期不变。随着跃迁光子数的增大,系统纠缠度的峰值逐渐变大,振荡变得越来越快。随着失谐量的增大,系统纠缠度的峰值逐渐变小。     

基于Abel逆变换的激光诱导等离子体辐射特性研究

激光诱导击穿光谱(LIBS)作为一种新型的物质成分测量方法已经在越来越多的领域得到广泛应用，但是与传统的分析方法相比，LIBS技术的分析性能还需进一步提高。LIBS技术的理论基础是激光诱导等离子体，从物理机理上研究等离子体特性，对LIBS系统实验参数的优化具有指导作用，也为提高LIBS技术的检测能力奠定理论基础。激光诱导等离子体是一个与空间相关的非稳态辐射源，空间分辨光谱测量是探究等离子体物理特性的重要手段之一。为研究激光诱导等离子体的辐射特性，采用1 064 nm的Nd∶YAG调Q固体激光器烧蚀合金钢样品产生等离子体，利用空间分辨装置测量二维空间的等离子体辐射光谱信号，通过分析可知实验采集的光谱信号是信号探测器测量路径上的积分光谱强度，由此计算得到的等离子体参数也是观测路径上的平均值。为了深入研究等离子体由内层到外层的辐射规律，首先测量得到等离子体路径积分光谱强度的横向空间分布，然后以等离子体为光学薄和圆柱对称的前提条件，采用三次样条函数算法对路径积分光谱强度进行Abel逆变换，反演得到等离子体由内层到外层谱线辐射率的径向空间分布。选取等离子体辐射光谱中的原子谱线Fe Ⅰ: 374.55 nm和Mn Ⅰ: 403.08 nm为研究对象，分析等离子体辐射光谱的空间分布特征，研究结果表明，等离子体辐射路径积分光谱强度的横向分布呈现出中心位置强度大边缘位置强度小的特征，这是由于等离子体膨胀扩张的结果引起的；通过Abel逆变换得到等离子体光谱辐射率的径向分布，结果表明等离子体从内层到外层谱线的辐射率经过了先增加后减小的变化规律，等离子体中心处出现辐射率的极小值，造成这种现象的主要原因是由于等离子体辐射源中心区域具有较低的电子密度；选取等离子体辐射光谱中Fe元素的11条原子谱线，采用Boltzman法分别由谱线相应的积分光谱强度和辐射率计算等离子体温度，得到等离子体温度的横向空间和径向空间的二维分布，两者具有类似的变化规律；由等离子体温度的横向空间分布可以看出，随着离样品表面距离的增加，等离子体温度呈现单调减小的趋势，等离子体中心到边缘区域等离子体温度逐渐降低，这是由等离子体膨胀扩张以及与环境气体相互作用共同的结果；由等离子体温度的径向空间分布可以看出等离子体由内层到外层等离子体温度逐渐降低，这是由于等离子体膨胀扩张冷却引起的。由此可见，采用Abel逆变换能够实现等离子体由内层到外层的辐射特性分析，为深入理解等离子体产生和演变的物理机理提供实验依据，从而为提高激光诱导击穿光谱技术的分析性能奠定理论基础。     

双光子吸收过程中光场振幅平方压缩

本文由双光子过程主方程运用生成函数法,求得双光子吸收过程光场振幅平方压缩的表示式,讨论振幅平方压缩随无量纲时间τ,入射光场相位角θ及平均光子数|α|²的变化情况。双光子吸收过程是产生振幅平方压缩效应的有效途径。最后论证振幅平方压缩效应的独立性。 关键词：     

Effect of a gas on the ejection of particles from the free surface of a sample subjected to a shock wave with various intensities

In view of the possible effect of contamination of a plasma by metal particles on the operation of a number of facilities or on the detection of the motion of liners by Doppler methods, a particular attention has been recently focused on the problem of the ejection of particles from the shock-loaded free surface of a sample or on the “dusting” problem. Most information concerns the dusting source associated with the roughness of the surface, manufacturing technology, and the defectiveness and aging of a material. Factors affecting this process such as the profile and amplitude of the pressure on the front of the shock wave arriving at the free surface of the sample, the presence of the gas in front of the free surface, and the pressure in this gas are less studied.     

Reconstruction of the form of complex motion of an object from the autodyne detection signal of a semiconductor laser

The possibility of reconstructing the shape of an interference signal on the basis of the autodyne detection signal of a semiconductor laser is demonstrated in cases of harmonic and nonharmonic vibrations of the object of study. The shape of the interference signal coincides with the shape of the signal of an interference system decoupled from the radiation source. It is shown that the form of nonharmonic vibrations can be reconstructed from the values of the autodyne signal function at four varying distances from the external vibrating reflector. Numerical simulation of the procedure of reconstruction of the shape of the interference signal was performed. The main limitations of the method under consideration are discussed.     

Application of a reflector with a nonuniform field in a mass-reflectron

The conditions under which the nonuniform compensating field of the reflector of the mass-reflectron can be generated with an acceptable accuracy at the symmetry axis of the reflector and extrapolated to the radial neighborhood of the axial line are determined. The plots that illustrate the distribution of the calculated nonuniform field of the reflector, the possibilities for implementation, and errors of focusing with respect to time of flight in the radial neighborhood are presented. Analytical expressions for the calculation of the time of flight of ions in the reflector in which the field distribution is described using a power series and analytical expressions for the calculation of the field distribution in the reflector in which the time of flight is determined using a power series are derived. A method for the analytical calculation of the compensating nonuniform field of the reflector based on the given dependence of the time of flight in the absence of such a field is proposed using a solution to the Abel integral equation. The solution to this equation yields analytical expressions for the calculation of the compensating field of the reflector in mass-reflectrons that contain the zero-field drift space and regions of acceleration (deceleration) of ions with a uniform field.     

The effect of an inhomogeneous cladding of a gradient optical waveguide on the mode and envelope characteristics of a soliton pulse

The nonlinear dynamics of a short pulse in a gradient waveguide layer is studied analytically taking into account the occurrence of a cladding layer and the longitudinal inhomogeneity of the two layers. The class of functions is presented in terms of which the transverse profiles of the refractive indices of both the gradient and the cladding layers can be represented, and, at the same time, the mode structure of the pulse can be explicitly described in terms of a hypergeometric equation. Expressions are presented that describe the variations of the propagation constant and transverse distribution of the wave field under the action of the longitudinal inhomogeneities of the gradient and cladding layers. It is shown that the envelope of the pulse satisfies the generalized nonlinear Schrödinger equation the coefficients of which are functions of the longitudinal coordinate and are expressed via the refractive indices of the waveguide layer and cladding.     

Visualization of scattering media upon backscattering of a linearly polarized nonmonochromatic light

The method of polarization visualization of multiply scattering macroinhomogeneous media, based on analysis of the spatial distributions of polarization characteristics of a linearly polarized radiation backscattered from a medium, is discussed. The effect of optical characteristics of the medium and the scattering geometry on the quality of the images obtained in the case of visualization of an absorbing heterogeneity immersed into a multiply scattering medium is considered. The comparative analysis of the quality of formed images was performed with the use of different polarization characteristics of the backscattered radiation as a visualization parameter. The theoretical interpretation of the obtained experimental results is given within the framework of the phenomenological approach based on the concept of the distribution of the effective optical paths of partial components of the scattered optical field. To calculate the probability density of the effective optical paths, the statistical simulation method was used.