基于子阵近场零陷权的联合波达方向估计方法

针对海底长线阵在近场辐射声干扰及空间水平非均匀噪声下的远距离估计目标波达方向(DoA)问题,该文提出一种基于长线阵分子阵近场零陷权的联合目标方位估计方法.该方法将长线阵分解为多个高重叠子阵,对各个子阵利用零陷抑制技术去除近场强干扰对目标探测的影响,再利用各子阵对远距离目标方位估计结果差异性小、非目标所在频率即噪声对应空间谱最大值随机的特点,空间频率方差加权综合各子阵的目标方位估计结果,从而抑制空间非均匀噪声,实现对远距离目标的探测.仿真结果表明,与长线阵常规波束形成、长线阵近场零陷常规波束形成、长线阵近场零陷传统多重信号分类方法相比,该文方法能够有效降低空间谱背景级60 dB以上,输出信噪比提高15 dB以上,具有较强的提高信噪比能力及较高的空间分辨力,因此具有较好的工程应用价值.     

基于波束域相位稳定性的目标检测方法研究

低信噪比下,为解决常规波束形成等权值累加空间谱各方位谱值,导致目标方位谱值被非目标方位谱值淹没,不能实现对水下辐射噪声信号未知的目标检测问题,本文提出了一种基于波束域相位稳定性的目标检测方法.依据水下目标辐射噪声含有稳定线谱及空间谱各方位对应波束域相位稳定性差异,该方法利用波束域相位方差对各方位谱值进行加权统计,实现了对水下目标方位角的有效估计.数值仿真和实验结果表明：相比常规波束形成,该方法可以进一步增强目标方位能量,抑制非目标方位噪声干扰,改善目标检测信噪比增益.     

基于目标辐射噪声的信号起伏检测算法研究

该文以起伏声场背景下的目标辐射噪声模型分析为前提,针对目标方位估计和窄带线谱的检测问题,提出一种基于信号起伏相位差分对齐的宽窄带综合相干检测算法。利用周期线谱信号与宽带噪声间的时间相关半径与起伏相位均匀性差异,抑制背景噪声的能量干扰;将聚焦波束域输出信号的起伏相位对齐增益结合阵元域处理的空间相干增益,提高对不同来波方向目标的辨识能力。通过仿真分析与海试实验结果验证了该文所提算法可明显增强目标线谱分量的检测信噪比增益和相关目标所在波束方位的相对能量谱级,在抗复杂信道检测、识别领域具有良好的实际应用前景。     

基于波束域的子空间正交性测试宽带DOA估计方法研究

投影子空间正交性测试(Test of Orthogonality of Projected Subspace:TOPS)算法通过测试宽带信号各频率点上噪声子空间和信号子空间之间的正交性对目标方位进行到达角估计(DOA:direction-of-arrival)。此算法对参考频点上的信号子空间的估计依赖性较大,因此存在较多伪峰,低信噪比条件下性能差等缺点。针对该问题,提出一种基于波束域的宽带DOA估计方法。该方法通过将阵列接收信号转换到波束域,在波束域中利用信号带宽内各频率分量的波束域方向向量与噪声子空间之间的正交关系构造判决向量,根据判决向量搜索空间谱的极大值对应的角度进行DOA估计。该方法不需要进行角度预估,避免了TOPS算法中常出现的伪峰,降低了信噪比分辨门限,减少了计算量,具有较好的估计效果。将该方法分别运用到均匀圆阵和线阵上,通过仿真对比和海试实验数据的处理,证明了本文所提方法的有效性。      

基于嵌套阵列的稀疏表示稳健波束形成方法

针对波束形成中目标方位失配以及噪声加干扰的协方差矩阵非精确重构造成的波束形成方法性能下降的问题,提出一种基于嵌套阵列的稀疏表示稳健波束形成方法。在该方法中,计算嵌套阵的采样协方差矩阵,通过差合作阵处理得到一孔径扩展的虚拟均匀线列阵;基于稀疏表示的方法来估计目标以及干扰的准确方位信息;进一步利用得到的方位信息构造导向矢量,通过最小二乘方法计算干扰信号的精确功率值;最后重构干扰加噪声协方差矩阵,通过波束形成实现干扰抑制。数值仿真表明,所提方法有效提升了干扰加噪声协方差矩阵重构精确度,在不同信噪比和快拍数条件下,输出信噪比都能逼近最优信干噪比,验证了该算法的有效性。     

一种空-频联合最优滤波的被动宽带检测方法

常规宽带能量检测在多目标、强干扰环境下输出信噪比(SNR)降低,检测性能大幅度下降.针对此问题,该文提出一种将子阵导向最小方差(STMV)宽带空域自适应波束形成与频域Eckart滤波结合的空-频联合最优滤波宽带检测方法.该方法首先通过子阵导向最小方差波束形成进行空间自适应处理,利用自适应波束形成的干扰抑制能力在空域实现最优滤波;然后通过最大似然估计实时估计信号和噪声的功率谱,构造Eckart滤波对自适应波束形成的输出分配不同权重进行加权滤波,从而实现频域信噪比最大化.所提方法通过空-频联合最优滤波,降低空域旁瓣干扰和频带内噪声的影响,使得输出信噪比最大,从而有效地改善目标宽带检测能力,提高被动声呐的宽带检测性能.仿真和试验数据处理结果验证了该方法的有效性.     

近场水下目标的远场近似处理效果分析

目标辐射噪声降低致使声呐系统探测能力下降,进而导致目标落于声呐系统近场范围内的概率增加。对于长线阵声呐,若对整个近场范围均采用近场处理方法,则计算量将急剧增大。为兼顾计算量和探测性能,推导了远场假定情况下水平线列阵对近场目标的波束处理输出,并仿真分析了指向性指数和波束展宽随阵列孔径、目标距离的变化情况。仿真结果表明:当目标距离大于40%远场距离时,主瓣宽度展宽较小,增益损失在1.5 dB以内,此时为提高处理实时性可用远场方法处理近场目标;当目标距离过近时,波束质量严重下降,可采用子阵或距离网格粗划分等形式降低计算量。     

基于互相关协方差矩阵的改进多重信号分类高分辨波达方位估计方法

针对经典高分辨波达方位(DOA)估计方法在低信噪比下分辨性能较差的问题,该文提出一种适用于主动探测系统的基于互相关矩阵的改进多重信号分类(MUSIC)高分辨方位估计方法(I-MUSIC)。该方法首先利用主动声呐发射信号已知的特性,将发射信号与阵元接收信号进行互相关,利用互相关序列形成新的空域协方差矩阵,再进行特征分解。理论分析表明,互相关处理在抑制噪声的同时保留了阵元之间的相位信息,可以得到比MUSIC方法更准确的子空间划分,进而提高低信噪比方位估计性能。在此基础上,提出一种基于相关时间门限的改进MUSIC高分辨方位估计(T-MUSIC)方法,通过对互相关序列设置时间门限进一步提高方位估计信噪比。仿真结果表明,与MUSIC方法相比,I-MUSIC与T-MUSIC可以分别使低信噪比时的估计性能提高3 dB和6 dB,相应平均估计误差分别为原方法的77%和53%。在阵元间接收噪声存在相关性时,T-MUSIC与I-MUSIC方法相比可获得8 dB的估计增益,估计性能更优。I-MUSIC与T-MUSIC应用于多目标主动探测,可大幅提高探测系统在低信噪比下的方位估计性能。     

一种空-频联合最优滤波的被动宽带检测方法

常规宽带能量检测在多目标、强干扰环境下输出信噪比(SNR)降低,检测性能大幅度下降。针对此问题,该文提出一种将子阵导向最小方差(STMV)宽带空域自适应波束形成与频域Eckart滤波结合的空-频联合最优滤波宽带检测方法。该方法首先通过子阵导向最小方差波束形成进行空间自适应处理,利用自适应波束形成的干扰抑制能力在空域实现最优滤波;然后通过最大似然估计实时估计信号和噪声的功率谱,构造Eckart滤波对自适应波束形成的输出分配不同权重进行加权滤波,从而实现频域信噪比最大化。所提方法通过空-频联合最优滤波,降低空域旁瓣干扰和频带内噪声的影响,使得输出信噪比最大,从而有效地改善目标宽带检测能力,提高被动声呐的宽带检测性能。仿真和试验数据处理结果验证了该方法的有效性。     

平面阵子阵级自适应波束形成方法研究

利用遗传算法(GA)将大型阵列划分为非均匀邻接子阵,以主旁瓣比作为适应度函数,并对遗传操作增加约束条件,得到具有栅瓣抑制能力的子阵结构。为进一步抑制平面阵俯仰和方位上的高旁瓣,对平面阵进行两级子阵划分,使平面阵方向图在俯仰和方位上均具有良好的主旁瓣电平比;为消除非均匀子阵结构各子阵通道噪声功率不同对子阵级自适应波束形成算法的影响,通过对阵列协方差矩阵进行奇异值分解、重构特征子空间,提出了基于特征空间重构的子阵级自适应波束形成方法。仿真结果表明了该方法的可行性与有效性。     

一种有效的宽带宽角相控阵接收干扰置零新方法

采用拉伸处理可以在目标方向形成接收主瓣,并能降低宽带宽角相控阵雷达接收信号的带宽,易于工程实现.为了在干扰信号功率远大于目标回波信号功率时获得较大的输出信干比,提出了一种宽带干扰置零新方法.在干扰离目标的空间角度间隔较大时,能在干扰方向准确形成零陷,新方法窄带权系数的零点约束角度会偏离实际干扰方向.偏移方向与信号形式有关,而偏移角度大小与雷达信号相对带宽、干扰离目标的空间角度间隔有关,其值在信号参数给定后可通过离线估计得到.计算机仿真结果验证了新方法的有效性.     

MIMO-Frequency Diverse Array Radar with Unequal Subarrays for Improved Range-Angle Dependent Beamforming

Frequency diverse array (FDA) radar has been proposed in last decade for joint range and angle beamforming of a target. Multiple input multiple output-frequency diverse array (MIMO-FDA) radar has also been presented recently in literature to steer multiple beams by creating subarrays in transmit array. These beams help to localize the target in range as well as angle dimension. Due to same subarray size, all the beams have same beamwidth and thus exhibit same response for a given target. In this paper, we have proposed an unequal size subarrays structure for the FDA radar (US-MIMO-FDA), which allow us more focusing of the target in range and angle dimension by using beams of variable width. As a result the echoes received at the receiver help in better estimation of target parameters. The effectiveness of proposed scheme has been shown by comparing transmit and received beam patterns of proposed scheme with MIMO-FDA with equal subarrays Performance analysis of proposed scheme has also been done in terms of output signal to interference plus noise ratio, detection probability and cramer-rao lower bound. Simulation and results have verified better focusing of target by proposed design as compared to existing subarrays schemes for MIMO-FDA.     

Performance of a Digital Beamforming Concept in a GSM1800 Downlink: A Simulation Study

A smart antenna concept was studied in the context of a GSM1800 downlink. In practice, it is not possible to estimate the actual downlink channel when using frequency division duplexing (FDD). Therefore, the current approach is based on uplink direction-of-arrival (DoA) estimation. The downlink beam is then directed to the DoA obtained from the uplink. The purpose was to study the dependence of downlink performance on the angular and delay distribution of the desired signal. The downlink beamforming was studied in this work using simulations with 2D channel models for different test environments. The probability of error in DoA estimation of the desired mobile station was evaluated in conjunction with DoA averaging. In addition, downlink BER performance was examined in a noise-limited situation and compared to the results of the corresponding uplink and a conventional 2-branch GSM receiver. With a 1*8-element antenna configuration, downlink performance degradation compared to the corresponding uplink case was approximately 1.3 dB, 2.4 dB, and 0 dB in typical Urban, Suburban, and Rural environments. The losses were greater in environments with very large angular spread. It was also found that increasing accuracy in uplink DoA estimation does not necessarily correspond to improved downlink performance.     

A new DOA estimation technique based on subarray beamforming

A new direction-of-arrival (DOA) estimation technique using subarray beamforming is proposed. Two virtual subarrays are used to form a signal whose phase relative to the reference signal is a function of the DOA. The DOA is then estimated based on the computation of the phase shift between the reference signal and its phase-shifted version. Since the phase-shifted reference signal is obtained after interference rejection through beamforming, the effect of cochannel interference on the estimation is significantly reduced. The proposed technique is computationally simple, and the number of signal sources detectable is not bounded by the number of antenna elements used. Performance analysis and extensive simulations show that the proposed technique offers significantly improved estimation resolution, capacity, and accuracy relative to existing techniques.     

认知频控阵雷达对随队假目标的动态零陷形成研究

电子战环境中,随队支援式假目标可在雷达照射主瓣内做非线性运动,这对基于相控阵体制的雷达实时地将波束零点对准假目标位置造成了困难。针对这一问题,提出一种基于频控阵雷达的动态零陷形成技术,系统通过从环境中提取干扰假目标距离信息,之后结合认知技术利用扩展卡尔曼滤波器获得假目标运动的外推轨迹,并将预测信息通过反馈回传至雷达发射模块,通过频控阵距离维波束形成技术调整发射权矢量使得波束零点指向干扰源预测位置。仿真结果表明:所提方法可以有效地实施对主瓣内运动的欺骗式假目标动态零陷,相比于不基于预测信息的波束形成技术具有显著的性能优势,为频控阵雷达抗主瓣欺骗式干扰提供了技术支持,在阵列信号处理方面具有一定的理论和实际意义。      

An on-line adaptive beamforming capability for HF backscatter radar

An adaptive-array beamforming capability has been implemented on-line in an existing over-the-horizon (OTH) backscatter radar. Inputs to the beamformer consisted of signals from eight 32- element subarrays of the 256-element, 2.5-km-long receiving array at the Wide Aperture Research Facility (WARF) located in California. Both conventional and adaptive beamforming were performed prior to the usual range/Doppler analysis used to extract radar targets from noise and clutter. The GriffithsP-vector algorithm, a recursive, time-domain adaptive technique, was implemented in all-digital fashion using fixed-point arithmetic on a 16-bit minicomputer. Desired signals utilized were aircraft targets and a fixed, ground-based radar repeater simulating a moving target, while unwanted signals were other-user interference and signals from a separate ground-based radar repeater. It was found that adaptive rejection of unwanted signals was dependent on pointing-angle alignment and that rejection was often increased by removal of the clutter by moving target indicator (MTI) filtering prior to adaptation. For some conditions, Doppler broadening can he produced by the time modulation imposed by continuous adaptation, unwanted-signal rejection with the adaptive beamformer is variable, but side-by-side comparisons obtained at WARF show that adaptive beamforming can reject off-azimuth signals up to 20 dB better than conventional beamforming with a -25 dB Dolph taper.     

Optimum beamformers for monopulse angle estimation usingoverlapping subarrays

We here derive the optimum sum and difference beamformers for monopulse target localization using a linear array. The beamformers are constructed, treating as superelements two overlapping subarrays. Removing the common factor associated with the superelement pattern from the angle error function leads to a closed-form target angle estimator independent of any adaptive nulling performed. Performance analysis of the angle estimator is conducted, and a procedure is developed to construct the beamformers, which achieve the minimum estimation variance under Gaussian noise. It is shown that the optimum angle estimator using the maximum overlapping subarrays is efficient for a moderately high signal-noise ratio (SNR) and a small off-boresight angle. The proposed method can be easily modified to incorporate interference cancellation     

稳健的宽带恒定束宽波束形成算法

针对运动目标入射及存在信号波达方向(DOA)估计误差时传统波束形成器性能下降的问题,提出一种稳健的宽带恒定束宽波束形成算法。该算法首先在目标入射角可能存在的范围内选取离散点,设定相应的期望及零陷响应,再结合空间响应变化(SRV)约束,将算法在信号带宽内不同频点的阵列响应约束简化为对某一参考频点的约束,并约束权矢量模值以抑制随机噪声,最后分别利用内点法和拉格朗日乘子法求解最优权矢量,实现稳健的宽带恒定束宽波束形成。实验结果表明该算法可以有效实现对运动目标的空域滤波,具有良好的恒定束宽特性及较高的阵列输出性能。      

二维相控阵-MIMO雷达联合发射子阵划分和波束形成设计方法

为了有效地抑制干扰信号并进一步提高雷达系统的性能,该文提出一种基于2维相控阵-MIMO雷达的联合发射子阵划分和波束形成设计方法。该方法首先将MIMO雷达系统的发射阵列等分成一定数目的非重叠子阵并给每个天线分配相同的发射能量,以确保发射信号具有恒模特性;其次,在一定的约束条件下,以最大化接收波束形成器的输出信干噪比为准则建立关于子阵结构、每个子阵对应的发射波束形成权矢量以及接收波束形成权矢量的优化模型,并采用循环迭代方法进行求解。仿真结果证实了所提方法的正确性和有效性。