自发辐射因子对外光反馈下VCSELs非线性行为的影响

利用构建在SIMULLNK平台下垂直腔面发射激光器(VCSELs)动态仿真模型,研究了自发辐射因子对多次外光反馈下VCSEs非线性行为的影响。结果表明,随外腔长(外腔反射率)增加,VCSELs顺次(逆次)经历混沌、多周期、倍周期和单周期区域：进一步得出,增大自发辐射因子可抑制系统的非线性行为,提高器件稳定性。     

外光反馈下VCSELs噪声灵敏性的理论研究

从速率方程出发，仿真得到VCSELs在不同腔体结构、自发辐射因子和线宽限制因子情况下，相对强度噪声随外光反馈水平的变化规律。结果表明：减小电流孔径或线宽增强因子可以降低VCSELs对外光反馈的灵敏性，改变自发辐射因子对此影响不大。而传统边发射激光器不属于微腔结构，对外光反馈的抑制能力较弱。     

外部光反馈作用下垂直腔面发射激光器的电光特性

研究了外部光反馈对垂直腔面发射激光器（VCSELs）电光特性的影响。通过计算光反馈参数对比了VCSELs与边发射激光器（EELs）的光反馈灵敏性。基于复合腔理论计算了存在外部光反馈时垂直腔面发射激光器的阈值电流及斜率效率等电光特性参数。实验结果表明,分布布拉格反射镜（DBR）反射率不同的VCSEL,在反馈率为10%的外部光反馈作用下,其阈值电流及斜率效率发生了不同程度的变化。实验结果有效验证了理论计算的结论。     

微腔效应对垂直腔面发射激光器谐波和互调失真的影响

采用速率方程与Volterra变换方法,分析了垂直腔面发射激光器在微波模拟调制情况下,频率、自发辐射因子以及自发辐射寿命对三阶谐波和三阶互调失真的影响.结果表明垂直腔面发射激光器的非线性失真依赖于自发辐射物理量的变化,对激光器的自发辐射进行适当控制,可以抑制非线性对性能的影响,扩大其最大调制频率,提高基于VCSELs器件的ROF(radio over fiber)系统的性能和应用范围.     

在VCSEL中外谐振腔控制横模

垂直腔面发射激光器(VCSEL)的基横模可产生高品质高斯光束。该激光器的偏置电流增加时,高横模开始振荡。光束发散加大,光束品质降低。     

微腔效应对垂直腔面发射激光器谐波和互调失真的影响

采用速率方程与Volterra变换方法,分析了垂直腔面发射激光器在微波模拟调制情况下,频率、自发辐射因子以及自发辐射寿命对三阶谐波和三阶互调失真的影响.结果表明垂直腔面发射激光器的非线性失真依赖于自发辐射物理量的变化,对激光器的自发辐射进行适当控制,可以抑制非线性对性能的影响,扩大其最大调制频率,提高基于VCSELs器件的ROF(radio over fiber)系统的性能和应用范围.     

外部光反馈对980nm垂直腔面发射激光器振荡特性的影响

研究了外部光反馈对980nm垂直腔面发射激光器(VCSEL)振荡特性的影响.计算了垂直腔面发射激光器及边发射半导体激光器的光反馈灵敏因子.基于复合腔理论,分析了外部光反馈对垂直腔面发射激光器的阈值电流及微分量子效率等振荡特性参数的影响.实验结果表明,当反馈率为10%时,垂直腔面发射激光器的阈值电流由0.63A下降至0.59A,同时斜率效率和输出功率也有所下降.实验结果和理论分析符合得较好.     

电注入连续波蓝光GaN基垂直腔面发射激光器

1 引言 半导体激光器主要有边发射和垂直腔面发射(VCSEL)2种形式.边发射的半导体激光器发出的光是多模激光,法布里一铂罗腔长度达数十微米,发出的光束发散角大,为不对称的椭圆光束;垂直腔面发射激光器(VCSEL)的谐振腔长度只有几个波长,可以发出单模激光,发散角小,光束圆形对称,其光束质量远高于边发射激光器.     

多次外光反馈下垂直腔面发射激光器非线性动态特性理论研究

在SIMULINK平台下建立了垂直腔面发射激光器(VCSEL)动态仿真模型，利用该模型对多次外光反馈下垂直腔面发射激光器的非线性行为进行了研究。结果表明，短外腔时，光子密度随外腔长呈周期为半激射波长的余弦关系；长外腔时，随外腔长增加，垂直腔面发射激光器依次经历混沌、多周期、倍周期和单周期区域，增大外腔反射率时同样存在这些非线性区域，但出现顺序相反。进一步得出：考虑单次反馈时由于忽略了占有较多能量的高次反馈导致上述非线性效应偏弱；增大自发辐射因子或减小线性展宽因子可抑制系统的非线性行为。     

外腔面发射激光器自发辐射谱的热特性

热效应是限制外腔面发射激光器(VECSEL)输出功率和光束质量的主要原因。为了优化VECSEL增益芯片有源区量子阱的设计,降低激光器的热效应,提高斜效率和输出功率,采用光致荧光谱方法,对设计波长980nm VECSEL自发辐射谱的热特性进行了实验研究。取得了不同热沉温度下边发射和面发射谱随温度的变化数据。结果表明,反映有源区量子阱自身特性的边发射谱峰值波长随温度升高的红移速率是0.5nm/K,而受到增益芯片多层结构调制的面发射谱峰值波长随温度升高的红移速率只有0.1nm/K;由于受到VECSEL增益芯片中微腔的限制,面发射谱分离为多个模式,分别与微腔的腔模对应。可见对量子阱的发射波长及微腔腔长做预偏置优化处理,可以显著改善激光器的输出性能。     

垂直腔激光器中弛豫振荡频率的优化控制

从垂直腔面发射的半导体激光器（VCSELs）的结构出发，利用增益与载流子密度的广义对数关系，借助小信号分析法，推出了直接调制情形下驰豫振荡频率的严格解析关系。分析指出，量子阱器件的光子寿命并非越短越好，欲提高VCSELs的驰豫振荡频率，除了增加注入电流，提高微分增益等基本途径外，控制器件的结构参数可使驰豫振荡频率达到极大值。同时，自发辐射因子的可控性，以及降低稳态载流子密度，也都是提高VCSELs驰豫振荡频率和拓宽调制带宽的有效措施。     

半导体微腔激光器瞬态响应及调制特性分析

针对半导体微腔激光器的结构特点,考虑到腔量子电动力学中自发辐射增强效应,采用传统速率方程的表示形式,建立了微腔激光器的速率方程,着重讨论了微腔激光器的瞬态响应及调制特性,给出了其动态特性的仿真结果,分析了自发辐射因子、注入电流和腔长对微腔激光器的激射阈值、延迟时间、驰豫振荡频率和光输出等参量的影响,从而为改善微腔激光器的高频调制特性和优化器件结构提供了理论依据。     

垂直腔面发射激光器的动态特性分析

本文给出了动态的垂直腔面发射速率方程,并由此推出了瞬态下的衰减因子和张弛振荡频率和计算公式,以及小信号调制下的光子、载流子的响应函数表达式。计算结果表明,在瞬态下衰减因子随β的增加明显变大,它使张弛振荡过程变短;在小信号调制下,多量子阱的周期增益结构比一般的垂直腔面发射结构有更大的调制带宽。     

Dynamic behavior of fundamental-mode stabilized VCSELs using a shallow surface relief

An extensive theoretical study was performed on the dynamic behavior of 850-nm-wavelength oxide-confined fundamental-mode stabilized vertical-cavity surface-emitting lasers (VCSELs), using a shallow surface relief. The surface relief is used to provide lower mirror loss for the fundamental mode, thus acting as a mode discriminator. In this way, single-mode operation at high power levels can be obtained. We utilized a comprehensive model that includes the detailed epitaxial layer structure and device geometry when calculating the optical fields and that accurately accounts for the dynamic effects of carrier density and temperature on the modal distributions. Modulation response, eye diagrams, bit error rate (BER), and relative intensity noise (RIN) were simulated and compared to the performance of VCSELs without a mode discriminator, i.e., conventional multimode VCSELs. The fundamental-mode stabilized VCSELs are associated with a higher out-coupling, which lowers the relaxation oscillation frequency and damping, and strong spatial hole burning, which induces a low-frequency roll-off in the modulation response and contributes to the damping of the relaxation oscillation at low bias. However, their dynamics is fully competitive with conventional multimode VCSELs at both 2.5 and 10 Gb/s although they exhibit a slightly higher eye closure. We only found a 0.5-dB power penalty in the BER. The RIN is enhanced, with a peak that is about 10-15 dB higher, caused by the lower damping of the relaxation oscillation. It should be noted that in the comparison we assume that all modes are equally captured from the multimode VCSEL. A mode-selective loss can severely degrade its performance.     

Temperature Profiling of VCSELs by Thermoreflectance Microscopy

Surface temperature measurements with submicron spatial resolution are reported for operating vertical-cavity surface-emitting lasers (VCSELs) by means of thermoreflectance microscopy. We measure increasingly convex radial temperature distributions with increasing bias power for three types of VCSELs. The corresponding convex refractive index profiles are consistent with previously observed thermal lensing; this effect is far more prominent for the oxide confined single-mode (SM) VCSEL than for the broader aperture devices. For all samples, the change in the average surface temperature varies linearly with the change in dissipated power. A comparison with the temperature of the top distributed Bragg reflector mirror of an oxide confined SM VCSEL, obtained from the wavelength shift of the spontaneous emission, shows that both methods yield comparable results     

半导体微腔激光器中的自发辐射耦合增强效应

针对半导体微腔激光器的结构特点,以及腔量子电动力学中自发辐射增强效应,采用光增益与载流子密度的对数关系,引入增益饱和项和非辐射复合项的贡献,指出即便是对于理想的封闭微腔,由于非辐射衰减速率的影响,光输出并不随泵浦线性变化。结合频谱和相图分析,给出了自发辐射耦合因子与微腔激光器的辐射阈值、开关延迟时间、驰豫振荡频率和光输出等参量关系的仿真结果,这对于微腔激光器的理论研究和优化器件结构有所裨益。     

Design of Stable Single-Mode Chaotic Light Source Using Antiresonant Reflecting Optical Waveguide Vertical-Cavity Surface-Emitting Lasers

The influence of external optical feedback (EOFB) on the lasing characteristics of 1.55-mum antiresonant reflecting optical waveguide (ARROW) vertical-cavity surface-emitting lasers (VCSELs) with various core radii are analyzed theoretically. It is found that ARROW VCSELs with large core radii (i.e., > 4 mum) respond more sensitively to EOFB than that with small core radii (i.e., les 4 mum). Furthermore, strong EOFB-driven ARROW VCSELs with large radii show more difficult to sustain single-mode chaotic oscillation than those with small radii. This is because radiation loss margin of ARROW reduces with the increase of core radii so that the presence of carrier spatial-hole burning deteriorates the stable single-mode operation of VCSELs. However, if the dimensions of ARROW as well as the radius of injection current aperture can be selected appropriately, stable single-mode chaotic light sources can be obtained from EOFB-driven ARROW VCSELs with large core radius.     

Steady-state and transient characteristics of microcavitysurface-emitting lasers with compressively strained quantum-well activeregions

In conventional semiconductor lasers, the dimensions of the optical cavity greatly exceed the photon wavelength, and the photon density of states forms a continuum since it is essentially that of a bulk system. On the other hand, in an ideal laser, one would like to have a single optical mode coincident with the maximum in the gain spectrum of the active medium. We show that substantial density-of-states quantization and enhancement of the fraction of photons spontaneously emitted into the lasing mode can be obtained by reducing the lateral width of the surface-emitting laser. For emission at λ=0.954 μm, the threshold current density can be drastically reduced by increasing the coupling factor to a few percent. For a cavity structure width of 0.3 μm, the threshold current density is 50 A/cm², compared with 250 A/cm² for the 0.6-μm cavity. At lower still lateral widths, the cavity loses its vertical character, and confinement of the lateral optical mode rapidly deteriorates. The large-signal response of microcavity lasers is slightly improved primarily due to elimination of mode competition in intrinsically single-mode microcavities, with relaxation times close to 1 ns. The enhancement of the spontaneous emission coupling factor results in an increase of the relaxation oscillation frequency and improvement in the standard small-signal response of microcavity lasers. For J=10J_th, the -3 dB modulation frequency exceeds 40 GHz. Since low threshold current densities may be achieved in microcavity lasers, the gains in small-signal performance are primarily extrinsic, i.e., higher modulation bandwidths ace accessible for the same injection