失重环境下可控柔性臂的模态特性

在非重力场中,考虑控制器动态反馈的影响,对存在控制器定位约束的柔性臂系统进行动力分析,研 究其在相对平衡位置的模态特性．以具有柔性关节和弹性臂杆的可控柔性臂为研究对象,分析了控制器作用下的反 馈约束特性,将控制器位置和速度增益引入力边界条件,得到了耦合控制器参量的模态特征方程,证明了反馈约束 的存在使得系统特征频率为复频率,且模态主振型是复变函数．通过数值仿真,明确了可控柔性臂的模态特性与控 制器增益之间的关系,得到了不同于经典振动理论的结论．设计了可控柔性臂的仿失重实验平台,试验模态结果证 明了理论分析的有效性．     

柔性机械臂的变结构振动控制研究

当机械臂的质量很轻,尤其是空间应用场合,机器人系统将受到高度柔性限制并且不可避免地产生机械振动.本文为了证实提出的控制不期望残余振动的方法,设计并建立了柔性机器人实验平台.控制方案采用交流伺服电机通过谐波齿轮减速器驱动柔性机械臂,利用粘贴在柔性臂上的压电陶瓷片(PZT)作为传感器来检测柔性臂的振动.对由于环境激励,尤其是在电机转动(机动)时由于电机力矩产生的振动,采用了几种主动振动控制器包括模态PD控制,软变结构控制(VSC)和增益选择变结构方法,进行柔性臂的振动主动控制实验研究.通过实验比较研究,结果表明采用的控制方法可以快速抑制柔性结构的振动,采用的控制方法是有效的.     

柔性机械臂的双时间尺度组合控制

本文研究柔性机械臂的轨迹跟踪和振动抑制问题. 首先, 利用Lagrange法和假设模态法建立柔性机械臂的动态模型, 进而利用奇异摄动理论得到柔性机械臂的双时间尺度模型. 然后, 基于慢时间尺度模型利用滑模控制理论设计轨迹跟踪控制器; 借助于快时间尺度模型利用自适应动态规划设计参数不精确已知情况下的最优振动抑制控制器; 将二者相结合, 构造双时间尺度组合控制器, 利用奇异摄动理论证明闭环系统稳定. 最后, 在Matlab/Simulink环境下进行实验, 与现有方法相比, 本文设计的控制器对柔性振动具有更好的振动抑制效果, 跟踪精度更高.     

具有模糊二次补偿的柔性臂滑模控制研究

提一种新双连杆柔性臂机器人位置控制算法,其特点是根据系统的滑模条件是否满足和关节角误差变化趋势对由柔性臂刚性模态求得的滑模控制实行二次模糊修正,以使系统趋于滑模面和误差收敛,通过将模糊修正规则定义为事件该系统便成为典型的离散事件系统,借助自动机和监督控制理论分析了该系统的稳定性,将控制律在包含柔性模态的完整模型上进行计算机仿真证明了算法的有效性。     

基于DSP/FPGA的反步法阻抗控制柔性关节机械臂

针对柔性关节机械臂与环境接触时的柔顺控制问题,提出一种反步法阻抗控制方法,并基于李雅普诺夫稳定性理论证明了控制器的稳定性.该方法是在建立柔性关节机器人模型的基础上,将李雅普诺夫函数选取与控制器设计相结合的一种回归设计方法.它从系统的最低阶次微分方程开始,逐步设计满足要求的虚拟控制,最终设计出真正的控制器.轨迹跟踪和阻抗控制实验结果表明,该方法是有效而可行的.     

无杆气缸驱动的柔性机械臂振动控制

提出了一种无杆气缸驱动的柔性机械臂定位和振动抑制系统,采用脉冲码调制(pulse code modulation,PCM)方法实现.首先,推导了气动驱动柔性臂的系统模型,对采用的复合定位和振动抑制控制算法进行理论分析.其次,气缸行程长、气体具有压缩性以及气动驱动存在非线性和阀门开关有时延等因素会引起控制作用的滞后问题,容易激发高阶模态的极限环振荡,导致观测和控制溢出,这将影响控制系统的稳定性.为了克服上述问题,在控制算法中引入时延补偿、低通滤波法.最后,进行气动驱动柔性臂同时定位和振动抑制的试验研究.试验结果表明,采用的气动驱动控制方法可以有效地抑制柔性臂的低频模态振动,并同时实现定位.     

压电柔性机械臂的主动振动控制研究

针对柔性机械臂的振动问题,采用压电智能结构作为敏感器和驱动器进行主动控制.首先建立柔性机械臂的实验装置,其次对设计的柔性机械臂系统进行辨识研究,得到系统的前二阶模态频率,再次采用PD控制和PPF控制算法对柔性机械臂进行主动振动控制.实验结果表明,采用压电智能结构可以抑制柔性机械臂的振动,效果明显.     

柔性关节柔性连杆机械臂的动力学建模

柔性关节柔性连杆机械臂是典型的非线性、强耦合、欠驱动系统,其控制难度高.对于这类系统,选择合适的动力学模型进行控制器设计对于提高控制性能是非常有帮助的.为此,研究了具有柔性关节柔性连杆机械臂的动力学建模问题,并提出了一种改进的建模方法.在该方法中,连接柔性连杆的柔性关节首先被简化为刚性关节和柔性连杆的弹性约束边界.然后,根据结构动力学理论、哈密顿原理和假设模态法建立系统的刚柔耦合动力学方程.相较于将柔性关节简化为刚性关节和扭簧的传统处理方式,所采用的简化方式一方面可以降低系统的自由度,另一方面可以得到更适合控制器设计的动力学模型.最后,通过数值仿真验证了本文方法的有效性和优势.     

基于奇异摄动的双连杆柔性臂模糊控制

讨论了双连杆柔性臂位置控制问题。应用拉格朗日-假设模态法建立系统的动力学方程，并用奇异摄动法将双连杆柔性臂系统分解为两个降阶的慢变子系统和快变子系统。针对柔性臂强非线性、强耦合性及不确定性等特点，给出一种慢变子系统在反馈线性化后采用模糊控制、快变子系统因呈线性系统而采用简单的最优控制的混合控制方法。其中，模糊控制是二维PD型控制器，其输入为关节角跟踪误差及其导数。最后进行了计算机仿真，结果表明，该方法不仅能实现柔性臂轨迹的快速、准确跟踪，有效的抑制弹性振动，并且对负载的变化具有强的鲁棒性。     

基于DSP/FPGA的反步法阻抗控制柔性关节机械臂

针对柔性关节机械臂与环境接触时的柔顺控制问题,提出一种反步法阻抗控制方法,并基于李雅普诺夫稳定性理论证明了控制器的稳定性.该方法是在建立柔性关节机器人模型的基础上,将李雅普诺夫函数选取与控制器设计相结合的一种回归设计方法.它从系统的最低阶次微分方程开始,逐步设计满足要求的虚拟控制,最终设计出真正的控制器.轨迹跟踪和阻抗控制实验结果表明"该方法是有效而可行的.

     

ROBUST VIBRATION CONTROL FOR FLEXIBLE ARMS USING THE SLIDING MODE METHOD

The vibration control of flexible arms is accomplished here using the sliding mode method, where the traditional discontinuous approach is modified by a differentiable one. The higher order modes of the flexible arm are treated as disturbances and are compensated by introducing a disturbance observer. Simplified expressions of the motor angular and the strain moment for the flexible arm with a disturbance observer are obtained, where the remaining disturbance and the model uncertainties are considered as system uncertainties. The robustness of the sliding mode control is effectively employed to cope with the system uncertainties, where the bounds of the uncertainties are adaptively updated. The proposed control law simultaneously causes the motor angular to track a desired signal and the strain moment to approach zero. The stability of the controlled flexible arm is analyzed based on the obtained important fact that a part of the control input is the approximate estimate of a special signal generated by the uncertainty. The motor angular tracking error and the converging speed of the controlled signals are determined by means of design parameters. Experimental results demonstrate the robustness of the proposed method.     

基于混沌遗传算法的柔性机械手滑模控制器优化设计

针对柔性机械手动力学方程的非最小相位特点,本文提出一种柔性机械手的终端滑模控制方法,将关节电机转角和柔性模态变量的线性组合定义为柔性机械手系统的输出.通过输入输出线性化,将系统分解为输入输出子系统和零动态子系统.设计终端滑模控制策略,使输入输出子系统在有限时间收敛到零;利用混沌遗传算法优化控制器的设计参数,使零动态了系统在甲衡点附近渐近稳定,从而保证整个系统的渐近稳定.本文提出的方法设计过程简单,易于实现.仿真结果证明了设计的有效性.     

具有量化输入和边界扰动的柔性臂边界振动滑模控制

本文针对量化输入和有界扰动下柔性臂系统的振动抑制和边界滑模控制器设计问题开展研究. 柔性臂的动态特性由偏微分方程表示的分布参数模型描述. 对于具有未知有界干扰的柔性臂系统, 其主要控制目标是减小干扰的影响, 使柔性臂到达期望角度并同时抑制系统的振动. 首先, 利用边界输出信号构造滑模函数和滑模面. 其次, 结合所构造的滑模面, 设计一种边界滑模控制器, 并利用算子半群理论证明了闭环系统的适定性. 所提出的边界滑模控制策略保证了系统状态能够在有限时间内到达滑模面, 并且系统状态在滑模面上是指数收敛的. 最后, 通过物理实验验证了所提出控制策略的有效性.     

On the Feedforward Torques and Reference Trajectory for Flexible Two-Link Arm

A method for synthesizing the feedforward torques and reference trajectory for a flexible two-link planar manipulator is proposed. These torques and the trajectory are not far from being time-optimal. The control law for each drive torque consists of two parts: a commanded feedforward torque and a linear angular position and velocity feedback.Initially, we theoretically prove that so-called 'fluent control enables an individual link to reach the desired hub acceleration with little error and avoid unwanted large flexible vibrations. With this control, the dynamics of a flexible link is close to the dynamics of the associated rigid link.We begin the design of the feedforward torques and reference trajectory by computing the control torques for an arm with two rigid links which are near time-optimal control functions. These torques are discontinuous functions of time. The jumps in the control torques are not acceptable for an arm with flexible links because large elastic vibrations appear in the links. This conclusion follows from a theoretical study of individual links and also from experimentation with one-link and two-link flexible arms. Therefore, fluent control is considered here. Designing this fluent control, we transform the obtained discontinuous control into continuous functions of time, taking into account the elasticity of flexible links. During the experiments with flexible arms, these continuous functions are used as commanded feedforward torques. We also feed on-line these control torques to a mathematical model of the arm with two rigid links and compute the corresponding desired angular velocities and positions of the links as functions of time. Then we feed this reference trajectory to the linear feedback system (usual PD-controller) of the flexible arm. Designed control does not excite large elastic vibrations although, simultaneously, it is not far from being time-optimal. The designed control algorithm has been successfully implemented in the experiments.     

Virtual passive control of flexible arms with collocated and noncollocated feedback

A novel approach to the control of flexible manipulators is proposed. The controller includes both joint‐variable and tip‐deflection feedback. It is shown that tip‐deflection feedback transforms the original structure into new system in which the structure parameters are virtually scaled up or down. The new system can hence be easily stabilized via a strictly passive feedback law. A co‐hub, lumped‐parameter structure with multiple massless links is first investigated and stability conditions are developed. The results are then applied to a distributed‐parameter flexible arm, which is decomposed into an equivalent lumped‐parameter structure via a set of modal functions normalized in a particular way. Tip‐deflection feedback is shown to be capable of enhancing control performance on a flexible arm, and stability is ensured as long as the gain associated with the noncollocated feedback satisfies a simple inequality. The stability criteria re valid independent of high‐order flexible modes. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.     

Regulation of a one-link flexible robot arm using sliding-mode technique

This paper is concerned with the application of sliding control’ to the regulation of a one-link flexible robot arm, with an arbitrary number of flexible modes. Slidingmode technique is applied to achieve a robust feedback linearization of the highly non-linear dynamic equation of the arm. Pole placement is then used to attain good dynamic response. An example is given to demonstrate the potential of the sliding method. This work serves as a first step towards a practical solution in the feedback control of flexible arms using the sliding technique.     

Robot control strategy for in-orbit assembly of a micro satellite

We have developed novel heuristic control strategies for fitting parts with almost no clearance and also dealing with flexible objects using visual and force feedback. We have applied these control strategies for micro satellite assembly tasks of a ground research model of an in-orbit maintenance robot system. For the in-orbit maintenance system, micro satellites should be modularized as much as possible. The in-orbit maintenance system needs to assemble the modularized parts into micro satellites. We have developed a ground research model including a two-armed robotic platform and modularized micro satellite models. To assemble a micro satellite model, two problems arise: one is to engage two parts into a tight fit and the other is to handle flexible parts. We use a heuristic approach to solve the first problem — to grope one part to find the entrance of engagement of the other and to wobble this part to make a tight fit. For the second problem, visual measurement of the parts is used to position the end-effector of a robot arm and also active limp control is extensively used to adjust any misalignment that arises from the visual measurement error. With the combination of the heuristic, visual and active limp control, the system can successfully assemble a micro satellite.     

利用水晶报表管理药品标准提高项目中样品及资料征集工作

水晶报表是一个非常好用的组件,在程序中可以用来处理诸多的事件。本文通过一个实例,详细介绍了水晶报表的两种应用模式,拉模式和推模式。相对来说,拉模式应用比较简单,但不够灵活。推模式使用起来比较复杂,但灵活多变。在不同的情况下两种应用模式都能实现特定的功能。     

Dual arm coordination and control

A generalized master/slave technique and experimental results for coordinated control of two arms rigidly grasping an object is described in this paper. Usually master/slave refers to the case when one arm is controlled in position mode while the second arm is controlled in force mode. In generalized master/slave control, each arm at its tool frame has six degrees of freedom; each degree of freedom can be in either position or force control mode. An interactive program has been developed to allow a user the flexibility to select appropriate control modes for a given experiment. This interface also allows for control gain adjustments. This paper presents the results of several experiments performed on this system to demonstrate its capabilities such as transporting an object with or without induced internal forces and movement of a constrained object. The system is further developed to achieve a so-called shared control mode in which an operator species the free motion trajectory for a point on the object of manipulation via a joystick while the autonomous control system is used for coordination and control of the arms.     

Boundary Control for a Flexible Inverted Pendulum System Based on a PDE Model with Input Saturation

This research considers the control problem of a flexible inverted pendulum system (FIPS) in the presence of input saturation. The model for a flexible inverted pendulum system (FIPS) is derived via the Hamilton principle. The FIPS model is divided into a fast subsystem and a slow subsystem via the singular perturbation method. We introduce an auxiliary system to deal with the input saturation of a fast subsystem. To stabilize the fast subsystem, a boundary anti‐windup control force is applied at the free end of the beam. It is proven that the closed‐loop subsystem is stable. For the slow subsystem, a sliding mode control method is employed to design a controller and a new decoupling method to design the sliding surface. Then it is shown that the slow subsystem is stable. Finally, simulation results are provided to confirm the efficacy of the proposed controller.