Experimental and numerical studies on progressive debonding of grouted rock bolts

Understanding the mechanism of progressive debonding of bolts is of great significance for underground safety. In this paper, both laboratory experiment and numerical simulation of the pull-out tests were performed. The experimental pull-out test specimens were prepared using cement mortar material, and a relationship between the pull-out strength of the bolt and the uniaxial compressive strength (UCS) of cement mortar material specimen was established. The locations of crack developed in the pull-out process were identified using the acoustic emission (AE) technique. The pull-out test was reproduced using 2D Particle Flow Code (PFC^2D) with calibrated parameters. The experimental results show that the axial displacement of the cement mortar material at the peak load during the test was approximately 5 mm for cement-based grout of all strength. In contrast, the peak load of the bolt increased with the UCS of the confining medium. Under peak load, cracks propagated to less than one half of the anchorage length, indicating a lag between crack propagation and axial bolt load transmission. The simulation results show that the dilatation between the bolt and the rock induced cracks and extended the force field along the anchorage direction; and, it was identified as the major contributing factor for the pull-out failure of rock bolt.     

微生物固化砂土强度增长机理及影响因素试验研究

微生物诱导碳酸钙沉淀（MICP）可以显著改善砂土的工程力学特性,但其固化效果易受诸多因素影响。基于不同胶结水平微生物固化砂土试样,开展固结排水三轴剪切试验和扫描电镜测试,探讨了MICP技术的固化效果及其相关机理;在此基础上,研究了胶结液浓度、砂土初始密实度、胶结液浓度配比等因素对微生物固化砂土抗剪强度的影响。结果表明：随着胶结水平的提高,微生物固化砂土试样强度提高,试样的脆性也越显著。微生物固化砂土强度的增长主要源于碳酸钙晶体对土体黏聚强度的提高。微生物固化砂土的强度主要包括土骨架强度和碳酸钙晶体胶结强度两部分,前者受土体性质及相关参数影响,后者主要取决于碳酸钙晶体的含量。采用合适的砂土初始密实度,适当提高胶结液浓度以及胶结液中尿素的浓度占比,均可提高微生物固化砂土试样的胶结强度。     

营养盐浓度对胶结重塑泥岩试样力学特性及微观结构的影响试验研究

采用一次浸泡菌液的方式，制备不同浓度（0、0.3、0.5、0.7 mol/L）营养盐处理的微生物诱导碳酸钙沉淀（MICP）胶结重塑泥岩样。基于直接剪切、碳酸钙酸洗法、扫描电镜（SEM）等试验测试胶结试样，分析了营养盐浓度对胶结试样力学性能、碳酸钙含量及微观结构的影响。结果表明：同等反应条件下（相同时间、体积），随着营养盐浓度的增加抗剪强度先增大后减小，当营养盐浓度达到0.5 mol/L时抗剪强度最大，此时，试样黏聚力、内摩擦角分别为15.5 kPa、18.83°；碳酸钙含量随着营养盐浓度的增加而增加，当营养盐浓度达到0.7 mol/L时，试样平均碳酸钙含量提高较少；碳酸钙晶体分布均匀性随着营养盐浓度由低到高变化呈凸字形态；胶结试样的强度依赖于生成的CaCO₃晶体量及其分布形态；生成的方解石型碳酸钙晶体主要沉积在颗粒接触处形成积聚晶体或填充在孔隙中形成“胶结桥”，产生胶结效果而增强试样的力学性能。     

基于微生物诱导碳酸钙沉积技术的黏性土水稳性改良

采用微生物诱导碳酸钙沉积（MICP）技术对黏性土进行改性处理,以改善其水稳性与抗侵蚀能力. 利用喷洒法将配制的微生物菌液及胶结液先后喷洒至黏性土表层进行MICP处理,并开展一系列崩解试验,通过数字图像处理技术对土样的崩解过程进行定量分析和评价. 通过颗粒分析试验研究MICP改性前后土样粒度组分的变化,通过扫描电子显微镜（SEM）分析土样的微观结构特征. 结果表明：1）素土在浸水后发生快速崩解,而在相同的时间内MICP改性土样则能较好地保持原始结构,水稳性更强;2）崩解指数是描述土体崩解过程和评价土体水稳性的定量指标. MICP改性土样的崩解速率远低于素土,且最终稳定后的崩解指数仅为素土的50%;3）MICP改性能显著改变土样的粒度组分,具体表现为细颗粒质量分数减少,粗粒土质量分数增加;4）微生物诱导所产生的碳酸钙填充了土样中的大孔隙,并在土颗粒之间形成有效的胶结,极大提高土颗粒之间的联接强度,这是MICP技术提高土体水稳性的主要作用机制.     

微生物加固钙质砂环剪试验研究

对取自南海岛礁的钙质砂进行固化处理,通过环剪试验研究微生物诱导碳酸钙沉积（MICP）胶结钙质砂的抗剪强度特性,并考虑菌液浓度、菌液浸泡时间、加固液浓度、加固时间、竖向应力以及海水环境等因素的影响. 结果表明：MICP方法可以有效提高钙质砂的抗剪强度. 当加固液浓度为0.5 mol/L时,加固后试样的抗剪强度达到最大值,约为未加固试样的3倍,并表现出显著的应变软化现象. 提高菌液浓度、菌液浸泡时间、加固液浓度、加固时间均可改善微生物加固效果,减小残余强度与峰值强度的比值,使试样的应变软化现象越来越明显. 海水环境虽对MICP加固过程有抑制作用,但在此环境下采用MICP方法仍能有效提升钙质砂地基的抗剪强度.     

应变速率对注浆体力学特性影响规律

为研究微震荷载作用下注浆加固体力学特性,以裂隙倾角30°、宽度4 mm的红砂岩裂隙注浆体为研究对象,借助岩石三轴伺服压力机进行变应变速率(10^-5 ~5×10^-3 s^-1)单轴压缩试验;然后从能量耗散、裂纹扩展及破坏形态等3个方面,分析变应变速率对注浆体力学特性的影响规律及机理. 研究表明:随着应变速率的增加,注浆体的峰值强度、弹性模量均随之而增大;且峰值强度与应变速率呈指数函数关系变化;注浆体受应变速率影响的响应分为敏感应变速率阶段和滞缓应变速率阶段,主要差异在于峰值强度变化率和弹性模量变化率;随着应变速率的增大,注浆体的总能量在增大;压密阶段是影响不同应变速率下注浆体力学特性的主要阶段;敏感应变速率阶段和滞缓应变率阶段中的压密阶段主要区别在于积散比大小,积散比进一步决定产生裂纹的多少和分布区域与规律;耗散能密度对注浆体破坏脱落面积以及粒径分布影响较大,耗散能密度越大,碎块越以大块为主(粒径大的比率逐渐增加),滞缓应变率阶段耗散能密度较敏感应变率阶段大,其破碎块体较敏感应变率阶段大. 研究在裂隙注浆加固体的变应变速率影响下力学特性,从能理原理、分形理论角度得到了其影响机理.     

Development of ensemble learning models to evaluate the strength of coal-grout materials

In the loose and fractured coal seam with particularly low uniaxial compressive strength(UCS), driving a roadway is extremely difficult as roof falling and wall spalling occur frequently. To address this issue, the jet grouting(JG) technique(high-pressure grout mixed with coal particles) was first introduced in this study to improve the self-supporting ability of coal mass. To evaluate the strength of the jet-grouted coal-grout composite(JG composite), the UCS evolution patterns were analyzed by preparing 405 specimens combining the influential variables of grout types, curing time, and coal to grout(C/G) ratio.Furthermore, the relationships between UCS and these influencing variables were modeled using ensemble learning methods i.e. gradient boosted regression tree(GBRT) and random forest(RF) with their hyperparameters tuned by the particle swarm optimization(PSO). The results showed that the chemical grout composite has higher short-term strength, while the cement grout composite can achieve more stable strength in the long term. The PSO-GBRT and PSO-RF models can both achieve high prediction accuracy. Also, the variable importance analysis demonstrated that the grout type and curing time should be considered carefully. This study provides a robust intelligent model for predicting UCS of JG composites, which boosts JG design in the field.     

不同胶结程度MICP固化珊瑚砂的无侧限压缩离散元分析

利用离散元软件建立珊瑚砂微生物固化体无侧限压缩试验模型,通过在珊瑚砂颗粒表面及接触处生成微小碳酸钙颗粒来模拟M IC P胶结,考虑珊瑚砂珊瑚砂颗粒、珊瑚砂碳酸钙颗粒及碳酸钙碳酸钙颗粒的接触,分析不同胶结程度微生物珊瑚砂固化体的颗粒位移、微裂纹发展及微裂纹分布等细观特征,解释了其宏观变形和破坏机制.结果表明:在无侧限压缩...     

150 MPa超高强水泥基材料的研究

采用常规原材料和工业废渣，普通成型工艺，通过正交设计试验研究，配制出了抗压强度为150MPa的超高强水泥基材料，并给出了优选配比。超高强水泥基材料强度试验的极差和方差分析表明：水胶比为影响超高强水泥基材料强度的最显著因素，硅灰和不锈钢纤维渣的掺量以及胶砂比也有十分显著的影响。     

Estimation of jet grouting parameters in Shahriar dam,Iran

Jet grouting is a method for improving of soil and its physical characteristics.However,in this method,grouting of cement slurry with high pressure and velocity may cause damaging to soil structure,and then excavated grains of soil are removed from the borehole and replaced with cement slurry.The grains,which are remained around the borehole,mixed with slurry(cement)in-situ,can create an improved mass of soil.This mass is named"Soilcrete".Soilcrete mass has special characteristics such as high strength,low deformability and very low permeability.In this paper,principles of jet grouting and effective parameters have been analyzed.Then the test results obtained from Soilcrete column have been investigated.Finally,the paper concludes with presenting amount of principle jet grouting parameters at foundation of Shahriar dam according to the results of jet grouting test.Based on the measurements,the diameter,Soilcrete UCS(uniaxiai compression strength),amount of the water,grout and air pressure and lifting and rotating speed in original site of jet grouting are 1.2～1.5 m,2～3 MPa,370～390 bar,10～15 bar,6～8 bar,7～8 cm/min and 7～8cm/min,respectively.Also it can be seen that while the column diameter falls within the upper half of the range,some values of the compressive strength are close to the lower limit of the range.     

海水环境下MICP胶结钙质砂干湿循环试验研究

为了探究微生物诱导碳酸钙沉积（MICP）在海水环境中胶结钙质砂的适用性与MICP胶结体的耐干湿循环性能,分别在海水与淡水环境中试验MICP胶结钙质砂,并在海水环境中对MICP胶结的钙质砂进行干湿循环. 基于能谱分析（EDS）与X射线衍射（XRD）分析胶结体元素与矿物组成. 通过无侧限抗压强度试验、称重,构建胶结体的力学性质、质量损失与干湿循环的关系,利用扫描电子显微镜（SEM）分析干湿循环弱化机制. 结果表明：海水环境中MICP对钙质砂的胶结效果优于淡水环境;海水环境中MICP胶结的钙质砂体具有比淡水环境中胶结的钙质砂更高的耐干湿循环性能,21次干湿循环后,海水、淡水环境胶结试样的无侧限抗压强度分别下降至原样的30%和7.53%;干湿循环减弱了颗粒表面粗糙度与粒间胶结强度,宏观上表现为MICP胶结的钙质砂体的强度、刚度的降低.     

Influence of colloidal nanosilica on hydration kinetics and properties of CaO/CaSO4-activated slag binder

To solve the energy consumption and CO₂ emission during cement production, the new binders must be developed as an alternative to cement. CaO/CaSO₄-activated slag binder is an eco-friendly and safe cementitious material; however, its low strength during initial stages limits its applications. In this study, colloidal nanosilica (CNS) was employed as an additive to improve the strength of CaO/CaSO₄-activated slag binder, and the effects of CNS on the workability, hydration kinetics, hydration products (type, quantity, and polymerization degree), and binder microstructure were thoroughly investigated. A moderate CNS content, through its nucleation effect, significantly increased the hydration rate of the nucleation and crystal growth (NG), phase boundary interaction (I) and diffusion (D) processes, which generated large quantities of calcium aluminosilicate hydrate (C-A-S-H) gel in the initial hydration stage. Meanwhile, the addition of CNS improved the polymerization degree of C-A-S-H gel. This amorphous reactant well-filled the pore space between slag particles and yielded a compact microstructure, consequently enhancing the binder strength. Considering the reduction in fluidity and the increase in production cost, the CNS mass fraction was controlled as ～3%, and the binder reached the satisfactory strengths of 3.87, 24.47, 31.43, and 41.78 MPa at 1, 3, 7, and 28 d, respectively.     

超高性能轻质混凝土的力学性能及微观结构

超高性能轻质混凝土(ultra-high performance lightweight concrete,UHPLC)是一种由高强水泥浆体、漂珠和纤维组成的密度低于1 950 kg/m~3的新型水泥基结构材料。本文研究了不同养护制度及养护龄期对UHPLC抗压强度、轴拉力学性能和弯曲性能的影响,最后利用扫描电镜观察了UHPLC中漂珠的微观形貌。结果表明:随着龄期增长,UHPLC的抗压强度、轴拉性能和弯曲性能均提高,并出现明显的应变强化现象,说明养护龄期对UHPLC基体强度和纤维-UHPLC基体的界面黏结强度均有显著提高作用;高温蒸汽养护3 d可促进UHPLC基体早期强度发展,使UHPLC的抗压强度和弯曲性能迅速达到标准养护28 d时的水平,显著缩短养护龄期,但对纤维-基体界面黏结强度的贡献不大,黏结强度仍主要受龄期影响;UHPLC实测密度为1 815.2 kg/m~3,100 mm立方体抗压强度达103.1 MPa,极限抗拉强度达7.60 MPa,极限拉应变达0.431%,出现明显的应变强化现象,弯曲峰值强度达22.43 MPa,满足了RPC160的抗折强度要求,实现了水泥基结构材料轻质高强的目标。     

In situ restoration of the surface defects on cement-based materials by bacteria mineralization with spraying method

Defects of cement-based materials can be restored by microbial carbonate precipitation, but in order to accelerate the completion of the mineralization process, previous studies all adopt the approach of immersion in bacterial liquid, which can not be applied for in situ repair. We investigated micro-environment, basophil-domestication of microorganism and effective absorption of micro-organisms by cement-based materials, and adopted spray technology to conduct in situ repairs on the defects on the surface of cement-based materials and enhance the repair process operability. Through microbial carbonate precipitation in the defects by spraying bacteria liquid, 100 μm thickness of calcium carbonate fi lm can be deposited on sample surface and in defects holes' microenvironment within 3 to 5 days. The capillary water absorption coeffi cient of specimen surface is 77% lower than the value before repair. The repairing effect is remarkable which makes it possible to conduct on-site repairs.     

多浓度营养盐处理对微生物胶结砂土均匀性与强度的影响

采用二次注入菌液方式,制备不同浓度营养盐处理的MICP （微生物诱导碳酸钙沉淀）胶结砂样。选用巴氏芽孢杆菌作为固化细菌,采用单一浓度（0.5、1.0 mol/L）和多浓度相结合（前期采用0.5 mol/L,后期采用1.0 mol/L）的处理方式注射营养盐（尿素/氯化钙混合液）,研究多浓度营养盐结合处理方式对微生物固化砂土强度及均匀性的影响。基于试验测试分析了固化砂土试样不同区间段的强度、弹性模量以及碳酸钙含量。试验结果表明,多浓度营养盐处理方式对固化砂土试样的强度及碳酸钙含量有明显影响;多浓度营养盐结合处理方式能够保证试样有较好的均匀性条件下获得较高强度及弹性模量。基于多浓度营养盐处理方式,探讨分析了影响试样强度和均匀性的基本因素。     

针状硅灰石对磷酸盐骨水泥性能的影响

以磷酸氢二钾和磷酸二氢钾为固化液,以磷酸四钙、α-磷酸三钙、磷酸氢钙、焦磷酸钙、羟基磷灰石和碳酸钙为原料合成骨水泥,向其添加针状硅灰石,研究了针状硅灰石对其性能的影响。结果表明,在磷酸钙骨水泥中添加针状硅灰石可以缩短凝结时间,提高抗压强度。当针状硅灰石的添加量为3%,骨水泥性能达到最佳;其初凝时间、终凝时间分别为14和28 min,样品在Ringer’s模拟液溶液中浸泡2周后抗压强度达49.23 MPa,浸泡液的pH值变化幅度小(7.1~7.8),在安全范围之内。     

碳酸钙和SDS协同体系对甲烷水合物生成影响的特性研究

天然气水合物的储量决定其潜在的商业开发价值。结合海底沉积物成分及海底环境，在2 ℃和6.08 MPa的条件下研究碳酸钙作为多孔介质与十二烷基硫酸钠（SDS）的协同体系对甲烷水合物生成情况的影响，并对其进行机理分析。结果表明，二者协同体系的储气效果和储气速率均优于纯SDS溶液。碳酸钙的粒径变化会改变水合物的生成量和储气效果，其中1 mm碳酸钙的储气效果最优。协同体系极大地缩短了水合物的诱导期，加快了水合物成核速率。协同体系的促进效果体现在SDS的促进效果和碳酸钙表面特性和粒径改变的促进效果及吸附特性，打破了SDS的胶束作用和水合物的“固封”效应，增大了水合物在异相非均质环境中的生成速率，进而促进水合物的生成。因此，多孔介质与表面活性剂的协同体系可以明显地改善水合物生成速率和储气效果，为水合物快速生成技术提供了理论依据和研究方向。     

紧密堆积理论与表征方法在水泥复合胶凝材料中的应用

水泥复合胶凝材料的堆积密实度将直接影响新拌净浆、砂浆、混凝土的工作性能以及硬化体的强度、耐久性。阐明了固体颗粒紧密堆积理论,比较了水泥复合胶凝材料体系堆积密实度评价方法的特点,从颗粒形状、颗粒粒径以及粒度分布3个方面,阐述了影响水泥复合胶凝材料堆积密实度的关键因素,指出了水泥复合胶凝材料密实填充效应研究存在的问题。     

Influence of some rock strength properties on jaw crusher performance in granite quarry

The influence of rock strength properties on Jaw Crusher performance was carried out to determine the effect of rock strength on crushing time and grain size distribution of the rocks.Investigation was conducted on four different rock samples namely marble,dolomite,limestone and granite which were representatively selected from fragmented lumps in quarries.Unconfined compressive strength and Point load tests were carried out on each rock sample as well as crushing time and size analysis.The results of the strength parameters of each sample were correlated with the crushing time and the grain size distribution of the rock types.The results of the strength tests show that granite has the highest mean value of 101.67 MPa for Unconfined Compressive Strength (UCS) test,6.43 MPa for Point Load test while dolomite has the least mean value of 30.56 MPa for UCS test and 0.95 MPa for Point Load test.According to the International Society for Rock Mechanic (ISRM) standard,the granite rock sample may be classified as having very high strength and dolomite rock sample,low strength.Also,the granite rock has the highest crushing time (21.0 s) and dolomite rock has the least value (5.0 s).Based on the results of the investigation,it was found out that there is a great influence of strength properties on crushing time of rock types.     

用屏蔽桥堵技术提高长庆油田洛河组漏层的承压能力

针对长庆油田陇东地区易漏失的洛河组砂岩物性特点，利用屏蔽桥堵原理开展实验研究，通过调整碳酸钙的粒度分布，选择惰性降失水剂作填充粒子，建立了合理的桥堵体系，室内和现场试验表明，该体系能够提高漏层的承压能力，满足钻井、固井工程施工的要求。