超高压协同冷冻辅助脱壳对南美白对虾肌原纤维蛋白理化性质的影响

为研究超高压协同冷冻(FT-HHP)对虾仁品质的影响,采用不同超高压(200～400 MPa,1～5 min)协同冷冻处理南美白对虾,通过感官评定、肌原纤维蛋白含量、羰基含量、总巯基含量等分析,探究FT-HHP在辅助脱壳的同时对虾仁肌肉蛋白生化特性的影响。结果表明,FT-HHP有助于南美白对虾脱壳,300 MPa、1 min协同处理后脱壳效果较单一冷冻辅助脱壳显著提高24.31%。200 MPa(1～3 min)、300 MPa(1 min)协同处理组肌原纤维蛋白含量及羰基、总巯基含量较新鲜对照组无显著变化;而压力≥300 MPa、保压时间≥3 min时,肌原纤维蛋白氧化现象显著增加,虾仁呈现熟化外观。随着压力及保压时间的上升,Ca2+-ATPase活性下降,肌原纤维蛋白表面疏水性上升。综合脱壳效果及蛋白理化特性指标,300 MPa、1 min协同冷冻处理可有效提高脱壳效果,并保持虾仁的良好品质。研究结果为超高压协同冷冻辅助南美白对虾脱壳技术的应用提供了理论依据。     

超高压处理对养殖大黄鱼肉肌原纤维蛋白理化特性的影响

目的研究超高压处理对养殖大黄鱼肌原纤维蛋白的理化特性的影响。方法经超高压处理后测量养殖大黄鱼肌原纤维蛋白的持水性、溶解性、表面疏水性和乳化性。结果超高压处理增大了肌原纤维蛋白的持水性、溶解性、表面疏水性和乳化性。当压力350 MPa,保压时间为10 min处理时持水性最高(3.17g/g pro),溴酚蓝结合量最高(21.033μg),乳化性活性(emulsifying activity,EAI)最高(46.42 m~2/g),均高于未处理组。经超高压处理后,肌原纤维蛋白的DSC的热焓值和变性温度发生改变。在300 MPa下改变保压时间时,在10 min保压时间内随着保压时间的增长,肌原纤维蛋白的持水性、溶解性、表面疏水性和乳化性逐步增加,而乳化稳定性则降低;DSC测定中加热使氢键断裂,蛋白质有序结构发生变化、随着保压时间进一步增长,肌原纤维蛋白的持水性、溶解性、表面疏水性和乳化性开始降低。结论超高压处理对养殖大黄鱼肌原纤维蛋白的理化特性有显著影响。     

解冻温度和冷冻—解冻周期对冷冻面团焙烤特性的影响

冷冻技术最早用于贮藏和运输易腐败的食品，如蔬菜、水果、水产等。随着人们生活水平的提高和消费形式的改变，冷冻食品也由原来的初级加工品逐渐发展成深加工调理食品。冷冻技术早期用于面包工业是用来防止和延缓面包老化和变质的，而今主要用于冷冻未焙烤的面包团和冷冻成品面包，而冷冻面团在消费市场具有更大的吸引力。冷冻面团在发达发展得很快，美国有50％以上的超市面包房和零售店都采用冷冻面团加工面包，冷冻面团的零售业额接近65亿美元^[1]。冷冻面团与新鲜面团相比，由于面团配方、加工工艺、贮存条件以后处理方法等不同会造成面团品质的差异。西文中采用快速法面包面团制作工艺，以面团醒发时间和面包比容作为评价指标，研究贮藏一段时间后的面团的解冻温度和冷冻－解冻周期对它的质量的影响。     

冻融循环对海湾扇贝内收肌肌原纤维蛋白理化特性及凝胶特性的影响

为探究冻融循环次数对海湾扇贝内收肌肌原纤维蛋白理化特性、贝糜凝胶特性的影响。研究海湾扇贝内收肌及其肌原纤维蛋白在冻融1、2、4 次后理化特性和结构特性的变化。结果表明,随着冻融循环次数增加,海湾扇贝内收肌肌原纤维蛋白含量、总巯基及活性巯基含量均降低;冻融第4 次时,肌原纤维蛋白含量下降54.1%、总巯基和活性巯基含量分别减少62.7%、58.3%;表面疏水性显著增加（P<0.05）;蛋白质α-螺旋结构逐渐解旋,部分转化为β-折叠和无规卷曲结构;内源性色氨酸荧光强度降低。凝胶结果表明,贝糜凝胶的持水性、硬度及弹性下降显著（P<0.05）,经过第4 次冻融后贝糜凝胶的持水率降低6.1%、硬度下降41%;扫描电镜结果表明,凝胶三维网络结构由致密变为松散、孔隙大。     

氧化程度对肌原纤维蛋白理化特性和凝胶水分分布的影响

采用羟自由基氧化体系(H2O2浓度为0、0. 5、1、5和10 mmol/L)对猪肉肌原纤维蛋白进行不同氧化程度处理,研究氧化对蛋白质理化特性和凝胶水分分布的影响。结果表明,随H2O2浓度升高,猪肉肌原纤维蛋白游离巯基含量下降,表面疏水性增加,二聚酪氨酸含量升高,内源色氨酸荧光强度降低,说明蛋白质氧化程度增加。随H2O2浓度升高,蛋白凝胶的蒸煮得率、白度和保水性均显著下降(P 0. 05),与对照组相比,10 mmol/L组分别下降了22. 4%、4. 33%和16. 47%。低场核磁共振结果显示,氧化处理不影响凝胶的结合水含量,但会显著影响不易流动水和自由水的比例。随H2O2浓度升高,凝胶中的不易流动水含量降低,自由水增加,与凝胶保水性结果一致。相关性分析表明,凝胶保水性与蛋白质侧链氧化程度密切相关。     

低温高湿解冻对南美白对虾保水性及肌原纤维蛋白生化特性的影响

以传统解冻——静水解冻、自然空气解冻及低温空气解冻为对照,通过考察解冻时间、保水性、pH值、色泽、质构、脂质氧化及肌原纤维蛋白生化特性变化,研究低温高湿条件(-1~1℃、2~4℃、5~7℃和8~10℃,相对湿度≥95%)对南美白对虾解冻效果及品质的影响。结果显示:静水解冻最快,仅需28.40 min,低温空气解冻最慢,耗时367.33 min。高湿有利于解冻,2~4℃时解冻速率较自然空气解冻、低温空气解冻提高了9.14%和57.62%。低温高湿(-1~7℃)解冻后,对虾保水性较高,2~4℃下解冻汁液流失最少,仅为传统解冻的16.32%~23.40%,离心失水率仅为2.80%;质构保持良好,2~4℃时质构最佳,硬度、咀嚼性显著高于传统解冻;脂质和蛋白质氧化明显改善,硫代巴比妥酸值显著低于传统解冻,总巯基含量明显提高,2~4℃解冻时表面疏水性甚至接近新鲜值,仅为7.69μg/mg(以每毫克蛋白质计);Ca^2+-ATPase活性较传统解冻显著上升,蛋白质变性程度较低。综合解冻效率、品质及生产实际,低温高湿解冻是一种较为理想的解冻方式。     

鹅肉肌原纤维蛋白乳化及理化性质

为丰富鹅肉肉糜类产品,对鹅肉肌原纤维蛋白乳化及理化性质进行了研究。结果表明,鹅腿肉肌原纤维蛋白含量最高（48.27 mg/g）,鹅胸肉次之,鸡胸肉最低（23.18 mg/g）,三者差异显著（p<0.05）;鹅腿肉自由巯基含量最高（2.85×10-4μmol/mg）,鹅胸肉次之,猪腿肉最低（0.705×10-4μmol/mg）,三者差异显著（p<0.05）;蛋白浓度在2.5⁷.5 mg/m L时,鹅腿、胸肉溶解度迅速上升,之后趋于平稳,浓度在12.5 mg/m L时,鹅腿蛋白溶解度>鹅胸>猪腿,三者差异显著（p<0.05）,溶解度与浊度呈极显著负相关（r=-0.978,p<0.01）;随蛋白浓度提高,鹅肉乳化稳定性指数与乳化能力均呈上升趋势,在各蛋白浓度条件下,鹅腿肉始终最高,鹅胸肉次之,猪腿肉最低;随蛋白浓度增加,鹅腿、胸肉乳化活性指数均呈下降趋势,当蛋白浓度在7.5 mg/m L后,二者没有显著差异（p>0.05）,但始终高于对照。鹅腿肉的乳化能力最强,最适合制作糜类肉制品。      

冷冻-解冻肌原纤维蛋白结构评价技术研究进展

肌肉类食品在加工和运输中常常经历冷冻-解冻的过程,严重破坏肌原纤维蛋白的结构与功能特性,进而降低肌肉食品的食用价值。因此,评价肌原纤维蛋白冷冻-解冻过程中结构特性的变化对于监测冻融肌肉食品的加工食用价值具有重要意义。本文针对现代检测技术在评价冻融肌原纤维蛋白结构特性方面的研究进展和应用情况进行了系统总结和分析,主要介绍了光谱学技术、显微镜技术、核磁共振技术、蛋白组学和分子动力学模拟等技术的研究应用现状。此外,比较了上述不同检测技术的优缺点,并对现代检测技术在评价肌原纤维蛋白品质特性方面的未来发展方向进行了展望,未来需进一步优化相关检测技术,使其操作更简单、更易实施,以期在冷冻肉品生产和加工工业化中推广应用并提供技术支持,旨在为提高冷冻肌肉食品品质提供科学参考。     

超声辅助冷冻对鸡胸肉肌原纤维蛋白乳化稳定性的影响

为探究不同冷冻方式对肌原纤维蛋白乳化稳定性的影响,本实验以鸡胸肉为原料,经空气冷冻、浸渍冷冻和不同超声功率(125、165、205 W和245 W)的超声辅助冷冻后,测定其肌原纤维蛋白的溶解度、浊度、粒径、Zeta-电位和乳状液乳化活性指数。结果表明:采用适当功率(165 W)超声辅助冷冻的原料肉,其肌原纤维蛋白的乳化稳定性显著高于其他各组(P<0.05),具体表现为样品具有较高的溶解度和乳化活性指数,以及较低的Zeta-电位、浊度、表面积平均粒径D₃₂和体积平均粒径D₄₃。但过高的超声功率(245 W)会导致蛋白质发生聚集变性,进而造成肌原纤维蛋白质乳化稳定性降低。上述结果表明,采用适当功率(165 W)的超声辅助冷冻有助于保持冷冻鸡胸肉肌原纤维蛋白乳化稳定性,为超声辅助冷冻在肉制品中的应用提供理论依据。     

冷冻贮藏过程中氧化诱导牦牛肉肌原纤维蛋白结构的变化

探讨在普通包装和真空包装冻藏条件下的牦牛背最长肌和股二头肌的肌原纤维蛋白氧化变化。结果表明：羰基含量60 d时显著增加（P＜0.05）,除股二头肌普通包装组在90 d保藏时的羰基含量显著升高外,其他处理组都呈下降趋势（P＞0.05）;总巯基含量在冻藏60 d内总体上升（P＜0.05）,60 d之后呈下降趋势;采用真空包装的两个处理组的表面疏水性在冷冻贮藏90 d以后都比普通包装的低;背最长肌的Ca2＋-ATP酶活性比股二头肌的低,而K-ATP酶活性则无显著差异。背最长肌肌原纤维蛋白溶解性在整个实验周期中有显著变化（P＜0.05）,股二头肌肌原纤维蛋白溶解性的变化不显著（P＞0.05）。此外,冷冻贮藏期间的蛋白质条带发生了变化,肌球蛋白重链和肌动蛋白随着冻藏时间的延长都发生了不同程度的降解。该结果说明随着冷冻贮藏时间的延长,肌原纤维蛋白发生了氧化。且随时间延长,蛋白氧化越严重,表面疏水性和溶解性越低,总巯基含量、K-ATP酶活性和Ca-ATP酶活性含量越高。     

冻结和解冻过程对水产品品质的影响

冻结是水产品保鲜的一种有效的方法,冻结后的水产品一般会进行冻藏。影响冻品质量的因素很多,主要有冻结速率、冻藏温度、解冻速率、冻藏中温度波动、冻结-解冻循环次数等。本文在简要介绍食品的冻结解冻方法的基础上,综述了冻结解冻过程对水产品物理、化学特性的影响。     

Changes in physicochemical properties and myofibrillar protein properties in grass carp salted by brining and injection

The aim of this study was to investigate the changes in physicochemical properties and myofibrillar protein properties of grass carp meat during brining and brine injection at 4 °C. The time reached equilibrium was 7 h in brining group and 5 h by injection, where the salt content was about 1.76%. The water content, water holding capacity and yield in injection group (86.59%, 9.18% and 110%, respectively) were higher than brining group (84.76%, 11.47%, and 108%, respectively) at equilibrium point significantly (P < 0.05). This was attributed to the more swollen filament lattices and disordered protein structure in injection group (P < 0.05). The myofibrillar protein structure was compared, including sulphydryl content, surface hydrophobicity, solubility, sodium dodecyl sulphate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis pattern and secondary structure. The injection group presented the better quality of salted fish meat in shorter time.     

超声波处理对猪肉肌原纤维蛋白理化及乳化特性的影响

采用超声波技术对猪肉肌原纤维蛋白(myofibrillar proteins,MP)进行改性处理,研究超声功率(0,80,140,180,200W)对肌原纤维蛋白理化与乳化特性的影响。结果表明,与未经超声处理的肌原纤维蛋白比较,随着超声功率的增加,MP体积等效平均粒径(d4,3)降低,而溶解度、电位绝对值、乳化活性及乳化稳定性均显著升高。超声功率达到180W时,该处理的肌原纤维蛋白制备的乳化液表现出较高的乳化活性和乳化稳定性,乳化稳定性的提高与增加的电位和降低的平均粒径有关,光学显微镜观察发现该乳化液表现出相对较低的油滴大小。相关性分析结果表明,超声功率与d4,3极显著负相关(P≤0.01),与溶解度、电位、乳化活性及乳化稳定性显著正相关(P≤0.05)。     

Changes in functional properties of common carp (Cyprinus carpio) myofibrillar protein as affected by ultrasound-assisted freezing

Ultrasound-assisted freezing (UF) has proven to be a method that can effectively increase the freezing rate of frozen food and improve its quality. The functional properties of myofibrillar proteins (MP) are important factors that affect the further processing quality of meat products. At present, the effect of UF on the functional properties of frozen MP is not yet clear. Therefore, in the present study, changes in the functional properties (emulsifying and gel properties) of MP in common carps (Cyprinus carpio) frozen with UF at different power levels were investigated. The results revealed that, compared with immersion freezing (IF), UF at 175 W (UF-175) effectively inhibited the decrease in protein solubility, absolute Zeta potential, emulsion activity index, storage modulus (G'), and loss modulus (G'') caused by freezing. UF-175 sample had lower protein turbidity, and smaller protein particle size than any other frozen samples (P < 0.05), which suggested that UF-175 inhibited protein aggregation induced by freezing. In addition, shorter T₂₁ and T₂₂ relaxation times were obtained in UF-175 sample than other frozen samples, indicating that UF-175 reduced the mobility of immobilized and free water. Accordingly, UF-175 sample had higher gel strength and water holding capacity than other frozen samples (P < 0.05). A denser and more uniform gel network structure was also found in UF-175 sample than other frozen samples. In general, improved functional properties of common carp MP can be achieved by optimal UF.     

Effects of Agaricus bisporus on gel properties of chicken myofibrillar protein

The gel-forming ability of myofibrillar protein (MP) is highly correlated with the characteristics of emulsified meat products. Incorporation of Agaricus bisporus (Ab) powder into MP gels may enhance its gel properties to facilitate the development of a novel and safe meat product. Therefore, this study investigated the effects of Ab powder on gel strength, water holding capacity (WHC), texture, rheological behaviour, LF-NMR spin–spin relaxation (T₂), microstructure and protein secondary structure of the MP gel system. The results indicated that the gel strength, WHC, G' value and G" value were significantly improved when the addition of Ab powder increased from 0% to 6% (P < 0.05). Meanwhile, the T₂ relaxation time was shortened, and free water was transformed into immobilised water. The texture of the gel was improved when 1%–4% Ab powder was added compared to the control. Furthermore, Ab filled in the gel network and promoted the unfolding of MP α-helix and the formation of MP β-sheet during the thermal denaturation of MP, leading to a dense aggregated network structure. The study suggested that Ab could be a promising ingredient in improving chicken MP's gel properties and developing fat-reduced meat products.     

Effects of different thawing methods on the quality of chicken breast

Freezing and thawing technologies are widely used in meat industry. This study aimed to investigate the effects of freezing and different thawing methods (Control group, CG; water immersing thawing, WT; low temperature combined with high‐humidity thawing, LT; combined thawing 1 (WT 15 min, then LT), CT1; combined thawing 2 (LT 2 h, then WT), CT2) on the quality of chicken breast. The results showed that all thawing methods significantly increased shear force value, the gap between muscle fibres, the contents of malondialdehyde (MDA) and carbonyl compounds, meanwhile, decreased the pH, CIE a* value, total protein solubility and sarcoplasmic protein solubility, compared with CG (P < 0.05). Among different thawing methods, LT was most effective in decreasing thawing loss but it had the highest contents of MDA and carbonyl compounds (P < 0.05). CT1 significantly decreased shear force value and MDA content (P < 0.05). Overall, freezing and thawing process had a detrimental effect on the quality of chicken breast, and the extent was pronounced with different thawing methods. On the basis of shortening thawing time and keeping meat quality, the results of this study suggested that CT1 could be chosen as the better thawing method.