温度对PE燃气管热熔焊接接头性能的影响

主要研究了聚乙烯(PE)燃气管热熔焊接接头在不同温度下的力学性能,通过不同温度下PE材料的拉伸破坏实验,根据不同温度下PE燃气管道焊接接头拉伸应力及拉伸应变,利用数值拟合的方法建立了PE材料接头的最大应力和断裂伸长率与温度的函数关系。其中卷边的存在容易产生应力集中使管道断裂,无卷边试样断裂伸长率总体高于有卷边试样且温度越高越明显,去除卷边对拉伸强度影响较小,可提高试样的断裂伸长率。温度对PE材料的拉伸强度、断裂伸长率影响较大,温度升高,PE材料的拉伸强度降低,断裂伸长率增加。     

3D打印PEI成型工艺对制品力学性能的影响

聚醚酰亚胺(PEI)具有优良的力学性能、耐辐照性能、耐高低温及耐磨性能,是工业领域不可或缺的重要材料之一。采用熔融沉积成型(FDM)技术,可用来构建具有复杂几何形状的功能部件。不同的成型工艺参数对零件的力学性能具有较大的影响。研究了3D熔融沉积成型中PEI的填充路径、填充率、成型件放置角度和喷嘴孔径对制品拉伸强度和断裂伸长率的影响,得到了具有最佳力学性能的打印工艺。结果表明,当填充方向为±45°时,试样的拉伸强度最大,为99.4 MPa;当填充方向为0°时,断裂伸长率最大,为15.3%;当填充方向为90°时,试样拉伸强度和断裂伸长率最小,分别为80.2 MPa和12.4%。且不同的放置角度对试样拉伸强度和断裂伸长率影响较大;试样的拉伸强度和断裂伸长率随着喷嘴孔径的增大而减小,当喷嘴孔径为0.4 mm时,其值最大。     

聚乙烯管材热熔对接接头性能的研究

通过使用两种不同聚乙烯(PE)原料制成的管材热熔对接接头试样进行(5±1)mm/min、(50±1)mm/min恒定速度拉伸试验,阐述了PE管材热熔对接接头的性能低于管材本体;利用对PE管材热熔对接接头试样加热的方法,以及对热熔对接接头试样焊缝四周切口后进行的(5±1)mm/min恒定速度拉伸试验,判定PE管材热熔对接接头的性能,这种方法与其它破坏性试验的统计结果相一致;并介绍了国外对PE管材热熔对接接头质量的评价方法。     

PP和PS拉伸性能测试的影响因素研究

研究了不同拉伸速率及不同制样方式对PP和PS材料拉伸强度和断裂伸长率的影响.结果表明随着拉伸速率的增大,以上两种材料的拉伸强度均有所增加,而断裂伸长率却呈现出不同的变化;PS注塑成型试样的拉伸强度和断裂伸长率都明显高于压制成型的,PP注塑成型试样的断裂伸长率比压制成型的增加了69%,而拉伸强度几乎没改变,制得了"强而韧"的试样.     

基于电气自动化装备的各种不同胶接接头粘接性能研究

以6005A铝合金为基材,采用硅烷聚氨酯胶粘剂制备了对接接头、搭接接头和不同角度的嵌接接头,并对哑铃型胶粘剂试样进行了力学性能测试。结果表明,当温度从-40℃升高至80℃时,不同温度下对接接头、搭接接头和嵌接接头的平均失效强度都呈现逐渐减小的特征;在温度60℃及以下时,胶粘剂搭接接头的强度要高于对接接头。将对接接头和搭接接头相比,在温度-40～80℃时,搭接接头的断裂能高于对接接头;从不同角度接头的断裂能分析,15°接头在不同温度下都具有相对较高的断裂能,且此时的断裂能要明显高于对接接头和搭接接头。     

高密度聚乙烯管热熔焊接接头本构模型研究

采用实验方法研究高密度聚乙烯（PE?HD）热熔焊接接头区域的材料性能与管材本体的差异。按照ISO 21307标准方法形成热熔焊接接头后,去除内外卷边,设计接头取样方式并改进拉伸试样。通过不同应变率下管材和焊接接头的单轴拉伸试验,使用一种新的本构分析方法与Suleiman方法研究其本构模型差异,得到了模型参数随应变率变化的非线性关系。对比模型预测结果和试验结果,验证了非线性拟合本构模型的有效性和合理性,同时该模型可预测低应变率下（准静态）的应力应变曲线。结果表明,PE?HD焊接区域的弹性模量和屈服应力优于管材,但差别不明显。     

热熔焊接工艺参数对聚乙烯管道力学性能的影响

聚乙烯（PE）管道在天然气运输中应用广泛，热熔焊接是连接PE管道的主要方式之一，焊接工艺参数影响热熔接头以及管道整体的性能。文章以焊接温度、加热时间和焊接压力等工艺参数作为主要影响因素，设计正交试验，制备不同的热熔接头拉伸试样，对比分析其抗拉性能。通过数值模拟得到带卷边热熔接头拉伸试样的本构模型。结果表明：焊接温度、加热时间和焊接压力使PE管道的抗拉性能先增高后降低，焊接温度和加热时间对热熔接头的抗拉性能影响显著。PE管道热熔接头的抗拉性能比基材好。载荷-位移曲线与实验曲线较吻合。基于有限元分析和Kwon聚合物本构模型可得到PE管道热熔焊接接头准确的本构关系。     

FDM工艺中填充率对塑料制品力学性能的影响

FDM工艺作为3D打印技术的实现方法之一,依据易操作、成本低、成型周期短等优点,近些年取得了快速发展。但3D制品的力学性能一直是制约其发展的重要因素,提高3D制品的力学性能对扩大其应用范围具有至关重要的作用。针对FDM工艺中制品的填充率展开实验探索,通过FDM工艺制备ABS和PLA 2种试样,并与同种材料的注塑试样进行对比,探究了填充率对拉伸强度、拉伸模量和断裂伸长率的影响。结果表明,拉伸强度和拉伸模量随填充率的提高而增强,断裂伸长率随填充率的提高呈现先提高后下降的趋势;当填充率为100%时,基本能达到注塑件的拉伸强度,而且,PLA材料的拉伸模量高于注塑件;ABS材料的断裂伸长率也高于注塑件。可见,制品填充率会影响FDM制品的力学性能,合理选择填充率能够获得接近或超过注塑工艺水平的FDM制品,同时降低生产成本。     

塑化温度和成型温度对增塑PVC及PVC／PNBR弹性体力学性能的影响

当塑化温度分别为135℃和150℃时,通过测定不同成型温度下（145、150、155、160℃）压片制得的增塑PVC和PVC／PNBR共混物的断裂伸长率、拉伸强度、硬度和拉伸永久变形,研究了塑化温度和成型温度对试样力学性能的影响。结果表明：①150℃塑化温度下,物料塑化得更完全,PVC分子链间的作用力增强,试样的拉伸强度、拉伸永久变形、硬度增大;②在成型温度为145-155℃范围内,试样的断裂伸长率、拉伸强度随成型温度的提高都显著增大;③与塑化温度相比,成型温度对试样力学性能的影响更大。     

PVC／环氧树脂E51合金性能的研究

采用模压法制备了PVC/环氧树脂E51合金,研究了环氧树脂E51用量对合金力学性能及维卡软化温度的影响.结果表明:当环氧树脂E51用量为1～5份时,随着环氧树脂E51用量的增加,试样的缺口冲击强度、拉伸强度、断裂伸长率、维卡软化温度先增加后减小.当环氧树脂E51用量为3份时,试样的缺口冲击强度、拉伸强度、维卡软化温度出现最大值;当环氧树脂E51用量为4份时,试样的断裂伸长率出现最大值;当环氧树脂E51用量为5份时,试样的缺口冲击强度、拉伸强度、维卡软化温度虽有所降低,但仍比原始PVC试样(指未添加环氧树脂E51的试样)高,而试样的断裂伸长率则骤降,比原始PVC试样还低.在试验条件下,环氧树脂E51的最佳用量为3份.试样冲击断面SEM照片的分析结果与缺口冲击强度的测试结果相符.     

Weld lines in nylon 6 melt‐blended nanocomposites

The effects of weld lines in injection moldings of nylon 6 and nylon 6 nanocomposite samples were investigated by comparing single‐end‐gated and double‐end‐gated tensile samples. The single‐gated samples have no weld line, whereas the double‐end‐gated configuration produces a weld line at the center of the gauge length. Nylon 6 shows little variation in tensile properties for samples with or without weld lines, remaining ductile and tough, even with weld lines present. However, nylon 6 nanocomposites containing organically modified montmorillonite (organoclay), produced by a melt blending technique, exhibits rigid and brittle behavior for both single (no weld line) and double‐end‐gated (with weld line) samples. The organoclay increases the tensile strength but reduces the strain‐to‐failure significantly in both cases. A modified L₁₆ orthogonal array based on the Taguchi approach with three levels was designed to run injection‐molding experiments to allow production of a modest number of samples to identify the most important process factors. The results were analyzed using the statistical tools signal‐to‐noise (S/N) ratio and analysis of variance (ANOVA), in particular showing that the principal process factors for the double‐end‐gated nylon 6 nanocomposite samples are mold and melt temperatures. POLYM. ENG. SCI., 45:1606–1614, 2005. © 2005 Society of Plastics Engineers     

Glass Fiber/Polyphthalamide Composites for 3D-Molded Interconnect Devices Application: Structure and Properties

The research work was to demonstrate the feasibility of a three-dimensional molded interconnect devices concept using the injection-molding technique and to investigate the effects of weld/meld line types on the structure and properties. Two different polymers based on polyphthalamide/glass fiber composites (PA6 T/X and PA10 T/X composites) were produced by injection molding at the different processing conditions. A mold was designed in such a way that a weld and meld line can be produced at different angles by changing an insert inside the mold. The mechanical properties such as stiffness, tensile strength, and flexural strength were determined in tensile and flexural tests, respectively. The adhesive strength and electrical resistance were studied with the pull-off process and four-point measurement, respectively, and are discussed. The dispersion of the glass fiber and types of meld/weld line were inspected using scanning electron microscopy. The results were in-line with the expectation of a reduction in mechanical properties in areas where weld/meld lines occurred. The results of tensile tests clearly showed that the weld and meld lines showed a considerable influence on mechanical properties. It was found that the tensile and flexural strength of polyphthalamide/glass fiber composites with weld line type decreased approximately 58 and 62%, respectively, compared to the composites without the weld line. On the other hand, the effects of injection time and mold temperature on the tensile strength were marginal.     

G／Epoxy复合材料胶接强度研究

使用G／Epoxy作为底材研究了垫板、结构胶黏剂厚度和底材表面处理对拉伸剪切强度的影响。使用光学显微镜观察了断口形貌。结果表明加垫板能减小试验过程中由于加载偏心引起剥离应力,测试结果较大;结构胶黏剂的厚度和底材表面处理对拉伸剪切强度影响十分明显,随着厚度的增大而减小,经打磨表面裸露出纤维的试样拉伸剪切强度很低。结构胶黏剂厚度较小时以内聚破坏为主,随着厚度的增加破坏模式转变为粘接破坏。     

Effect of process conditions on the weld‐line strength and microstructure of microcellular injection molded parts

This study was aimed at understanding how the process conditions affect the weld‐line strength and microstructure of injection molded microcellular parts. A design of experiments (DOE) was performed and polycarbonate tensile test specimens were produced for tensile tests and microscopic analysis. Injection molding trials were performed by systematically adjusting four process parameters (i.e., melt temperature, shot size, supercritical fluid (SCF) level, and injection speed). For comparison, conventional solid specimens were also produced. The tensile strength was measured at the weld line and away from the weld line. The weld‐line strength of injecton molded microcellular parts was lower than that of its solid counterparts. It increased with increasing shot size, melt temperature, and injection speed, and was weakly dependent on the supercritical fluid level. The microstructure of the molded specimens at various cross sections were examined using scanning electron microscope (SEM) and a light microscope to study the variation of cell size and density with different process conditions.     

制氢装置高温蒸汽管线材料损伤试验与可用性分析

针对某炼油厂制氢装置运行10年的蒸汽管线进行实验研究与安全评估,测试材料的拉伸性能,冲击功和硬度.结果表明该管线管材性能已发生明显退化,但目前仍能满足使用要求,不会出现焊缝脆性断裂和管子纵向爆裂事故.     

Analysis of Effect of Pressure and Heat on Mechanical Characteristics of Butt Fusion Welding of Polyethylene Pipes

The butt fusion process is one of the most effective processes in welding polyethylene pipes. The heating stage is the most important step in this process. In this investigation, while the main objective was to reduce the final bead's size of the weld, 9 different experiments with different heat and pressure conditions and equal timing for each heating stage were defined. Numerical modeling of Finite Element Method (FEM) of the heating process was carried out in the computer software considering governing physical conditions in the weld to determine heat distribution as well as primary bead geometry. Subsequently, the model was compared with results from experimentations. Cross-cut of the formed primary beads at the end of the heating process were prepared and compared with results from the model. To review final quality of the weld and its mechanical characteristics, all samples were welded under equal pressure conditions. Cross-sections of beads formed at the final stage as well as some samples for tension test and impact test from all welded areas were prepared according to standard for determination of mechanical characteristics and then compared with each other. From mechanical strength perspective, the weld formed in 210°C and 0.18 MPa pressure demonstrated higher values. However, impact strength in the weld formed in 180°C was higher. By reducing pressure in a specified heating process, value of impact energy required to break the piece was reduced. Mechanical strength in heating condition 240°C was lower than all other cases. As for geometry of the formed bead; its size in 180°C and 0.03 MPa pressure in the first stage of the heating process was smaller than other cases.     

Fatigue performance of injection‐molded short e‐glass fiber reinforced polyamide‐6,6. II. Effects of melt temperature and hold pressure

Tensile and fatigue properties of an injection molded short E‐glass fiber reinforced polyamide‐6,6 have been studied as a function of two key injection molding parameters, namely melt temperature and hold pressure. It was observed that tensile and fatigue strengths of specimens normal to the flow direction were lower than that in the flow direction, indicating inherent anisotropy caused by injection molding. Tensile and fatigue strengths of specimens with weld line were significantly lower than that without weld lines. For specimens in the flow direction, normal to the flow direction and with weld line, tensile strength and fatigue strength increased with increasing melt temperature as well as increasing hold pressure. The effect of specimen orientation on the tensile and fatigue strengths is explained in terms of the difference in fiber orientation and skin‐core morphology of the specimens. POLYM. COMPOS., 2011. © 2010 Society of Plastics Engineers.     

Fatigue performance of an injection‐molded short E‐glass fiber‐reinforced polyamide 6,6. I. Effects of orientation,holes, and weld line

This article presents the experimental results of stress‐controlled fatigue tests of an injection‐molded 33 wt% short E‐glass fiber‐reinforced polyamide 6,6. The effects of specimen orientation with respect to the flow direction, hole stress concentration, and weld line on the fatigue life have been considered. In addition, the effect of cyclic frequency has been examined. In addition to the modulus and tensile strength, the fatigue strength of the material was significantly higher in the flow direction than normal to the flow direction, indicating inherent anisotropy of the material caused by flow‐induced orientation of fibers. The presence of weld line reduced the modulus, tensile strength, failure strain, and fatigue strength. The fatigue strength of specimens with a hole was lower than that of un‐notched specimens, but was insensitive to the hole diameter. At cyclic frequencies ≤ 2 Hz, failure was due to fatigue, and fatigue life increased with frequency. However, at cyclic frequencies > 2 Hz, the failure mode was a mixture of fatigue and thermal failures, and fatigue life decreased with increasing frequency. POLYM. COMPOS., 27:230–237, 2006. © 2006 Society of Plastics Engineers.     

Weld line morphology of injection molded polypropylene

The weakness of plastics at weld lines provides serious difficulties for the design and long term durability of injection molded parts. The goal of this work was to identify the cause of weld line weakness in polypropylene (PP) systems. The morphology of weld lines in a high molecular weight PP has been studied. It was found that the PP contains a hindered phenolic antioxidant additive that is not soluble in the polymer at the standard processing conditions. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) pictures reveal the additive existing as a dispersed phase in the bulk polymer. Even though very small concentrations of this additive are normally used, (0.1–0.5%) large quantities were found at weld lines in a band approximately 100 nm wide and penetrating about 10 μm into the surface of the part, hindering strength development at the weld line. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) results confirm enhanced concentrations of antioxidant on the flow front and mold wall surface of short shot samples. The mechanical properties (Izod impact, tensile strength) are measured for samples molded at various processing conditions, varying amounts of antioxidant additive and with and without weld lines. The results are consistent with the presence of the additive playing a key role in strength development at PP weld lines.     

油田集输用在役玻璃钢管道性能测试及失效分析

采用采样分析法,对投用10年的不同管径失效样件现场截取试样,与同时期、同厂家生产的未投用试样进行对比试验,对其拉伸强度、巴氏硬度、玻璃化转变温度、树脂含量、不可溶分含量等进行测定,分析玻璃钢管道在役期间的性能变化和失效原因。测试结果表明:服役10年左右的玻璃钢综合性能都较未投用玻璃钢管有所降低,其中树脂含量降低最为严重,由树脂老化降解引起的玻璃钢管道玻璃化转变温度降低是造成其失效的主要原因。