小剂量右旋美托咪定联合芬太尼和丙泊酚对老年肠镜检查中呼吸循环的影响

目的评估小剂量右旋美托咪定（dexmedetomidine,Dex）联合芬太尼和丙泊酚对老年患者无痛肠镜检查时呼吸循环的影响。方法60名接受肠镜检查的老年患者随机分成实验组（Dex组）和对照组。首先,实验组在10min内缓慢静脉注射右旋美托咪定负荷剂量0．5μg／kg,对照组给予等量生理盐水。其次,负荷剂量推注后两组均静脉推注芬太尼1μg／kg,再缓慢推注丙泊酚,直至患者入睡,开始检查。负荷剂量推注后实验组以右旋美托咪定0．2μg·kg-1·h-1的速率维持至术毕。对照组给予等量生理盐水。术中两组按需追加丙泊酚。记录BP、HR、SpO2、ECG、RR的术前基础值（T0）,诱导开始10min（T1）,诱导结束（T2）,术中每5min记录一次。记录两组所用丙泊酚的总量,术中心血管不良反应和呼吸抑制的发生例数。结果实验组T1较TOMAP、HR、RR和SpO2均无明显变化（P〉0．05）,T2较TOMAP、HR、SpO2和RR均下降（P〈0．01o对照组T1较TOMAP、HR和SpO：均无明显变化（｜P〉0．05）,T2较TOMAP、SpO2和RR均下降（P〈O．01）,HR无明显变化（P〉0．05）。T2实验组MAP、SpO2、RR均高于对照组（P〈0．05o实验组的丙泊酚总用量较对照组减少（P〈0．01）,术中低血压和呼吸抑制的发生率降低（P〈0．05）。结论小剂量右旋美托咪定联合芬太尼丙泊酚较单用芬太尼丙泊酚,血流动力学更稳定,呼吸抑制更轻,可安全地用于老年患者的无痛肠镜检查。     

脑电双频指数反馈闭环靶控输注在电子小肠镜检查中的应用

目的 研究脑电双频指数（BIS）反馈闭环靶控输注（CL-TCI）在电子小肠镜检查中的应用效果.方法 60例需要小肠镜（经口）检查的患者随机均分为3组,A组以BIS作为控制变量的闭合环路靶控输注丙泊酚,结合开放环路靶控输注雷米芬太尼;B组靶控输注丙泊酚、雷米芬太尼;C组恒速输注丙泊酚、雷米芬太尼.检测麻醉前（T0）、入睡睫毛反射消失时（T1）、入镜即刻（T2）、小肠镜经过曲氏韧带（T3）、检查结束出镜后（T4）各组MAP、HR、Sp02、BIS,以及诱导时间、唤醒时间和定向力恢复时间,记录呼吸抑制、体动、呛咳等不良反应发生情况,记录丙泊酚各时段消耗量,电话随访有无术中知晓情况.结果 MAP、HR：与T0时间点比较,3组T1时均下降（P＜0.05）,T2、T3、T4时B组均低于A组（P均＜0.05）;C组T2、T3、T4时不稳定.BIS值：T2、T3、T4时B组均小于A组（P均＜0.05）;C组数值不稳定.诱导时间C组快于A、B组（P均＜0.05）,唤醒时间和离院时间A组快于B、C两组（P均＜0.05）.A、B组均未发生呼吸抑制、体动、呛咳和术中知晓,C组呼吸抑制2例、体动4例.A组丙泊酚总消耗量少于B、C组（P均＜0.05）.结论 BIS反馈下丙泊酚、雷米芬太尼CL-TCI应用于电子小肠镜检查,可使患者生命体征更平稳、丙泊酚用量减少、唤醒时间和定向力恢复时间缩短、留院时间缩短.     

曲马多联合丙泊酚在无痛肠镜麻醉中的应用

目的 探讨曲马多联合丙泊酚用于无痛肠镜的临床效果及可行性.方法 90例无痛肠镜检查患者,随机分为曲马多组（Q组）,芬太尼组（F组）和对照组（C组）,每组30例,Q组（2mg/kg曲马多）;F组（15ug/kg芬太尼）;C组（3ml生理盐水）,均于3min后予以丙泊酚（1.5 ～2.5）mg/kg静推,术中患者如出现四肢不自主运动时追加丙泊酚.观察并比较三组术中MAP、HR、RR、SP02的变化,记录曲马多,芬太尼,丙泊酚的用量,患者清醒,离院时间,术中发生心动过缓,低血压,低氧血症,呼吸暂停和体动发生率.结果 Q、F组丙泊酚用量明显少于C组（P＜0.05）,F组对血压,心率,呼吸抑制明显（P＜0.05）,而C组的体动发生率明显高于Q、F两组（P＜0.05）.结论 使用无痛肠镜时丙泊酚联合曲马多可以减少丙泊酚的用量,提供良好的镇痛作用,维持术中血流动力学稳定,减少体动发生率,是安全有效并可行的.     

不同全麻诱导用药对心脏手术患者BIS、MAP和HR的影响

目的观察不同麻醉诱导用药对脑电双频指数（BIS）、MAP和HR的影响。方法将40例心脏直视手术患者。随机分为依托咪酯组（E组）和异丙酚组（P组），每组20例。E组采用眯唑安定0．2mg／kg、依托眯酯0．3mg／kg、芬太尼6μg／kg、琥珀胆碱1．5～2．0mg／kg静注，P组采用咪唑安定0．2mg／kg、丙泊酚1mg／kg、芬太尼6μg／kg、琥珀胆碱1．5～2．0mg／kg静注气管插管。分别记录各时点BIS、MAP、HR值。结果两组麻醉诱导后BIS值随麻醉加深进行性降低（P＜0．01），组间比较有显著性差异（P＜0．05）。与麻醉前基础MAP相比．诱导及插管期E组MAP无显著变化（P＞0.05），P组MAP在静注丙泊酚后明显降低．与基础MAP相比差异显著（P＜0．05）。两组HR无明显波动（P＞0．05）。结论 依托眯酯或异丙酚联合阿片类药进行全麻诱导，皆可获得满意麻醉深度和同等BIS水平．但依托咪酯扩血管作用较弱，较异丙酚安全。     

盐酸戊乙奎醚联合异丙酚用于无痛肠镜检查的临床观察

目的研究盐酸戊乙奎醚(长托宁)联合异丙酚在无痛肠镜检查中的应用。方法将2006年3月至2006年8月沈阳医学院沈洲医院麻醉科60例患者随机将患者分为2组。A组给予长托宁0.01mg/kg静脉注射,5min后给予异丙酚1～2mg/kg静脉注射,在30～40s内注完。B组单纯给予异丙酚1～2mg/kg静脉注射,在30～40s内注完。待患者进入睡眠状态后,睫毛反射消失,全身肌肉松弛,即可插入肠镜进行检查,检查中根据患者情况必要时追加异丙酚0.5mg/kg以维持麻醉深度。两组一般情况及用药前血压、心率、SpO2、呼吸频率无差异。结果用药后血压、心率、SpO2、呼吸频率在相同时点,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05),A组异丙酚用量、检查时间与B组差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论长托宁联合异丙酚用于无痛肠镜的检查可以保证在检查过程中无任何痛苦,提供良好的操作环境,更安全、更可靠。     

丙泊酚-瑞芬太尼靶控输注在老年患者肠镜检查中的临床应用探讨

目的研究丙泊酚-瑞芬太尼靶控输注用于老年患者无痛肠镜检查的安全性、有效性及可行性。方法将67例门诊及住院需要肠镜检查的老年患者随机分为A组（34例）及B组（33例）；A组采用丙泊酚-瑞芬太尼靶控输注，丙泊酚血浆靶控浓度为0．5～1．0μg／ml、瑞芬太尼血浆靶控浓度0．5～1．0ng／ml同时靶控输注：B组常规操作。RamsayⅡ级开始插镜，抵达回盲部停止给药。分别记录术前、进镜至回盲部及检查完毕SBP、DBP、HR、Sp02值及不良反应发生的例数。结果Ramsay评分A组Ⅱ级97．1％，B组Ⅰ级100％（P〈0．01）；进镜至回盲部过程：A组SBP、DBP、HR无明显变化，B组明显高于术前，与A组有显著性差异（P〈0．05）；A组体动及呻吟明显少于B组（P〈0．01）；A组操作成功率及患者满意度明显高于B组（P〈0．01）：A组无呼吸抑制发生。结论老年患者应用丙泊酚-瑞芬太尼靶控输注麻醉效果好，血流动力学稳定，肠镜操作成功率高，患者的耐受性好，是一种安全、有效、可行的无痛肠镜麻醉方法。     

丙泊酚复合芬太尼静脉麻醉在无痛支气管镜检查中的临床应用

目的研究丙泊酚复合芬太尼静脉麻醉在无痛电子支气管镜检查中的有效性和安全性。方法选择60例需要做电子支气管镜检查的患者,随机分为两组,A组丙泊酚复合芬太尼麻醉,B组（对照组）静脉注射生理盐水10ml。观察每组的镇静效果及检查前、检查中及完全清醒后的血压、心率、呼吸、血气分析。结果镇静结果显示A组无不适应感觉,但B组均感觉恐惧及痛苦,检查中A组血压、呼吸频率呈下降趋势,心率由检查前的增快降至正常水平,B组血压、心率明显升高,两组血压、呼吸、心率对比差异具有统计学意义（P〈0．01）,两组在检查前后PaO2、pH值均有轻度升高趋势,但检查前后数据无统计学意义。结论丙泊酚复合芬太尼麻醉在无痛支气管镜检查中镇静效果好,相对安全、无痛苦,值得在临床推广应用。     

异丙芬分别复合芬太尼和米唑安定行无痛胃镜检查的研究

目的 比较异丙芬复合芬太尼或米唑安定用于无痛胃镜检查的有效性和安全性.方法 将180例需要无痛胃镜检查的患者分为A、B、C三组,每组各60例.A组单独静脉注射异丙芬1.5mg/kg,B组先注射芬太尼0.5mg后再注射异丙芬1.5mg/kg,C组先注射米唑安定0.02～0.03 mg/kg后再注射异丙芬1.5 mg/kg.至患者睫毛反射消失后开始插镜检查,如有呛咳、体动等表现时追加异丙芬30～40 mg.记录患者用药前、插镜前、检查结束后各时间点的呼吸、血氧饱和度、血压、心率以及不良反应.结果 B组和C组的异丙芬用量明显少于A组(P＜0.01).B组苏醒最快,没有注射部位疼痛,呛咳、体动等发生率明显低于A组(P＜0.05).结论 异丙芬联合芬太尼组具有麻醉镇痛效果好、副反应少、苏醒快等优点,更适合于无痛胃镜检查.     

无痛电子气管镜检查过程中实施呼吸保护的效果观察

目的：观察无痛电子气管镜检查过程中实施呼吸保护的效果。方法采用无痛电子气管镜检查和治疗的300例患者,随机分为A、B、C组各100例。 A组给予右美托咪啶负荷剂量0．6～0．8μg／kg泵入,然后缓慢静脉注射1～2 mg／kg丙泊酚负荷量,继之以2～4 mg／kg丙泊酚泵注维持;在A组基础上,B组麻醉后置入口咽通气管, C组麻醉后置入喉罩。记录3组麻醉前、麻醉后术前、通过声门、术中4个时点的呼吸频率（ RR）和SpO2。结果与麻醉前比较,A组麻醉后术前、通过声门、术中RR、SpO2均下降（P均＜0．05）;B、C组各时间点RR、SpO2比较,P均＞0．05;3组间各时间点RR、SpO2比较,P均＞0．05。结论在无痛电子气管镜检查过程中实施呼吸保护可保障患者呼吸畅通、维持理想的SpO2水平。     

咪达唑仑联合芬太尼与丙泊酚用于无痛肠镜检查的研究

目前,丙泊酚、阿片类镇痛药和苯二氮卓类镇静药是无痛胃肠镜检查中应用最多的药物.要达到足够的麻醉深度,抑制生理反射,消除疼痛等不适,单独应用某种药物用量偏大,对循环和呼吸抑制较明显.由于各种麻醉药物之间协同作用的存在,联合用药可减少单一药物的用量,减少呼吸及循环系统的不良反应,使检查过程更平稳、恢复更迅速.基于在无痛肠镜检查中是否给予咪达唑仑的问题尚存在争议,本研究以芬太尼复合丙泊酚方案为对照,观察小剂量咪达唑仑联合芬太尼与丙泊酚用于无痛肠镜检查的有效性及安全性,旨在为临床工作提供参考.     

Three layer functional model and energy exchange concept of aging process

Relying on a certain degree of abstraction, we can propose that no particular distinction exists between animate or living matter and inanimate matter. While focusing attention on some specifics, the dividing line between the two can be drawn. The most apparent distinction is in the level of structural and functional organization with the dissimilar streams of ‘energy flow’ between the observed entity and the surrounding environment. In essence, living matter is created from inanimate matter which is organized to contain internal intense energy processes and maintain lower intensity energy exchange processes with the environment. Taking internal and external energy processes into account, we contend in this paper that living matter can be referred to as matter of dissipative structure, with this structure assumed to be a common quality of all living creatures and living matter in general. Interruption of internal energy conversion processes and terminating the controlled energy exchange with the environment leads to degeneration of dissipative structure and reduction of the same to inanimate matter, (gas, liquid and/or solid inanimate substances), and ultimately what can be called ‘death.’ This concept of what we call dissipative nature can be extended from living organisms to social groups of animals, to mankind. An analogy based on the organization of matter provides a basis for a functional model of living entities. The models relies on the parallels among the three central structures of any cell (nucleus, cytoplasm and outer membrane) and the human body (central organs, body fluids along with the connective tissues, and external skin integument). This three-part structural organization may be observed almost universally in nature. It can be observed from the atomic structure to the planetary and intergalactic organizations. This similarity is corroborated by the membrane theory applied to living organisms. According to the energy nature of living matter and the proposed functional model, the decreased integrity of a human body's external envelope membrane is a first cause of the structural degradation and aging of the entire organism. The aging process than progresses externally to internally, as in single cell organisms, suggesting that much of the efforts towards the restoration and maintenance of the mechanisms responsible for structural development should be focused accordingly, on the membrane, i.e., the skin. Numerous reports indicate that all parts of the human body, like: bones, blood with blood vessels, muscles, skin, and so on, have some ability for restoration. Therefore, actual revival of not only aging tissue of the human body's membrane, but the entire human body enclosed within, with all internal organs, might be expected. We assess several aging theories within the context of our model and provide suggestions on how to activate the body's own anti-aging mechanisms and increase longevity. This paper presents some analogies and some distinctions that exist between the living dissipative structure matter and inanimate matter, discusses the aging process and proposes certain aging reversal solutions.     

Unusual responses of nocturnal pineal melatonin synthesis and secretion to swimming: Attempts to define mechanisms

Abstract: The effect of swimming at night on rat pineal melatonin synthesis was compared with that of light exposure at night. Rats were forced to swim at 0030 hr (lights out at 2000 hr) and sacrificed by decapitation 15 and 30 min later, immediately after swimming. Other groups of animals were exposed to white light (650μW/cm²) for 15 and 30 min at same time. Swimming caused a rapid and highly significant drop in the melatonin content in the pineal gland; however, the activity of N-acetyltransferase (NAT), the supposed rate limiting enzyme in the melatonin production, was not changed. Despite the drop in pineal melatonin levels, serum concentrations of the indole remained elevated in the rats that swam. In contrast, melatonin levels in the pineal and serum of light exposed rats fell precipitously, accompanied by a significant suppression of NAT activity. Since we anticipated that the strenuous exercise associated with swimming may induce release of artrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) from the heart, which in turn could cause the release of pineal melatonin, in a second study we injected physiological saline intravenously to stretch the cardiac muscle and release ANP. Three milliliters of normal saline was injected during the day into the jugular vein of anesthetized rats that were pretreated with isoproterenol to stimulate pineal melatonin production. Animals were killed 15 min after the saline injection, and pineal NAT activity and pineal melatonin levels were measured. The saline injections caused no alteration in the elevated levels of either NAT or melatonin. These data suggest that the disparity in pineal NAT activity (which was high) and pineal melatonin (which was low), in animals swum at night, may not be caused by ANP which is released during strenuous exercise such as swimming.     

The immunoneuroendocrine role of melatonin

Abstract: A tight, physiological link between the pineal gland and the immune system is emerging from a series of experimental studies. This link might reflect the evolutionary connection between self-recognition and reproduction. Pinealectomy or other experimental methods which inhibit melatonin synthesis and secretion induce a state of immunodepression which is counteracted by melatonin. In general, melatonin seems to have an immunoenhancing effect that is particularly apparent in immunodepressive states. The negative effect of acute stress or immunosuppressive pharmacological treatments on various immune parameters are counteracted by melatonin. It seems important to note that one of the main targets of melatonin is the thymus, i.e., the central organ of the immune system. The clinical use of melatonin as an immunotherapeutic agent seems promising in primary and secondary immunodeficiencies as well as in cancer immunotherapy. The immunoenhancing action of melatonin seems to be mediated by T-helper cell-derived opioid peptides as well as by lymphokines and, perhaps, by pituitary hormones. Melatonin-induced-immuno-opioids (MHO) and lymphokines imply the presence of specific binding sites or melatonin receptors on cells of the immune system. On the other hand, lymphokines such as -γ-interferon and interleukin-2 as well as thymic hormones can modulate the synthesis of melatonin in the pineal gland. The pineal gland might thus be viewed as the crux of a sophisticated immunoneuroendocrine network which functions as an unconscious, diffuse sensory organ.     

Melatonin and photoperiodic time measurement: Seasonal breeding in the sheep

Abstract: Well-established circadian physiology supports the view that photoperiodic time measurement utilizes the coincidence between the presence of light and a photosensitive phase of a 'biological clock' to alter reproductive status—the so-called external coincidence model of seasonal breeding. In this review, we examine the mechanism whereby photoperiod interacts with presumed suprachiasmatic nuclei activity to allow endogenous melatonin to normally synchronize reproductive activity to the optimal time of year. The Romney Marsh sheep is particularly explored as an experimental model. It is suggested that the on/off activity of seasonal reproduction may be a robust mechanism able to be predictably manipulated by the judicious use of the light/dark cycle and exogenous melatonin, but firmly based on circadian principles.     

Response of rat pineal melatonin to calcium, magnesium, and lithium is circadian stage dependent

Abstract: Herein we documented the response of pineal melatonin production to electrolytes known to be effective on pineal function in view of a possible circadian stage dependence. We studied the release of melatonin by perifused rat pineal glands at 2 different circadian stages corresponding to the middle of the light and dark periods, i.e., respectively, 7 and 19 HALO (Hours After Light Onset, L:D = 12:12). The initial efflux rates were, as expected, much higher in the perifusates of glands removed from rats sacrificed during the dark phase than of those removed during the light phase. After 3 hr of perifusion, melatonin release reached similar levels which were found constant up to the 8th hr of perifusion, whatever the circadian stage. Perifusion of the glands with physiological concentrations for the rat of calcium (5.2 mmol/1) and magnesium (1.34 mmol/1) resulted in a stimulatory effect on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed in the middle of the dark period (19 HALO), whereas no effects were observed on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed during the light (7 HALO). Lithium (0.28 and 0.55 mmol/1) was ineffective on melatonin release in pineal glands removed 7 and 19 HALO. Our results show differences in the initial efflux rates of melatonin and in the response of perifused pineal glands to calcium and magnesium according to the circadian stage.     

Changes in connexin43, the gap junction protein of astrocytes, during development of the rat pineal gland

Abstract: The abundance of gap junctions between rat pineal astrocytes formed by connexin43 (Cx43) was studied during development. Levels and distribution of Cx43 were measured by immunoblotting and indirect immunofluorescence, respectively. The amount of Cx43 in cells located within the gland was low until about the 7th postnatal day and increased to adult values between the 14th and 21st days postpartum. Although astrocytes, recognized by their vimentin immunoreactivity, were scarce before birth, they were abundant by the 7th postnatal day suggesting that the low levels of Cx43 found at this age corresponded to a low expression of this protein. Localization of the immunoreactivity to Cx43 and vimentin showed a close correlation, indicating that mature or immature pineal astrocytes form gap junctions made of Cx43. Since Cx43 levels attained their adult values at about the time the innervation and the functional state of the gland reached maturity (2–3 weeks after birth), it is proposed that astrocyte gap junctions are involved in the function of the adult rat pineal gland.     

Conservative management of perforated duodenal diverticulum： A case report and review of the literature

Duodenal diverticula are a relatively common condition. They are asymptomatic, unless they become complicated, with perforation being the rarest but most severe complication. Surgical treatment is the most frequently performed approach. We report the case of a patient with a perforated duodenal diverticulum, which was diagnosed early and treated conservatively with antibiotics and percutaneous drainage of secondary retroperitoneal abscesses. We suggest this method could be an acceptable option for the management of similar cases, provided that the patient is in good general condition and without septic signs.