口腔健康教育降低刷牙造成牙齿磨损风险的研究

每天刷牙是保持口腔健康的基本方法。在我国郑州地区对有刷牙习惯的 2 53 2名中老年职工的调查发现 ,牙齿楔状缺损的发病率高达43 0 8% ( 1 995) ,而农村不刷牙者楔状缺损率仅2 4 5%。调查还发现使用大头牙刷者楔状缺损率为 47 3 8% ,而使用保健牙刷者楔状缺损率为2 0 8% ;采用横刷法楔状缺损率为 52 1 3 % ,而采用竖刷法者楔状缺损率为 2 80 %。该研究还进行了采用相同牙刷观察牙膏对牙齿磨耗的实验 ,发现不用牙膏对牙齿的磨耗深度均值为0 1 42ｍｍ ,而加用牙膏者对牙齿的磨耗深度均值为 0 3 0 2ｍｍ ,说明牙膏中的磨擦剂可使牙刷对…     

600例门诊患者刷牙行为的调查

我们随机对就诊的 60 0名患者进行口腔保健行为的问卷调查 ,旨在充分发挥武汉大学口腔医院的技术优势 ,利用门诊窗口的作用 ,为就诊患者进行有针对性的口腔保健 ,同时也为今后的口腔健康教育确定方向。1　对象和方法1.1　对象　 1999年 8～ 10月来牙体牙髓科就诊的 60 0名患者。其中男性 2 60人 ,女性 3 4 0人。1.2　方法　采取问卷调查表 ,让被调查者本人填写 ,当场收回。问卷内容包括 :1牙刷的选择 ;2每天刷牙的次数 ;3每天刷牙时间 ;4刷牙方法 ;5牙膏的选择 ;6患者的文化程度。问卷数据输入计算机 ,用 SPSS/ PCF统计分析 ,用频数分布…     

高职医学生口腔健康知识及行为调查

目的了解高职医学生口腔健康知识和行为的状况,为学校口腔健康教育计划提供依据。方法采用第3次全国口腔健康流行病学调查方案统一问卷,对912名高职医学生进行口腔健康知识及行为问卷调查。结果53．6％的学生每天刷牙2次。6．6％的学生每次刷牙时间达到3min以上,28．2％的学生采用竖刷法,4．9％的学生使用过牙线;学生主要通过电视（42．6％）和书本（31．8％）获得口腔健康知识,53．6％的学生不常吃零食;85．3％的学生经常食用蔬菜;牙病需就医、甜食对牙齿有害、刷牙可预防蛀牙的正确认识率高,达85．6％～95．8％;而对刷牙方法、窝沟封闭、水中加氟、牙线、牙龈出血该就诊及牙周病主要病因的正确认识率低,为5．6％～21．6％。结论高职医学生的口腔健康知识和行为状况不容乐观,应加强口腔健康教育,促进口腔健康知识的普及。     

寿光市400名小学生龋齿情况分析

目的 了解我市小学生龋齿发生情况.方法 随机抽取我市小学生400名,进行问卷调查.结果 小学生患龋率为39.25％,且与每日刷牙次数、饭后清洁口腔、每次刷牙时间有关.建议小学生每日刷牙次数应为三次,每次刷牙时间3min,并保持正确的刷牙方法.     

高职医学生口腔健康知识及行为调查

目的了解高职医学生口腔健康知识和行为的状况,为学校口腔健康教育计划提供依据。方法采用第3次全国口腔健康流行病学调查方案统一问卷,对912名高职医学生进行口腔健康知识及行为问卷调查。结果53.6%的学生每天刷牙2次,6.6%的学生每次刷牙时间达到3min以上,28.2%的学生采用竖刷法,4.9%的学生使用过牙线;学生主要通过电视(42.6%)和书本(31.8%)获得口腔健康知识,53.6%的学生不常吃零食;85.3%的学生经常食用蔬菜;牙病需就医、甜食对牙齿有害、刷牙可预防蛀牙的正确认识率高,达85.6%～95.8%;而对刷牙方法、窝沟封闭、水中加氟、牙线、牙龈出血该就诊及牙周病主要病因的正确认识率低,为5.6%～21.6%。结论高职医学生的口腔健康知识和行为状况不容乐观,应加强口腔健康教育,促进口腔健康知识的普及。     

3921例体检者口腔健康状况与健康行为调查

目的调查3 921例体检者的口腔健康状况和行为习惯,为口腔保健和疾病防治提供参考依据。方法参照第三次全国口腔健康流行病学调查,设计了口腔健康检查项目及口腔健康行为调查问卷,对3 921名体检者进行口腔检查和面对面访谈,评价其口腔健康状况和行为习惯。结果受检人群患龋率为41.49%,龋均为2.69颗,牙齿缺失率为31.78%,牙齿楔状缺损率为8.01%,牙结石检出率为13.93%。女性患龋率高于男性(p<0.05),但龋均颗数性别上无差异。受检人群竖刷法刷牙者比例为52.61%,刷牙时间3 min以上者比例为99.39%,每天刷牙2次以上者比例为93.55%,定期更换牙刷者比例为85.54%,定期洁牙者比例为16.50%,定期检查者比例为81.99%,使用牙签(含牙签和牙线)者比例为89.49%。结论受检人群具有较好的口腔保健行为,口腔健康状况较好。患龋率与性别相关。     

福州市大学生口腔健康状况及健康行为分析

了解福州市大学生口腔健康状况及其对口腔健康的认知、态度、行为,为开展高校大学生口腔保健工作提供科学依据.方法 分别对福州市大学城6所高校按不同年级分层,以班级为单位,整群随机抽取3 150名学生进行问卷调查.结果 福州市大学生牙龈炎患病率为73.3%,口腔溃疡患病率为49.2%,龋齿率为39.1%;每天刷牙≥2次者占80.0%,知晓正确刷牙方法者占43.8%;从未有洁牙史和从未定期做口腔保健检查的分别为76.1%和41.1%%;在患口腔疾病时,43.2%的学生选择忍着而未做任何处理,44.6%的学生从未接受过口腔健康教育.多因素Logistic回归分析显示,专业、年级、每天刷牙次数是大学生牙龈炎的影响因素.专业和年级存在相乘交互作用,调整OR值为1.458(95%CI=1.241~1.712).结论 福州市大学生口腔健康状况不佳,口腔健康知识较为薄弱,口腔保健行为较差.亟需加强非医学低年级大学生的口腔健康教育工作,提高大学生口腔健康水平.     

医学高等专科学校学生刷牙方式与牙周疾病关系调查

目的了解医学专科学校大、中专学生刷牙方式与牙周疾病之间关系情况,为开展相关健康教育提供依据。方法选用学生刷牙方式问卷调查表,对吉林省白城医学高等专科在校的460名口腔专业大、中专学生进行调查。同时由校口腔科医生对上述学生进行牙龈组织健康情况检查。结果口腔专业的大、中专学生牙石沉积率为20.4%,牙龈炎患病率为13.0%。50.0%的学生刷牙方法不正确。刷牙方式不正确者牙周疾病发病率明显高于刷牙方法正确者,两者之间存在显著性差异。结论部分大、中专学生不了解正确刷牙的意义,在选用刷牙方法上较随意,缺乏科学性,是引起牙周疾病的重要原因。需要对其采取相应的健康知识宣传和行为指导,促进学生的口腔健康。     

咸阳北5县农村小学生口腔知识态度行为调查

目的 了解咸阳北5县(旬邑、长武、彬县、永寿、淳化)农村儿童口腔卫生知识、态度和行为.方法 按照整群抽样的方法,随机选取5所小学的学生作为研究对象,进行问卷调查.结果 共调查6～14岁儿童926人,77.9%的小学生已经认识到刷牙的重要性,但相关知识有所欠缺,尤其是对牙菌斑认识不清,刷牙行为亦不够乐观,从未刷牙者占观察人群的20.7%,每天刷牙2次及2次以上者仅占观察人群的25.8%.结论 应在贫困农村小学设立口腔健康教育课程,积极开展健康教育活动,普及口腔健康知识,发动学生、家长和学校的积极性,使小学生养成良好的口腔卫生习惯.     

无锡市初中学生口腔健康行为分析

了解无锡市初中生的口腔健康行为,为口腔预防保健工作的开展和相关口腔卫生政策的制定提供依据.方法 采取分层等比整群抽样的方法抽取无锡市13所中学初二年级的1 651名学生,对其进行口腔健康行为的问卷调查.结果 87%的学生在3个月内会更换牙刷,92.6%的学生每天刷牙≥2次,刷牙时间≥3 min的占15.2%,35.4%的学生采用竖刷法,使用含氟牙膏的比例为58.0%,5.8%的学生使用过牙线.频率、刷牙时间、刷牙方式、更换牙刷时间和使用含氟牙膏方面,不同地区、性别间比较差异均有统计学意义(P值均<0.05);使用牙线方面城区好于郊区;吃糖果频率和饮用碳酸饮料方面城郊和男女比较差异均有统计学意义(P值均<0.05).结论 无锡地区城郊和不同性别学生的口腔基本保健知识水平差异较大.口腔健康教育工作需要进一步加强,并在相关口腔卫生政策的制定上适度偏向郊区.     

不同方法清洗牙周科刮治器的效果比较

目的 比较不同方法清洗牙周科刮治器的效果.方法 按照随机原则,将临床使用后的刮治器分为4组,A组:碱性清洁剂(预泡液)+酶清洗剂+超声;B组:刷洗+酶清洗剂+超声;C组:酶清洗剂+超声;D组:预泡液+酶清洗剂+刷洗.结果 A组(82.3%)、B组(86.5%)和D组(83.7%)的清洗效率明显高于C组(75.9%),差异有统计学意义(P＜0.01).结论 预泡液+酶清洗剂+超声的清洗方法更适合于结构复杂、缝隙沟槽多且污染严重的器械,同时又能减少刷洗过程给护士带来的风险,是一种高效、安全而且省力的方法,可广泛的应用于临床.     

Calcium intake in the elderly: validation of a dietary questionnaire

Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.     

The occurrence of antimicrobial substances in toilet,sink and shower drainpipes of clinical units: A neglected source of antibiotic residues

Antibiotics represent one of the most important drug groups used in the management of bacterial infections in humans and animals. Due to the increasing problem of antibiotic resistance, assurance of the antibacterial effectiveness of these substances has moved into the focus of public health. The reduction in antibiotic residues in wastewater and the environment may play a decisive role in the development of increasing rates of antibiotic resistance. The present study examines the wastewater of 31 patient rooms of various German clinics for possible residues of antibiotics, as well as the wastewater of five private households as a reference.To the best of our knowledge, this study shows for the first time that in hospitals with high antibiotic consumption rates, residues of these drugs can be regularly detected in toilets, sink siphons and shower drains at concentrations ranging from 0.02?μg·L^?1 to a maximum of 79?mg·L^?1. After complete flushing of the wastewater siphons, antibiotics are no longer detectable, but after temporal stagnation, the concentration of the active substances in the water phases of respective siphons increases again, suggesting that antibiotics persist through the washing process in biofilms. This study demonstrates that clinical wastewater systems offer further possibilities for the optimization of antibiotic resistance surveillance.     

The human drama of genetics: 'hard' and 'soft' media representations of inherited breast cancer

This paper examines media coverage of 'breast cancer genetics', and explores its implications for public understanding. We present a content analysis of coverage in British newspapers and look at a variety of popular forms, including women's magazines, television soap opera and radio drama. Genetic/inherited risk receives a great deal of coverage across a wide range of media formats and outlets. Much of this attention has focused on individuals from 'high risk families' and dilemmas around prophylactic mastectomies. Through examining media coverage, combined with interviews with media personnel and their sources, we show why this story proved so attractive to the media and highlight the different production values which influence coverage. Finally, we introduce preliminary findings from focus group discussions to demonstrate how such 'human interest' framing has engaged audience attention and influenced public understandings. The paper concludes by highlighting the implications for analysing, predicting, and engaging with, media representations of science.     

Fatigue and health in a seafaring population

Background Occupational fatigue is relatively common withinthe general population and has been linked to reduced performance,injury and longer term ill-health. Despite growing acknowledgementof this problem in the maritime sector, little research hasbeen conducted into the risk factors, prevalence and consequencesof seafarers' fatigue. Aims To examine the prevalence of fatigue among seafarers, identifypotential risk factors and assess possible links with poor performanceand ill-health. Methods Cross-sectional questionnaire survey of seafarers workingin the offshore oil support, short-sea and deep-sea shippingindustries. A number of tools were used including the fatiguesubscale of the profile of fatigue-related symptoms, the CognitiveFailures Questionnaire, the General Health Questionnaire andthe SF36 General Health scale. Results In all, 1855 questionnaires were completed giving anoverall response rate of 20%. Fatigue symptoms were associatedwith a range of occupational and environmental factors, manyunique to seafaring. Reporting a greater number of risk factorswas associated with greater fatigue [e.g. OR = 2.53 (1.90–3.35)for those with three or four risk factors and OR = 9.54 (6.95–13.09)for those with five or more risk factors]. There was also astrong link between fatigue and poorer cognitive and healthoutcomes, with fatigue the most important of a number of riskfactors, accounting for 10–14% of the variance. Conclusions Seafarers' fatigue could impact on safety withinthe industry and may be linked to longer term individual ill-health.It can only be addressed by considering how multiple factorscombine to contribute to fatigue.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

深圳公立医院管理体制改革制度设计

深圳公立医院管理体制改革实行政事分开、管办分开,在理事会架构下按法定机构模式组建市医管中心,落实公立医院运营管理自主权.作者从当前公立医院管理体制的弊端入手,介绍了深圳市进行公立医院管理体制改革的基本思路及改革方案设计的主要举措,深入剖析了的改革方案的特点,并对改革效果进行了预测.     

Effects of nitrogen dioxide on red blood cells of rats: Changes in components of red cell membranes during in vivo exposure to NO2

Red cell membranes, prepared from red blood cells of rats exposed to 4, 10, or 20 ppm nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) for 1 to 10 days, were examined for evidence of changes in membrane components. Appreciable changes were not found in contents of phospholipid and cholesterol during exposure to 10 ppm NO₂. By contrast, protein content altered with the time of exposure. Moreover, changes in protein composition were observed by employing sodium dodecyl sulfate — polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Twenty-four-hour exposure to NO₂ at the concentration above 10 ppm resulted in a marked increase in the percentage of lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LysoPE) to the total phospholipids. The prolonged exposure to 10 ppm NO₂ gave rise to a further increase in LysoPE, whereas the percentage of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) showed a gradual decrease. A 1-day exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂ also caused an increase in sialic acid content and decreases in those of PE and hexose. In addition to contents of these components the percentage of LysoPE increased 5 days after exposure and the elevated values were maintained up to the end of exposure period. These results demonstrate that red blood cells in circulation exhibit different membrane properties in terms of lipid and carbohydrate composition during 10 days of exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂.