潮白河湿地沉积物营养盐空间分布特征及评价

通过对潮白河湿地沉积物中TOC、TN和TP的测定,结合统计分析手段,探讨其空间分布与污染水平。结果表明:潮白河湿地沉积物中TOC、TN和TP的含量变化范围分别为0.65%~4.76%、0.44~4.88 g/kg和0.52~2.48 g/kg,其均值分别为1.60%、1.37 g/kg和1.05 g/kg,且水平方向上空间分布差异性大,在2个湿地入水口含量较高,有机质及有机氮污染评价都属于污染范畴,生态毒性效应已达严重级别,河道边坡土壤含量最低,有机质及有机氮污染评价都属于清洁或较清洁范畴,生态毒性效应处于安全级别;垂直方向上,TOC和TN主要集中在表层,含量随深度增加而降低,表层均值分别是底层均值的2.05倍和2.26倍,TP含量变化较稳定,表层均值仅为底层均值的1.21倍;C/N值表明沉积物中有机质及营养盐主要源于水体中浮游动植物和藻类,为湿地污水升级处理提供依据。     

长荡湖表层沉积物中营养盐空间分布与污染特征

通过对长荡湖不同湖区表层沉积物中营养盐及含水率的测定,结合统计分析手段,探讨其空间分布与污染特征。结果表明:长荡湖表层沉积物中TN、TP的质量比、TOC含量及含水率变化范围分别为3.47~10.80 g/kg、0.57~1.83 g/kg、0.66%~4.21%和41.71%~75.78%,其均值分别为6.86 g/kg、1.19 g/kg、1.73%和60.48%,且均呈湖周高、湖心低的空间分布特征;TN、TP和含水率之间呈显著线性相关,TOC与TN、TP和含水率之间无显著相关性;长荡湖表层沉积物中TN、TP及TOC富集系数分别在0.7~2.0、0.6~2.0和0.4~2.5内变化,其平均值分别为1.3、1.3、1.0;污染指数分别在6.3~19.6、1.0~3.1和0.7~4.2内变化,其平均值分别为12.5、2.0和1.7;长荡湖表层沉积物的氮素水平处于重度污染状态,且磷、有机碳均已受到一定程度的污染。     

洪湖沉积物碳氮磷分布特征及污染评价

洪湖是中国第七大淡水湖,富营养化问题日益突出。全面了解洪湖沉积物氮、磷、有机质的含量及分布特征,对掌握其富营养化现状与氮磷污染生态风险具有重要意义。在湖区布设了8个采样点,2019年10月采集50 cm柱状沉积物,分别测定不同深度沉积物总氮(TN)、总磷(TP)以及有机质(OM)含量,分析了TN、TP 和OM 含量的空间分布特征及相关性,并运用综合污染指数法评价其对应的污染程度。结果表明:洪湖沉积物TN含量在467.8~8 454.5 mg/kg之间,平均值2 167 mg/kg,为重度污染,其中近一半的采样点表层沉积物TN含量>5 000 mg/kg;TP含量在502.7~1 252.4 mg/kg之间,平均值693.8 mg/kg,除杨柴湖为重度污染外,其他大部分地区为中度污染;有机质含量占比在5.0%~24.9%之间,平均值9.6%,为重度污染。在垂直空间上,TN、TP 和OM 均在沉积物表层垂向深度0~20 cm存在明显的积累,其含量随垂向深度的增加而迅速降低。研究成果可为洪湖富营养化的控制与治理提供科学数据支撑。     

沙源区水库氮磷营养盐时空分布与相关性分析

为揭示典型沙源区水库水体氮磷等营养盐时空分布特征和相关性,以大河口水库为研究区,布置5个监测断面,对水库水质进行采样分析,结果表明:受风沙降尘、上游河流水质和库区底泥影响,在时间分布上,4月水体解冻至6月,各检测断面TN、TP等营养盐浓度总体呈明显持续升高趋势;在空间分布上,从入库口A-A断面和B-B断面至出库EE断面TN、TP浓度逐渐降低;在垂向分布上,水库表层水体和底层水体氮磷浓度高于中层水体;TN、TP在水库中的变化规律一致,呈一定比例存在于水库中;温度是影响TN、TP浓度变化的重要因子;藻类的生长对TN和TP起抑制作用;水库中TN、TP的变化与DO含量基本无关。     

清林径水库表层沉积物营养盐分布特征及污染评价

清林径引水调蓄工程是目前在建的深圳市三大储备调蓄水源系统之一,库区沉积物营养元素的污染特征直接关系到受水区的用水安全.本研究基于2019年7月的调查,分析了清林径水库表层沉积物中氮、磷和有机质的含量、分布特征及其主要来源,并采用有机指数与有机氮方法评价了沉积物污染状况.调查结果表明,清林径水库表层沉积物中有机碳(TOC...     

太湖重污染湖区底泥沉积物特性

对竺山湖及太湖西岸湖区底泥沉积物的粒径、含水率、有机质、TN,TP含量进行研究,探讨竺山湖湾东部、竺山湖湾西部、太湖西岸北部、太湖西岸南部底泥污染物表层及垂向分布规律.结果表明,竺山湖湾沉积物中有机质、TN,TP含量高于西沿岸湖区,底泥再悬浮释放污染物风险较大;西沿岸北段清淤区垂向有机质、TN含量无显著性变化,TP含量...     

周公宅水库总氮和总磷来源调查分析

周公宅水库为宁波市2007年建成的重要的城市生活饮用水水源,其下游15 km的皎口水库是宁波市另一重要的城市生活饮用水水源。监测结果表明,目前流域内各主要干、支流及库区污染物主要为TN、TP,其中又以TN超标最为严重。目前周公宅水库TN、TP入库量分别为126.14t/a、16.9t/a;从各污染源分布情况看,化肥施用和农村生活污水等面源污染是TN、TP的最主要来源;从干、支流的分布情况看,污染源约90%集中在干流上。提出周公宅水库水源保护及污染治理措施。     

库区面源氮、 磷污染对于桥水库水质的影响

于桥水库作为天津市唯一的饮用水供水水源地,研究于桥水库周边面源污染对其水质的影响,有助于改善水库水环境,保障供水质量。在分析水库周边面源污染负荷的基础上,运用基于二维浅水方程和对流扩散方程组构建的于桥水库二维水动力和水质耦合模拟模型对2008年雨季(6月-9月)水库TN、TP浓度的空间分布及随时间变化特征进行了模拟分析。结果表明,受果河入库流量和汛期主导风的影响,总体上TN、TP随水流主要沿水库南岸和西北岸向坝前方向扩散,并在库区东形成顺时针大环流和在库区西形成逆时针环流。受环流影响,库心水质受污染影响较小。TP在空间上呈现出东高西低的趋势,TP平均浓度最高值出现在8月份为1.56mg/L;刘相营及五百户镇是TN的主要入库口,TN平均浓度最高值出现在9月份为3.74mg/L。     

柘林水库水环境容量及水污染控制措施研究

通过对江西省九江市柘林水库的污染物特征分析与水环境现状调查,根据沃伦韦德模型和狄龙模型,对柘林水库COD、TN、TP的水环境容量进行了计算。研究结果表明：柘林水库的水质良好,根据2007年库区污染物排放水平,COD、TN用地表水Ⅰ类标准计算水环境容量时,均有剩余水环境容量,可以达到柘林水库功能区划的水质目标;只有TP污染较重,污染负荷量超过了地表水Ⅱ类标准计算的水环境容量的15.3%,需削减33.25 t才能达到功能区所规定的水质目标。在此基础上,对柘林水库TP超标的原因进行了分析,并提出了水库污染控制及水质保护措施。     

基于层次分析法的抽水型水库水质评价

抽水型水库在进水期和非进水期因水动力和水体自净作用不同而具有不同的水质特征,水质指标在库区的分布存在差异。利用层次分析法分析水洞沟水库在进水期和非进水期不同采样点位的水质差异,结果表明:水库在进水期和非进水期不同区域的水质特征不同,各水质指标相对于水库总体水质的重要性亦不同。在进水期,库区不同区域水质指标的变化特征基本一致,TN、CODCr、TP对水质的影响较大;在非进水期,磷沉降导致水中TP对水质的影响弱化,因此TN和CODCr对水库总体水质的影响较大。根据进水期和非进水期的水质差异,水库在水质管理和污染控制时应针对不同的控制目标采取水质控制措施。     

2003年兰考、东明洪水漫滩落淤情况调查

通过对2003年秋汛期间兰考北滩、东明南滩两处漫滩情况进行调查与分析，得出的结论为：滩区共滞蓄水量6亿～9亿m^3，漫滩落淤范围为7．5km^2，顺漫滩水流方向的落淤距离约3km。在这种水沙条件下，泥沙不能被输送至较远的堤河。经分析计算，本次泥沙落淤量为900万～1350万t，且距口门1．0km范围内落淤泥沙中的82％为粒径大于0．05mm的粗沙。由此得到的主要认识有：①靠自然落淤解决“二级悬河”问题非常困难，甚至会增大“二级悬河”程度；②给漫滩水预留出路是降低淹没损失的关键；③落淤的粗沙使土地产生了十分严重的沙化现象，并且使当地环境趋于恶化。     

雷州半岛地区2015年防旱抗旱工作对策与启示

2015年,广东省雷州半岛地区出现大范围干旱,该文总结了干旱特点,分析了干旱成因,采取了水资源统筹调配、引导调整种植结构及播种时机、人工增雨、筹措资金应急补助等抗旱措施,效果较好。此外,提出该地区今后打造"扩库硬渠上井群"升级版、推进农业结构调整、改善生态环境推动绿色发展的防旱工作对策。     

Operation and Maintenance Performance and Conflicts in Flood-control Projects in Bangladesh

Many embankments failed in severe floods in Bangladesh in 1987 and 1988, and concern grew over ways to improve flood-control projects. Maintenance was poor due to reliance on periodic rehabilitation, but few failures were due to poor construction or maintenance. Embankments mostly failed where they were eroded or were deliberately cut. They were cut by people living outside who believed they were made more flood-prone, and by people living inside because of internal drainage congestion. This reflected inadequate hydrological modelling, lack of consultation and failure to resolve conflicts between affected groups. Resources for maintenance are not generated locally and could be used more efficiently. Participatory planning could reduce conflicts, encourage a sense of project ownership and facilitate contributions to maintenance.     

南京市2016年暴雨洪水分析与思考

2016年汛期,南京市发生了建国以来的大洪水,降雨量和主要河湖水位均超历史.在对2016年暴雨、水情、洪水特点分析的基础上,提出加强南京市防洪工程体系的建议.     

山西省地下水资源开发利用中存在的问题及对策

山西省水资源严重短缺 ,地下水超采严重。分析了地下水资源量及可开采量、地下水开发利用历史和现状 ,以及超采产生的环境地质问题。在此基础上 ,提出了缓解地下水超采、有效合理开发利用地下水的一些措施意见 ,为加强地下水保护和管理提供了科学依据。     

Domestic Water and Sanitation in Cyclones and Floods in Bangladesh and a Proposed Research Agenda

ABSTRACT

Water is one of the top priority item s i relief activities but the appropriateness and effectiveness of this activity may be questioned. Water and sanitation (WS) are inseparable and together they play major roles in the transmission of the pathogen of diarrhoeal disease. Thousands of people die or suffer from WS-related diseases during postdisaster periods. Here we present WS-related experiences gained after Bangladesh's 1991 cyclone and the views of participants in a regional and a national (local) workshop on this matter held in Bangladesh. About 63 per cent of the water purifying tablets (WPTs) distributed after the 1991 cyclone were found to have lost potency Relief personnel lack basic knowledge about WS practices and the management of WS provision. Participants in the two workshops documented serious problems i this field at both regional and national levels. Major issues for research may include: an appropriate environmental preparedness plan; appropriate waste disposal technologies; appropriate water treatment methods; self- help activities during vulnerable periods; and health education related to WS in disaster situations.     

Progress in ecological and environmental water requirements research and applications in China

Abstract:

With economic development, as well as population growth, the conflict between water supply and demand has become more and more acute in China, and it has been aggravated further by the irrational utilization of water resources. As a result, the deterioration and destruction of the eco‐environment have become increasingly serious. In order to effectively protect ecosystems and improve their ecological conditions, many studies on ecological and environmental water requirements (EEWR) have been carried out in China. In this paper, the concept and characteristics of EEWR are addressed, and the main advances of EEWR research and applications in China are summarized in four types of systems including studies on rivers, vegetation, lakes and wetlands, and groundwater. In conclusion, issues necessary to be studied further in the future are put forward.     

Distribution and removal of Giardia and Cryptosporidium in water supplies in Germany

This study has been conducted, to estimate the distribution of Giardia and Cryptosporidium in German water supplies and the removal efficiency of surface water treatment plants for Giardia and Cryptosporidium by conventional treatment. Water samples from six surface water treatment plants in different parts of Germany were simoultaneously examined for Giardia and Cryptosporidium. Investigations for both parasites were carried out in the period from July 1993 until December 1995. The results confirmed the occurrence of Giardia and Cryptosporidium in surface and raw water, to intermediate steps after treatment, in back wash water, in the first filtrate and in final water. Giardia or Cryptosporidium or both have been found in 76.2% of the investigated raw water sources. The average number of the detected Giardia cysts was 88.2/100 1 (max.1314/100 I), and the average number of Cryptosporidium oocysts was 116/100 I (max. 1081/1001). In the intermediate steps (including flocculation and several steps of filtration), Giardia or Cryptosporidium or both have been found in 33.3% (50/150) of the samples. 14.9% of drinking water samples (7/47) were positive for Giardia (max. 16.8 /1001) and 29.8% (14/47) were positive for Cryptosporidium (max. 20.8/100 I). Overall, Giardia and Cryptosporidium, or both were detected in 38.3% of the drinking water samples. The parasites have been found in nearly all of the investigated backwash water samples. The filtrate of a rapid sand filter was analysed immediately after filter backwashing during the ripening period of the filter. Good elimination results were obtained by optimizing relevant water treatment process, but a low flocculant dose following sudden variation in the raw water quality, causes a breakthrough of Cryptosporidium into the treated water. Although water treatment technologies are effective to remove Giardia and Cryptosporidium, the results clearly show that Giardia and Cryptosporidium evade the filter harries m the absence of visible treatment deficiencies and low turbitidy level, and contaminate final water.     

衡水市地下水开发利用存在的问题及对策

通过对衡水市地下水开发中存在问题的客观分析,提出了今后开发、利用和保护地下水的措施.