中国拟缺齿藓属Haplodontium Hampe(真藓科)的分类学研究

报道了中国新记录属--拟缺齿藓属（Haplodontium Hampe）分类学的研究进展。目前本属在中国分布有3种,其中包括1新种：臧氏拟缺齿藓（Haplodontium zangii X.R.Wang&J.C.Zhao）,2个新组合：喜马拉雅拟缺齿藓[H.himalayanum（Mitt.）X.R.Wang&J.C.Zhao]和中华拟缺齿藓[H.sinensis（Dix.）X.R.Wang&J.C.Zhao]。笔者对中国拟缺齿藓属3种植物的形态学特征绘制了墨线图,在光学显微镜和电子显微镜下拍摄显微形态照片,并对每种的主要识别特征、生境和地理分布以及与相似种的形态学比较进行了讨论。     

缺齿藓(真藓科)的形态特征和地理新分布

通过对内蒙古自治区与宁夏回族自治区交界处——贺兰山苔藓植物的调查采集和室内鉴定,发现了缺齿藓(Mielichhoferia mielichhoferiana)的一个新的地理分布记录。该文讨论了缺齿藓的形态特征和地理分布,将其与喜马拉雅缺齿藓、日本缺齿藓和中华缺齿藓进行了比较分析,并提供了该种的图版和中国缺齿藓属的分种检索表。该种的发现不仅丰富了中国缺齿藓属的研究资料,同时也说明了贺兰山的植物区系成分与喜马拉雅成分具有一定的关联。     

中国四齿藓科的订正

对中国四齿藓科的分类及分布进行了全面研究。据陈邦杰等前人报道,本科在中国分布仅１属１种。现经作者们搜集到的２３６份中国四齿藓科标本（原均被鉴定为四齿藓ＴｅｔｒａｐｈｉｓｐｅｌｕｃｉｄａＨｅｄｗ．）,重新解剖观察后鉴定,发现除原有之广布种四齿藓外,尚有此次新发现的中国新分布种：疣柄四齿藓ＴｅｔｒａｐｈｉｓｇｅｎｉｃｕｌａｔａＧｉｒｇ,另有傅星及高谦等在川西发现新分布原丝藓Ｔｅｔｒｏｄｏｎｔｉｕｍｂｒｏｗｎｉａｎｕｍ（Ｄｉｃｋｓ）Ｓｃｈｗａｅｇｒ．,以及Ｈ．Ｖｉｌ和曹同在吉林发现的无助原丝藓Ｔｅｔｒｏｄｏｎｔｉｕｍｒｅｐａｎｄｕｍ（ＦｕｎｃｋｅｘＳｔｕｒｍ）Ｓｃｈｗａｅｇｒ．,故本科在中国分布增至２属４种,本文对此４种在中国及世界分布均进行了讨论。     

念珠丝瓜藓(缺齿藓科)形态特征及其在中国的新分布

通过对中国产丝瓜藓属Pohlia(缺齿藓科Mielichhoferiaceae)植物系统地分类学研究,对本属一具有假根生念珠状排列的芽胞的种——念珠丝瓜藓的形态解剖学特征和地理分布进行了修订,并讨论了念珠丝瓜藓的生境,以及与其相近种泛生丝瓜藓、明齿丝瓜藓和黄丝瓜藓等进行了比较分析。根据标本信息,确定念珠丝瓜藓在中国的分布由原来的5省区扩大到10省区,并绘制了该种在中国的分布图。     

丝瓜藓属(Pohlia Hedw.)的系统位置及属内种间关系探讨

丝瓜藓属的系统地位及属内种间关系存在争议。本研究首次利用核糖体DNA内转录间区(ITS)序列数据对丝瓜藓属及相关科属植物进行系统发育分析。最大简约法,最大似然法及贝叶斯推论法构建的系统树均表明,ITS序列数据不支持将丝瓜藓属划归提灯藓科。丝瓜藓属植物与缺齿藓属植物构成一个单系分支。Brotherus(1903),Ochi(1959),Shaw(1984)及Hill等(2006)等学者提出的丝瓜藓属属下分类均不是单系类群。     

中国缺齿藓科新记录种——冻原丝瓜藓(新拟,Pohlia tundrae A. J. Shaw)

冻原丝瓜藓(Pohlia tundrae)在北美被首次描述,随后在欧洲中部、俄罗斯远东地区和西伯利亚西北部也相继报道。最近,作者在西藏林芝也发现了冻原丝瓜藓的分布。该文详细描述了冻原丝瓜藓的形态结构特征,提供了显微形态学照片,并对其生境、地理分布以及与相似种的形态学进行了比较讨论。凭证标本存放于中国农业大学标本馆(BAU)。     

中国内蒙古缨齿藓属(紫萼藓科)1新变种——缨齿藓菱形变种

报道了内蒙古清水河黄土丘陵地区发现的紫萼藓科1新变种——缨齿藓菱形变种[Jaffueliobryum wrightii(Sull.)Thér.var.rhombicumX.L.BaiSarula],该变种与干旱山地岩面生境中的原变种缨齿藓[Jaffueliobryum wrightii(Sull.)Thér.]相似,生境的变化导致其形态发生变化,主要表现在上部细胞菱形和细胞壁背部强烈加厚,未分化的叶上部边缘细胞、中肋横切面细胞不分化,叶片长0.7~0.8mm,毛尖长0.8~1.3mm。文中对缨齿藓及其新变种的形态学特征,分布和生境进行了描述,并提供了显微照片,另外,列出了缨齿藓属5个种的检索表。     

新疆木灵藓科植物的初步研究

在研究标本和文献的基础上,报道了新疆产木灵藓科植物３属１４种,即：瓶藓属Ａｍｐｈｉｄｕｉｍ（１种）,木棂藓属Ｏｒｔｈｏｔｒｉｃｈｕｍ（１２种）和木衣藓属Ｄｒｕｍｍｏｎｄｉａ,对它们的生境、识别特征和地理分布作了初步讨论,并编制了新疆木灵藓科植物的分属、分种检索表。     

中国新疆柳叶藓科、青藓科和灰藓科植物区系研究

通过对新疆柳叶藓科(Amblystegiaceae)、青藓科(Brachytheciaceae)和灰藓科(Hypnaceae)植物标本的野外采集和室内鉴定,报道了中国新疆地区柳叶藓科15属33种,青藓科12属51种,灰藓科11属30种,共计38属114种。其中,中国青藓科新记录种2种,新疆新记录4属37种。优势属10个,且以青藓属(Brachythecium BrushSchimp.)为代表的北温带成分为主;单种属19个,体现了新疆藓类植物区系的古老性和多样性。新疆3科藓类植物区系成分可划分为9种类型,其中北温带成分居主导地位,占中国新疆3科藓类植物总种数的52.08%,东亚成分次之,占25.01%,热带成分甚微。对中国新疆与中国内蒙古、中国西藏以及俄罗斯、蒙古、哈萨克斯坦、巴基斯坦和印度7个邻近地区的区系比较发现,印度物种丰富度最高,俄罗斯和中国新疆次之;中国新疆与中国内蒙古、俄罗斯在物种组成上相似度最高。地理成分区系谱及聚类分析结果表明,中国新疆与中国内蒙古地区的植物区系关系最为接近,而且与俄罗斯密切相关。     

薄罗藓科和羽藓科某些属分类位置的探讨

利用垂直板型聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳技术,对羊角藓,短肋羽藓,多疣麻羽藓,皱叶牛舌藓,暗绿多枝藓,多毛藓,薄罗藓,细叶小羽藓、小粗疣藓和狭叶小羽藓１０种植物进行过氧化物酶酯酶酯,酯酶,苹果酸脱氢酶,谷草转氨酶和乳酸脱氢酶分析。结果表明将多枝藓属,牛舌藓属,羊角藓属合并独立成为牛舌藓科是合理的;小羽藓属和麻羽藓属宜归入薄罗藓科。同时表明同工酶技术和数值分类方法可用来澄清某些苔藓植物不同科、属之间的亲缘关系     

Infrafamilial Phylogeny of the Aquatic Angiosperm Podostemaceae Inferred from the Nucleotide Sequences of the matK Gene

Abstract: The infrafamilial relationships of Podostemaceae were deduced from nucleotide sequences of the chloroplast matK gene. The matK phylogenetic analyses show that Podostemaceae are composed of two major clades that correspond to the subfamily Tristichoideae sensu stricto and Weddellina and the subfamily Podostemoideae. Weddellina, which has long been recognized as a member of the Tristichoideae, is sister to the Podostemoideae, supporting the classification that recognized a third subfamily Weddellinoideae. Malaccotristicha malayana and Terniopsis sessilis form a basal clade in Tristichoideae sensu stricto. Tristichoideae show a high morphological diversity and, surprisingly, a close relationship exists between Dalzellia zeylanica and Indotristicha ramosissima, which remarkably differ in their body plans. A few genera defined by particular characters, such as Synstylis and Torrenticola, merge into clades of other larger genera. The Podostemoideae taxa studied are composed of two American clades, an Asian-Australian clade and a Madagascan clade, and may suggest that the subfamily perhaps originated in America and migrated to the Old World.     

真藓科（Musci：Bryaceae）芽孢形态特征及其分类学意义

在光学显微镜（LM）和扫描电子显微镜（SEM）下对6属15种真藓科（Bryaceae）植物的芽孢进行了形态特征观察。结果显示,真藓科芽孢形态多样,可以作为该科种间分类鉴定的重要标准。芽孢在不同发育时期,形态特征差异较大。无性芽孢在环境条件许可的情况下才会产生,产生芽孢的植株一般不易发生有性生殖。     

Molecular Phylogeny of Nycticebus Inferred from Mitochondrial Genes

Researchers are still discussing the classification of Nycticebus. We established a molecular phylogeny covering all recognized taxa in Nycticebus to provide information for further evaluation. We sequenced partial D-loop (ca. 390 bp) and cytochrome b genes (425 bp) from 22 specimens. We separated most of the major groups except for some mixing of Nycticebus. coucang coucang and N. bengalensis. Nycticebus pygmaeus diverged earlier from the ancestral stock than the other taxa. Nycticebus coucang menagensis was well discriminated from N. c. coucang. It may be possible to explain the mixing of Nycticebus coucang coucang and N. bengalensis by the hybridization between the 2 groups in the field. Although our data did not provide direct evidence for or against the new proposal that Nycticebus coucang javanicus be raised to the rank of a distinct species (N. javanicus), we have good evidence for regarding N. c. menagensis as a species.Jing-Hua Chen and Deng Pan made equal contributions to the work.     

Critical Reexamination of Palynological Characters Used to Delimit Asclepiadaceae in Comparison to the Molecular Phylogeny Obtained from PlastidmatK Sequences

The family Asclepiadaceae (Dicotyledones) was created by Brown in 1810 by splitting in two the family Apocynaceae of Jussieu established in 1789. The morphological characters used to make this distinction were mainly palynological, such as presence of tetrads or pollinia and number and orientation of pollinia. Those characters, still used in higher taxonomic delimitation (families, subfamilies, and tribes), are here critically reexamined and compared to a molecular phylogeny obtained with one of the more variable plastid genes (matK) of 46 species in the order Gentianales. In this molecular phylogeny, Asclepiadaceae form a monophyletic group derived from within Apocynaceae. Each of the subfamilies of Asclepiadaceae is monophyletic and based on reliable palynological characters, but palynological characters are not useful to delimit tribes of the subfamily Asclepiadoideae. Based on the molecular data, these tribes have undergone parallelisms in several reproductive traits.     

基于叶绿体TrnL- F序列和联合数据分析木通科的分子系统发育(英文)

基于叶绿体trnL_F序列单独分析以及trnL_F和rbcL序列联合分析重建了木通科的分子系统发育。本研究的系统发育拓扑结构与覃海宁和塔赫他间的族划分系统非常一致。猫儿屎族和串果藤族在系统发育树上位于本科的基部。由分布于南美的勃奎拉藤属和拉氏藤属组成的拉氏藤族得到了trnL_F序列分析 (10 0 % )和联合序列分析 (99% )的很好支持。木通族在两个分析里都得到了 10 0 %的靴带支持率。新建立的长萼木通属在trnL_F树上嵌套在木通属内 ;然而 ,在联合分析的树上 ,它与木通属形成姐妹群并得到很高的支持率。在系统发育上关系密切的 3个属 :牛藤果属、八月瓜属和野木瓜属之间的关系仍未解决。牛藤果与八月瓜在两个分析里都形成姐妹群 ,但支持率低。小花鹰爪枫嵌套在野木瓜属内 ,并与西南野木瓜形成姐妹群。木通族内这 3个属可能都不是单系 ,它们的属间界限和属的界定需要更多的分子和形态数据的进一步研究。     

Molecular Phylogeny of the Family Ophryscolecidae (Ciliophora,Litostomatea) Inferred from 18S rDNA Sequences

The 18S rDNA was used to infer oral ciliature patterns of evolution within the family Ophryoscolecidae, with the addition of five new sequences of ciliates from the genus Ostracodinium. Our data confirmed the monophyly of the subfamilies Entodiniinae and Ophryoscolecinae, but more analysis would be required for the definition of the status of the subfamily Diplodiniinae. The oral infraciliature patterns reflect evolutionary divergence in the family Ophryscolecidae, observing monophyly on Entodinium‐type, Diplodinium‐type, Ostracodinium‐type, Epidinium‐type, and Ophryoscolex‐type. The ancestral infraciliature of Entodinium‐type cannot be proven, however, the position of Entodinium‐type showed closer of Diplodinium‐type than Ophryoscolex‐type, corroborating previous studies using morphological characters. The observed inconsistencies reflect the need to increase the number of 18S rDNA sequences to family Ophryoscolecidae and investigate the evolution of this group using other molecular markers.     

基于叶绿体trnL-F,rbcL序列和核核糖体ITS序列探讨蓼属（蓼科）头状蓼组的系统发育

选用叶绿体基因trnL-F,rbc-L序列和核核糖体ITS序列对蓼属头状蓼组的分类和系统发育进行了分析。以药用大黄为外类群,用最大简约法对3个片段的单独和联合矩阵分别构建系统发育树。结果表明,头状蓼组是一个较自然的类群,与春蓼组、刺蓼组和金线草属的亲缘关系较近;支持头状蓼组作为一组放在春蓼属,细茎蓼和蓝药蓼从头状蓼组转移至冰岛蓼属;不支持将刺蓼组并入头状蓼组;对于小叶蓼的系统学位置有待于进一步研究。     

The Phylogeny of the Families Lecanoraceae and Bacidiaceae (Lichenized Ascomycota) Inferred from Nuclear SSU rDNA Sequences

Abstract: The phylogeny of the families Lecanoraceae and Bacidiaceae (Lecanorales, Ascomycota) was investigated using 29 nuclear small subunit ribosomal DNA sequences, 9 of which were newly determined. The data set contained 368 variable characters, 234 of which were parsimony-informative. Phylogenetic estimations were performed with maximum parsimony and maximum likelihood optimality criteria. In the most parsimonious and most likely reconstructions, the Bacidiaceae sensu Hafellner 1988 forms a monophyletic group and the Lecanoraceae sensu Hafellner a paraphyletic group. The genera Tephromela and Scoliciosporum appear to belong outside these families. However, the hypothesis that the Lecanoraceae sensu Hafellner is monophyletic cannot be rejected, as indicated by a Kishino-Hasegawa test. Three hypotheses were rejected by Kishino-Hasegawa tests, viz. (1) that the Lecanoraceae and Bacidiaceae together form a monophyletic group; (2) that both the Lecanoraceae (incl. Scoliciosporum ) and Bacidiaceae (incl. Tephromela ) are monophyletic; and (3) that the ascus apex anatomy reflects phylogeny. The suborder Lecanorineae is paraphyletic unless the Stereocaulaceae and Cladoniaceae are included. One or both of the Bacidia and Lecanora types of ascus have probably evolved at least twice.     

基于叶绿体 Trn L-F 序列和联合数据分析木通科的分子系统发育

基于叶绿体 trn L-F 序列单独分析以及 trn L-F 和 rbc L 序列联合分析重建了木通科的分子系统发育.本研究的系统发育拓扑结构与覃海宁和塔赫他间的族划分系统非常一致.猫儿屎族和串果藤族在系统发育树上位于本科的基部.由分布于南美的勃奎拉藤属和拉氏藤属组成的拉氏藤族得到了 trn L-F 序列分析(100%)和联合序列分析(99%)的很好支持.木通族在两个分析里都得到了100%的靴带支持率.新建立的长萼木通属在 trn L-F 树上嵌套在木通属内;然而,在联合分析的树上,它与木通属形成姐妹群并得到很高的支持率.在系统发育上关系密切的3个属: 牛藤果属、八月瓜属和野木瓜属之间的关系仍未解决.牛藤果与八月瓜在两个分析里都形成姐妹群,但支持率低.小花鹰爪枫嵌套在野木瓜属内,并与西南野木瓜形成姐妹群.木通族内这3个属可能都不是单系,它们的属间界限和属的界定需要更多的分子和形态数据的进一步研究.     

基于线粒体16S rDNA基因的天牛科部分种类分子系统学研究(鞘翅目:天牛科)

研究测定了天牛科3亚科9种昆虫线粒体16S rDNA基因约500bp的序列,对序列的碱基组成和遗传距离进行分析。并基于16S rDNA基因序列数据,采用邻接法(NJ)和最大简约法(MP)分析天牛科3亚科分子系统发育关系。研究结果表明,2种方法得到的分子系统树其分支结果一致,可将内群分为2个分支,第1个分支包括沟胫天牛亚科和天牛亚科;第2个分支包括花天牛亚科。16SrDNA基因对天牛科亚科间系统发育的研究是有价值的。