武汉市前列腺癌的流行病学研究

本文在武汉市１９９０～１９９２年前列腺癌的发病及死亡报告的基础上进行了１∶１配比的病例对照研究，结果显示武汉市前列腺癌的发病率和死亡率分别为１．３７／１０万和０．７５／１０万，世界人口年平均标化发病率和死亡率分别为１．１０／１０万和０．６６／１０万。泌尿系统病史（ＯＲ＝５．４２，９５％可信区间＝１．５６～１８．８３）、子女数超过３个（ＯＲ＝２．４３，９５％可信区间＝１．１７～５．０２）、每周性交超过３次（ＯＲ＝３．３８，９５％可信区间＝１．５１～７．５８）、滥用药物（ＯＲ＝４．１１，９５％可信区间＝１．６５～１０．２５）、体质指数高（ＯＲ＝２．５８，９５％可信区间＝１．３０～５．１１）等是前列腺癌的危险因素，而体力劳动（ＯＲ＝０．３５，９５％可信区间＝０．１７～０．７１）、初次遗精年龄晚于１８岁（ＯＲ＝０．２０，９５％可信区间＝０．０８～０．５２）等是其保护性因素。     

天津市女性糖尿病危险因素初步研究

对天津市区居民１２１例女性非胰岛素依赖型糖尿病（ＮＩＤＤＭ）病例进行了１：１配对病例对照研究。经条件Ｌｏｇｉｓｔｉｃ回归模型分析，发现与ＮＩＤＤＭ有关的危险因素是：经济收入高（ＯＲ一３．４８，９５％ＣＩ＝２．０２～５．９８）、糖尿病家族史（ＯＲ＝６．３７，９５％ＣＩ＝２．９２～１３．８９）、既往相关病史（ＯＲ＝６．９２，９５％ＣＩ＝３．２５～１４．７３）、绝经年龄晚（ＯＲ＝３，３９，９５％ＣＩ＝２．１５～５．３５）、嗜甜食（ＯＲ＝３．５６，９５％ＣＩ＝２．２９～５．５４）、肥胖（ＯＲ＝１６．３２，９５％ＣＩ＝６．０２～４４．２３）及ＢＭＩ大（ＯＲ＝２．０８，９５％ＣＩ＝１．５２～２．８５）。同时还发现，体育锻炼（ＯＲ＝０．３６，＝３１．４７，Ｐ＜０．０１）和蔬菜、水果等是保护性因素。     

本溪市大气污染与死亡率的关系

本溪市１９９３年和１９９４年两年总死亡率经年龄调整后为６９１．３／１０万。比较了７个大气监测点周围各街道死亡率后、发现大气污染水平与总死亡率及３种慢性病之间都有显著相关;ＴＳＰ每增加１００μｇ／ｍ３,总死亡率增加８％（ＯＲ的９５％ＣＩ＝１．０２～１．１４）;对慢性阻塞性肺疾患（ＣＯＰＤ）、心血管病（ＣＨＤ）和脑血管病（ＣＶＤ）死亡专率分别增加２４％（ＯＲ的９５％ＣＩ＝１．０４～１．４４）、２４％（ＯＲ的９５％ＣＩ＝１．０８～１．４１）和８％（ＯＲ的９５％ＣＩ＝１．００～１．１５）     

煤工尘肺死亡的回顾性队列研究

为探索煤工尘肺病人的主要死因以及煤工尘肺与恶性肿瘤死亡之间的关系，采用流行病学回顾性队列研究方法对开滦矿务局１９５２～１９９５年诊断的３２２８例煤工尘肺患者（全部为男性）的结局进行了调查。队列观察从１９７０年１月１日开始，至死亡病例的死亡日期或１９９５年１２月３１日终止，以全国男性人群为参照。用标化死亡比（ＳＭＲ）作为统计指标，并计算９５％可信区间（９５％ＣＩ）。结果：全死因ＳＭＲ较全国人群高１１％（ＳＭＲ＝１．１１，９５％ＣＩ：１．０４～１．１８）。其中肺心病死亡（ＳＭＲ＝５．９７，９５％ＣＩ：５．２３～６．７７）、肺结核死亡（ＳＭＲ＝３．６８，９５％ＣＩ：３．０１～４．４６）均高于全国人群。全癌死亡低于全国人群（ＳＭＲ＝０．８１，９５％ＣＩ：０．７１～０．９２），但肺癌死亡高于全国人群（ＳＭＲ＝１．３６，９５％ＣＩ：１．１０～１．６６）。按不同死亡年代及粉尘种类进一步分析，均发现肺癌高发。结果表明：煤工尘肺病人的全死因死亡比稍高于全国人群，其中，肺心病和肺结核有明显的超额死亡。煤工尘肺病人中肺癌死亡超高。提示：煤工尘肺与肺癌的发生有关。     

吸烟,饮酒与食管癌死亡关系的前瞻性定群研究

于１９８２年６月对３个乡镇２９个村的２０岁以上男女村民１５８０３人前瞻性定群观察吸烟、饮酒与死亡的动态情况。结果表明，吸烟者食管癌死亡率１１４．８７／１０万人年，不吸烟者５２．９１／１０万人年，ＲＲ为２．１７，９５％ＣＩ为１．５３～３．０７（χ２＝２０．１１，Ｐ＝０．０００００７３），ＡＲ＝６１．９６／１０万人年，ＡＲ％＝５３．９４％。每日吸烟量与食管癌死亡之间存在明显的剂量－效应关系（Ｐ＜０．００１）。食管癌的死亡率，饮酒者为１０３．６３／１０万人年，不饮酒者为６７．２５／１０万人年，ＲＲ为１．５３，９５％ＣＩ为１．０８～２．１６（χ２＝５．９４，Ｐ＝０．０１４８）。食管癌死亡率随饮酒年限增加而升高（Ｐ＜０．００１），但与饮酒量不呈剂量－效应关系（Ｐ＞０．０５），单纯饮酒而不吸烟也未发现与食管癌有关。     

鞍钢工人的肿瘤危险度——肺癌病例-对照研究

对鞍钢男工中６１０例肺癌新发病例及９５９例对照进行了访问调查。经吸烟、其他肺疾患、家族肿瘤史、食用水果等非职业因素调整后，岗位工龄等于或超过１５年的下列工人的肺癌危险度显著增高：冶炼工和轧钢工（ＱＲ＝１．５，９５％ＣＩ＝１．１～２．２），耐火砖厂工（ＯＲ＝２．９，９５％ＣＩ＝１．４～５．９），装卸工（ＯＲ＝２．５，９５％ＣＩ＝１．０～６．１），焦炉工（ＯＲ＝３．４，９５％ＣＩ＝１．４～８．５）。各种粉尘和Ｂ［ａ］Ｐ暴露与肺癌危险性呈显著的剂量－反应关系，但与粉尘的特殊成分未见此种关联。长期暴露于污染物的钢铁工人的肺癌的危险度增加４０％。     

筛查抗－HCV对单采浆献血员保护作用的评价

３１５名单采浆还输血细胞献血员（简称单采浆献血员）在实行筛查血清丙型肝炎病毒抗体（抗－ＨＣＶ）后献血浆１．０～１．５年时ＨＣＶ感染率为１０．１６％，与未筛查抗－ＨＣＶ时的单采浆献血员比较，ＯＲ＝０．２３（９５％ＣＩ＝０．１６～０．３４）；与筛查抗－ＨＣＶ后的全血献血员比较，ＯＲ＝１２．２７（９５％ＣＩ＝４．１０～３６．７６）。表明筛查抗－ＨＣＶ对单采浆献血员虽然有重要的保护作用，但也有很大的局限性。     

吸烟,饮酒与肺癌死亡关系的前瞻性定群研究

从１９８２年６月开始至１９９４年末对邹城市３个乡镇２９个村的２０岁以上男女村民５８０３人进行前瞻性定群观察吸烟、饮酒与死亡的动态情况。结果表明，男女吸烟者死亡率为３７．１３／１０万人年，不吸烟者为１２．３８／１０万人年，ＲＲ＝３．０，９５％ＣＩ为１．５１～５．９５（χ２＝１０．９０，Ｐ＝０．０００９６），ＡＲ＝３．３４／１０万人年，ＡＲ％＝６６．６６％，ＰＡＲ＝３．３４／１０万，ＰＡＲ％＝２１．２５％。每日吸烟量、吸烟年限与肺癌死亡间存在明显的剂量效应关系（Ｐ＜０．００１）。每日吸烟４０支以上者的ＲＲ值是不吸烟者的７．９１倍，吸烟４０年以上者的ＲＲ值是不吸烟者的５．２５～７．６７倍。而饮酒与肺癌的死亡无联系（Ｐ＞０．０５）。吸烟与饮酒无协同致肺癌作用。     

1989—1993年上海市儿童胰岛素依赖型糖尿病发病率调查

作者对１９８９～１９９３年上海市区０～１４岁儿童胰岛素依赖型糖尿病（ＩＤＤＭ）发病率做了回顾性调查。１９９０年上海市区０～１４岁儿童为１４０１６６４人。根据ＷＨＯＤＩＡＭＯＮＤ方案要求，运用“俘获－再俘获”方法，从医院和全市中小学校及幼托机构共调查到１９８９～１９９３年期间０～１４岁ＩＤＤＭ初患者５８例，其中男性２８例，女性３０例。ＩＤＤＭ粗发病率为平均每年０．８３／１０万（９５％ＣＩ：０．６１／１０万～１．０４／１０万），校正率为０．９６／１０万（９５％ＣＩ：０．７１／１０万～１．１８／１０万）。１９９２年呈一发病高峰，以９岁组发病率最高，男孩发病（中位发病年龄８．０岁）早于女孩（９．７岁，Ｐ＜０．０１）。与上海市１９８０～１９９１年调查结果相比，ＩＤＤＭ发病率有逐年升高趋势，但仍属世界最低水平。     

武汉市居民1990～1997年前列腺癌流行趋势及分布特征

采用回顾性研究方法,收集武汉市城区居民１９９０ ～１９９７ 年前列腺癌发病和死亡资料,以探讨其流行分布特征。结果表明,武汉市城区居民前列腺癌年平均粗发病率和死亡率（９５ ％ 可信区间）分别为１．４２／１０ 万（１．２４／１０ 万～１．６１／１０ 万） 和１．０２／１０ 万（０．８７／１０ 万～１．１８／１０ 万） ;相应的中国人口标化率分别为１．４０／１０ 万（１．３７／１０ 万～１．４３／１０ 万） 和０．９９／１０ 万（０．９７／１０ 万～１．０２／１０ 万） ;世界标准人口标化率分别为１．８９／１０ 万（１．６８／１０ 万～２．１１／１０ 万） 和１．５０／１０ 万（１．３１／１０ 万～１．６９／１０万） ;１９９０ ～１９９７ 年间该市居民前列腺癌发病率和死亡率呈稳定上升趋势;前列腺癌多发生于５０ 岁以上的中老年男性,其平均发病和死亡年龄分别为６９．３ ±８．５ 岁（ 中位数７０．０ 岁） 和７０．９ ±８．８ 岁（ 中位数７１．８ 岁） 。结果显示,武汉市城区居民前列腺癌发病率和死亡率在世界上属较低水平,但高于国内其它城市     

Characteristics of tuberculosis patients with positive sputum smear in Catalonia, Spain

BACKGROUND: Patients with positive sputum smears are those with the capacity to spread infection. The objective of this study was to describe the incidence of tuberculosis in Catalonia (an autonomous community in the northeast of Spain which includes Barcelona) and to determine risk factors associated to patients with positive sputum smear test. METHODS: New cases of tuberculosis detected by active surveillance between May 1996 and April 1997 were studied. The study was analysed as a coincident cases and controls study. The rate of incidence was calculated per 100,000 persons-year. The association of the dependent variable--case of tuberculosis with positive sputum smear--with the remainder of independent variables was determined by odds ratio (OR) with a 95% confidence interval (CI). RESULTS: A total of 2508 cases of tuberculosis were detected. The rate of incidence was 41.4 per 100,000 persons-year. Of these 19.4% (487/2508) were coinfected with HIV and 35.6% (893/2508) presented a positive sputum smear, which implies a rate of 14.7 per 100,000 persons-year. In an adjusted multivariate analysis, cases with positive smears were positively associated with the 15-24 (OR=1.9; 95% CI: 1.4-2.4), 25-34 (OR=2.1; 95% CI: 1.7-2.7) and 35-44 years (OR=1.7; 95% CI: 1.3-2.2) age compared with persons 45 years old and above; with males (OR=1.8; 95% CI: 1.5-2.2) and consumers of alcohol (OR=2.1; 95% CI: 1.7-2.7) and negatively with those under 15 years of age (OR=0.1; 95% CI: 0.1-0.2) and coinfection with HIV (OR=0.5; 95% CI: 0.3-0.7). CONCLUSIONS: Measures to control tuberculosis transmission (prompt diagnosis, study of contacts and directly observed treatments) should be reinforced for male adults with excessive consumption of alcohol.     

Gastric cancer in Tasmania (1978-1992)

A detailed analyses of gastric cancer incidence and mortality rates in Tasmania was done using fifteen years (1978-1992) of population based Tasmanian Cancer Registry data. The age standardised incidence rates for the period were 12.5 per 100,000 men (95% CI 11.4-13.6) and 5.2 per 100,000 women (95% CI 4.6-5.8). The age standardised mortality rates were 10.6 per 100,000 men (95% CI 9.6-11.6) and 4.1 per 100,000 women (95% CI 3.5-4.6). Male:Female ratio of mortality rates was 2.6. Gastric cancer mortality rates have now significantly declined among males (p = .03) and females (p = .02). No significant decline was observed for incidence rates among males (p = .1) and females (p = .3). For cases overall, there was a preponderance of intestinal type of gastric cancer (76.5%). No significant trend over time was observed in the mean rate of occurrence of intestinal or diffuse type of gastric cancer. The ratio of intestinal: diffuse was 6.5 for all ages. Among males, a significant (p = .03) upward trend in the incidence was observed for proximal tumours, while no such trend (p = .07) was observed among women. A significant decline in incidence of distal tumours was observed for males (p = .000) and females (p.007). Male:Female ratio for proximal tumour was 4.7:1. The results suggests that Tasmanians may have been a population at high risk of gastric cancer.     

Occupation and histopathology of lung cancer: A case-control study in Rosario, Argentina.

BACKGROUND: Male age-adjusted lung cancer mortality rate is high in Rosario City, Argentina (62.7 per 100,000). METHODS: Case-control study involving interviews with 367 male lung cancer patients and 576 controls. RESULTS: The histological distribution detected was: squamous cell 39%, adenocarcinoma 34%, small cell carcinoma 13%, and other or no specified cell type 14%. When comparing with the group unlikely to be exposed to occupational carcinogens, a 60% increase in risk was observed for the remaining occupations (P < 0.008). Risks were high for drivers (OR=1.9, CI: 1.1-4.0), construction (OR=2.5, CI: 1.0-5.9), and agricultural workers also (OR=1.8, CI: 1. 1-3.1). In regard to squamous cell carcinoma, increased risks were observed in the metal industry, particularly in welders (OR=2.9, CI: 1.0-10.1) and mechanics (OR=1.8, CI: 0.9-4.2). Smoking was not a substantial confounding effect. CONCLUSIONS: Occupational exposures partly account for the high lung cancer mortality rate among male residents of Rosario City.     

环境和遗传因素与广东前列腺癌关系的病例对照研究

目的 探索我国南方前列腺癌发生与环境危险因素及基因多态性的关系.方法 采用以医院为基础的1:1匹配病例-对照设计,以病理确诊的前列腺癌住院患者为病例,其他疾病住院患者为对照.共完成142对病例和对照的问卷调查,采集85例病例和82例对照的血样.采用聚合酶链反应(PCR)、限制性片段长度多态性聚合酶链反应(PCR-RFLP)检测外周血细胞色素P450家族1A1(CYP1A1)、家族17(CYP17)和雄激素受体(AR)的基因型.应用条件logistic回归模型进行多因素分析.结果 与对照相比,首次遗精年龄小于18岁(OR=2.90,95%CI值:1.76～4.80)、首次性生活年龄≤24岁(OR=2.38,95%C/值:1.14～4.96)、35岁前每周性生活频率高(OR=1.80,95%CI值:1.19～2.70)、有肿瘤家族史(OR=2.70,95%C/值:1.31～5.58)、每天摄人猪肉(OR=2.27,95%C/值:1.38～3.70)是前列腺癌发生的危险因素,而吃水果多和喝绿茶是保护因素,OR值分别为0.25(95%C/值:0.08～0.75)和0.52(95%C/值:0.28～0.96).基因多态性分析发现携带CYP17A1/A2基因型与A1/A1相比,OR值为1.78(95%C/值:0.70～4.53),A2/A2基因型OR值为2.57(95%CI值:0.91～7.25),提示该基因多态性A2突变型与前列腺癌发生有关.在遗传与环境因素交互作用分析中发现遗精年龄早、癌家族史与CYP17基因多态性存在交互作用,OR值分别为13.35(95%C/值:1.58～113.00)和4.01(95%C/值:1.22～13.17).结论 性生活史、饮食、癌家族史与前列腺癌发生相关联.CYP17基因型的突变可能是前列腺癌发生的危险因素,提示遗传与环境因素共同在前列腺癌发生中起作用.     

Cancer mortality among butchers: a 24-state death certificate study

OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to document cancer mortality among American butchers. METHODS: Death certificates collected in 24 American states were used to calculate mortality odds ratios (ORs) and their confidence intervals (CIs) for 18,639 butchers. RESULTS: Butchers experienced an increased mortality of cancer of the oral cavity (OR, 1.40; 95% CI = 1.09-1.81), esophagus (OR, 1.19; 95% CI = 1.01-1.40), pharynx (OR, 1.22; 95% CI = 0.91-1.64), and larynx (OR, 1.19; 95% CI = 0.92-1.54), as well as a reduced mortality from melanoma (OR, 0.70; 95% CI = 0.52-0.94), non-Hodgkin lymphoma (OR, 0.82; 95% CI = 0.69-0.97), and breast cancer (OR, 0.76; 95% CI = 0.58-0.99). CONCLUSIONS: It is likely that occupational exposures experienced by butchers have contributed to the increased risk of cancers of the oral cavity and esophagus.     

Homicide in children and adolescents: a case-control study in Recife, Brazil

OBJECTIVE: The homicide rate for children and adolescents in Recife, Brazil, mostly caused by firearms, is one of the highest that has been reported. The present case-control study was designed to identify factors that were potentially modifiable through preventive interventions. METHODS: Cases were 255 homicide victims under 20 years of age, who had died in 1997 and been identified at the Institute of Forensic Medicine, Police Department, Recife, and whose relatives were interviewed by two community health workers when they claimed the corpse. The 255 controls were neighbours of the cases, paired by age and sex to them, and identified within one week of identification of each case, and whose relatives were interviewed by a third community health worker. FINDINGS: The overall homicide rate in Recife for under-20-year-olds in 1997 was 49 per 100,000; among males aged 15-19 years it was 324 per 100,000. Firearms were responsible for 97% of deaths. After multivariate logistic regression, history of personal police records (odds ratio (OR) = 18.65; 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.91-182.50), use of illicit drugs (OR = 7.48; 95% CI = 1.86-30.17), tap water at home (OR = 7.30; 95% CI = 1.80-29.59), and maternal age at birth over 26 years (OR = 3.98; 95% CI = 1.79-8.84) were identified as risk factors, while higher education (OR = 0.22; 95% CI = 0.11-0.43), religious practice (OR = 0.25; 95% CI = 0.10-0.65), and presence of the father in the household (OR = 0.28; 95% CI = 0.09-0.81) were protective factors. CONCLUSION: Public health authorities should plan preventive interventions based on the findings of this study and should control the acquisition, possession and carrying of firearms.     

2010-2016年浙江省台州市前列腺癌发病与死亡分析

目的 分析2010-2016年台州市前列腺癌发病与死亡情况，为台州市前列腺癌的防治提供科学依据。方法 收集2010-2016年台州市前列腺癌发病和死亡数据，计算分地区（城市、农村）、性别以及年龄别发病率。采用2010年全国人口普查标准人口和Segi’s标准人口对粗发病率进行标化，估算年度变化百分比(annual percent change，APC)。结果 2010-2016年台州市前列腺癌发病率为14.26/10万，（中标率为12.14/10万，世标率为9.58/10万）；死亡率为4.34/10万（中标率为3.48/10万，世标率为2.77/10万）。2010-2016年台州市前列腺癌发病率在50岁年龄组之前处于较低水平，50岁以上年龄组发病迅速增长，死亡率在65岁年龄组之前处于较低水平，65岁年龄组开始迅速上升。2010-2016年台州市前列腺癌发病率和死亡率变化呈上升趋势，年度变化百分比（APC）为20.4%（95%CI:12.5%~28.8%），死亡率年度变化百分比（APC）为13.0%（95%CI:8.9%~17.2%）。结论 2010-2016年台州市前列腺癌发病率、死亡率高、上升迅速。老年男性人群是前列腺癌的高危人群，应有针对性地开展早期筛查，加强预防和控制。     

Diabetes in a Caribbean population: epidemiological profile and implications

OBJECTIVE: To examine the distribution and impact of diabetes, glycaemic status, and related factors, in a predominantly black adult Caribbean population. METHODS: The study included 4709 people, or 84% of a simple random sample of Barbadian-born citizens aged 40-84 years, examined between 1988 and 1992 and re-assessed 4 years later. Diabetes was evaluated according to physician-diagnosis and glycosylated haemoglobin (GHb). Associations were assessed by logistic regression analyses, cumulative mortality by product-limit methods and death-rate ratios by Cox proportional hazards regression. RESULTS: Among the 4314 black participants, the prevalence of known diabetes, predominantly type 2, was 9.1% at 40-49 years of age and increased to 24.0% at 70-79 years. The overall prevalence was 17.5%, while it was 12.5% in mixed (black/ white; n = 184) and 6.0% in white/other participants (n = 133), only 0.3% had younger-onset. Additionally, 2% had GHb >10% (>2 SD over the mean) without diabetes history. Sulphonylureas were the most frequent treatment, while insulin use was infrequent. In black participants, diabetes was positively associated with age (OR = 1.03 per year; 95% CI : 1.02-1.04), diabetes family history (OR = 2.85, 95% CI : 2.39-3.40), hypertension (OR = 1.71, 95% CI : 1.42-2.05), obesity (BMI > or = 25 kg/m(2); OR = 1.74, 95% CI : 1.44-2.10), and high waist-hip ratio (WHR > or = 0.92; OR = 1.29, 95% CI : 1.09-1.53). Ocular co-morbidities were increased among people with diabetes, as was 4-year-mortality (death rate ratio = 1.42, 95% CI : 1.10-1.83). There was a 9% increase in mortality for each 1% increase in GHb (death rate ratio = 1.09, 95% CI : 1.04-1.15). CONCLUSIONS: A markedly high prevalence of diabetes existed in the adult black population, affecting almost one in five people and increasing morbidity and mortality. Prevention strategies are urgently needed to reduce the adverse implications of diabetes in this and similar populations.     

Intakes of selected nutrients, foods, and phytochemicals and prostate cancer risk in western New York

A number of epidemiological studies have suggested that diet may affect the etiology of prostate cancer, but few have investigated the impact of phytochemical intakes on this cancer. We conducted a case-control study of diet and prostate cancer in western New York involving 433 men with primary, histologically confirmed prostate cancer and 538 population-based controls, frequency matched to cases on age and county of residence. Diet was assessed with a detailed food-frequency questionnaire. We calculated daily intakes of nutrients and the phytochemicals beta-sitosterol, campesterol, stigmasterol, total phytosterols, total lignan precursors, quercetin, and kaempferol based on published food composition data. Odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) describing the association of prostate cancer risk with selected nutrients, phytochemicals, and food groups were estimated with unconditional logistic regression. Compared with men in the lowest quartile of intake, reduced risks were observed for men in the highest quartile of intake of vitamin C (OR = 0.49; 95% CI = 0.33-0.74), beta-carotene (OR = 0.53; 95% CI = 0.36-0.79), alpha-carotene (OR = 0.67; 95% CI = 0.47-0.97), lutein (OR = 0.55; 95% CI = 0.37-0.81), lycopene (OR = 0.62; 95% CI = 0.42-0.92), total lignan precursors (OR = 0.66; 95% CI = 0.47-0.94), quercetin (OR = 0.64; 95% CI = 0.44-0.92), and total vegetables (OR = 0.53; 95% CI = 0.36-0.79), but weak increased risks were observed for snacks and sweets (OR = 1.46; 95% CI = 0.95-2.23). Estimates associated with nutrients and phytochemicals were attenuated after adjustment for total vegetable intake. Nevertheless, our results support the hypothesis that a phytochemical-rich, plant-based diet is of importance in reducing risks of hormone-related neoplasms.