肾动脉低温灌注在机器人辅助腹腔镜肾部分切除术治疗复杂性肾肿瘤中的应用

目的探索肾动脉低温灌注+机器人辅助腹腔镜肾部分切除术治疗复杂肾肿瘤的安全性和有效性。方法回顾性分析2020年3月至2021年12月浙江省人民医院收治的11例复杂性肾肿瘤患者的临床资料。男7例, 女4例;年龄(64.64±13.56)岁, 体质量指数(23.93±3.87)kg/。中位R.E.N.A.L.评分中位值8(7, 9)分, 患肾肾小球滤过率(64.40±25.52)ml/min。所有患者均行肾动脉低温灌注, 利用导管将4℃乳酸钠林格液注入患肾, 在术中使其维持低温状态, 后行机器人辅助腹腔镜肾部分切除术。记录术中数据及术后并发症。术后随访患者肾功能、泌尿系CT检查等。结果 11例均顺利完成手术。术中肾动脉阻断时间为(34.09±2.84)min, 患者术中体温为(36.10±0.44)℃, 手术时间为(126.73±47.08)min, 术中出血量为(81.82±53.07)ml。无尿漏、低体温、发热等治疗相关不良反应。术后3个月患肾肾小球滤过率(59.06±25.67)ml/min, 与术前比较差异无统计学意义(P=0.636)。结论肾动脉低温灌注+机器人辅助腹腔镜肾部分切...     

肾动脉低温灌注联合腹腔镜肾部分切除术处理复杂肾肿瘤的初步经验

目的:介绍肾动脉低温灌注联合腹腔肾部分切除术处理复杂肾肿瘤的初步经验。方法:2013年3月起,共收治复杂肾肿瘤患者14例,在肾动脉低温灌注下,7例采用腹腔镜经腹膜后入路行肾部分切术,7例采用da Vinci Si机器人经腹腔入路实施手术。所有术后均由同一术者完成。结果:14例患者中12例成功实施了肾动脉低温灌下的肾部分切除术,术中4例出现了动脉阻断不全,2例术中改为肾根治性切除术,无一例改为开放手术。12例肾部分切除术的患者术后出现轻度肾功能下降。结论:对于复杂肾脏肿瘤,肾动脉低温灌注联合腹腔镜肾部分切除术具有可行性和安全性,可有效减少根治性肾切除的发生和热缺血对肾脏的损害。     

腹腔镜肾部分切除术中肾动脉损伤的处理

目的:探讨腹腔镜下肾部分切除术中肾动脉损伤的处理策略和操作方法。方法:回顾性分析2015年1月—2019年1月在海军军医大学附属东方肝胆外科医院泌尿外科经腰入路腹腔镜下肾部分切除术中出现肾动脉损伤的8例患者的临床资料。8例患者均在术中出现不同程度的肾动脉或其分支的损伤。通过正确判断损伤程度、增加Trocar操作位、纱布压迫、间断吸引、充分游离暴露、细致缝合的方法,在镜下完成对损伤血管的修复,并继续行肾部分切除术。结果:8例患者中,男6例,女2例,平均年龄(56.0±5.71)岁;肿瘤位于左肾3例,右肾5例;平均肿瘤直径3.5(2~5) cm;术前平均R.E.N.A.L.评分6(4~9)分。2例为肾动脉主干损伤,6例为肾动脉分支损伤。8例患者均在腹腔镜下完成对损伤肾动脉或其分支的缝合修复,并完成肾部分切除术,手术时间130~180 min,平均(158.13±20.52) min;总阻断时间26~38 min,平均(30.50±4.24) min;术中出血量平均(975±265.92) mL,术中平均输血(红细胞悬液)(550.00±297.61) mL;术后3个月复查患侧肾GFR 36.35~46.71 mL/min,平均(41.08±3.01) mL/min;5例患者术后病理为肾透明细胞癌,2例为嫌色细胞癌,1例乳头状肾细胞癌;手术切缘阴性。术后无低容量性休克、漏尿、切口感染等并发症,平均引流管拔除时间(6.75±0.46) d、术后卧床时间(3.63±0.52) d、术后住院天数13.25 d。结论:通过选择合理的处理策略和运用精细的操作动作,腹腔镜下肾部分切除术中发生的肾动脉损伤可以通过镜下缝合修复损伤的血管,保证患者生命安全的同时,避免中转开腹手术或根治性肾切除术。     

早期开放血流法在肾肿瘤腹腔镜肾部分切除术中的安全性及临床疗效分析(附28例报告)

目的:探讨分析早期开放血流法在肾肿瘤腹腔镜肾部分切除术中的安全性及有效性。方法:回顾性分析2016年1月～2017年6月在我院行腹腔镜下肾部分切除术的60例肾肿瘤患者的临床资料。其中男35例,女25例,平均年龄(59.57±11.18)岁;平均肿瘤直径(4.40±0.93) cm;背侧40例,腹侧20例。肾动脉早期开放血流法简要手术过程:①肾动脉阻断下,切除肾肿瘤,缝合肾创面血管及集合系统;②肾动脉解除阻断(开放血流)下,缝合关闭肾外层创缘。结果:60例肾肿瘤患者均顺利完成腹腔镜下肾部分切除术,其中28例患者采用肾动脉早期开放血流(早期开放血流组),32例患者采用传统肾动脉全阻断(传统全阻断组)。两组肾肿瘤患者基线特征相关指标(年龄、性别、肿瘤大小、肿瘤位置、R.E.N.A.L.评分)差异无统计学意义。早期开放血流组和传统全阻断组术中平均手术时间[(103.93±29.86) min vs.(105.00±26.27) min]和术后住院天数[(6.35±1.14) d vs.(6.49±1.02) d]比较差异均无统计学意义。早期开放血流组平均出血量多于传统全阻断组[(107.14±28.53) ml vs.(83.44±31.38) ml,P0.01],但两组患者均无输血事件发生。早期开放血流组热缺血时间显著低于传统全阻断组[(14.89±4.21) min vs.(21.84±4.30) min,P0.01]。术后传统全阻断组出现1例出血并发症,两组均无切缘阳性并发症发生。术后1年随访中,两组肾功能恢复比较差异无统计学意义,未见肿瘤复发转移。结论:肾动脉早期开放血流法,显著缩短肾部分切除术的热缺血时间,是一种安全可行的手术方式,值得临床应用推广。     

后腹腔镜肾动脉高选择性阻断与全阻断肾部分切除术疗效比较

目的:比较分析后腹腔镜下高选择性肾动脉阻断与肾动脉全阻断治疗T1a期肾透明细胞癌(4cm)的临床疗效。方法:回顾性分析我院2011年1月~2013年10月55例T1a期肾透明细胞癌(4cm)患者行后腹腔镜肾部分切除术(RLPN)的临床资料。根据术式分为高选择性肾动脉阻断组27例和肾动脉全阻断组患者28例,通过比较两组患者肾动脉阻断时间、手术时间、术中出血量、术后肾功能(术后24小时肌酐)、术后并发症、住院时间及生存随访情况等,研究分析两组手术方式的临床疗效。结果:两组肾动脉阻断时间、术中出血量、住院时间差异有统计学意义(P0.05);两组手术时间、术后肾功能(术后24小时肌酐)、术后并发症及生存随访情况的差异均无统计学意义(P0.05)。结论:后腹腔镜肾动脉高选择性阻断肾部分切除术患者较肾动脉全阻断肾部分切除术患者具有肾动脉阻断时限宽、术中出血量少、术后肾功能影响小及术后恢复快等优点,后腹腔镜肾动脉高选择性阻断肾部分切除术治疗肾透明细胞癌是一种可行有效的治疗方案。     

孤立肾肾肿瘤外科保肾治疗策略的选择及初步探讨

目的:探讨孤立肾肾肿瘤保肾治疗策略的选择。方法:回顾本中心2017年2月—2022年3月收治孤立肾肾肿瘤患者41例,男28例,女13例,年龄59(27～79)岁。其中38例为体检或术后复查中发现,2例患者因血尿就诊,1例患者因腰腹部肿块就诊。肿瘤位于左肾14例,右肾27例,其中肾门部肿瘤2例,肿瘤直径24(8～75) mm。所有患者均在气管插管全麻下进行,其中4例行开放肾部分切除术,19例行腹腔镜肾部分切除术,11例行机器人辅助腹腔镜肾部分切除术,3例行小切口辅助腹腔镜肾部分切除术,4例行腹腔镜肾肿瘤微波消融术。记录手术时间、出血量、肾动脉阻断方式、肾动脉阻断时间、术中及术后并发症、术前及出院前血肌酐值、住院时间。结果:所有手术均安全顺利完成,无术中并发症发生,2例腹腔镜肾部分切除术采用分支动脉阻断,其余肾部分切除术均采用肾动脉主干阻断,腹腔镜肾肿瘤微波消融术均无阻断。2例患者出现术后并发症。开放肾部分切除术组、腹腔镜肾部分切除术组、机器人肾部分切除术组、小切口辅助腹腔镜肾部分切除术组及腹腔镜微波消融组中位手术时间(173 min vs 135 min vs 120 min vs 26...     

腹腔镜下原位低温灌注技术在肾肿瘤部分切除术中的运用

目的探讨腹腔镜下原位低温灌注技术在肾肿瘤部分切除术中的运用,评估可行性及安全性。方法行腹腔镜肾肿瘤部分切术的患者26例,将26例患者随机分为实验组和对照组,每组各13例。实验组采用自制灌注设备,将两根管道从Trocar旁间隙导入体内,穿刺肾动脉进行灌注,将静脉回流液导出体外。对照组按照常规手术方式进行手术。比较两组患者平均手术时间、出血量、灌注时间和术前肌酐。结果 26例患者手术均获成功,实验组体重指数(BMI)为(24.5±3.1)kg/m~2,Radius Exophytic Nearness Anterior Location评分(RENAL)为(3.1±1.1)分,肿瘤直径(3.1±1.1)cm,平均手术时间(15.8±4.1)分钟,出血量(58±8)ml,灌注时间平均5.4秒,术前肌酐(58±11)mmol/L;对照组BMI为(26.0±2.4))kg/m2,RENAL评分(3.3±0.7)分,肿瘤直径(3.2±0.9)cm,平均手术时间(16.5±7.5)分钟,出血量(46±9)ml。两组病例肿瘤大小、手术时间及出血量比较,差异无统计学意义。实验组与对照组术后1周、1个月、3个月肌酐比较,差异有统计学意义(P0.05),实验组所有病例术后早期肾功能评价优于对照组。所有肿瘤切缘均为阴性。结论采用腹腔镜下原位低温灌注技术,可以将肾脏热缺血变为肾脏冷缺血,为延长手术时间提供保障,同时能够更好的保护肾脏功能。成功手术     

低R.E.N.A.L评分肾肿瘤行腹腔镜肾部分切除术中肾动脉无阻断的有效性和安全性分析

目的:比较肾动脉阻断与不阻断下行腹腔镜肾部分切除术对于治疗低R.E.N.A.L评分肾肿瘤的有效性和安全性。方法:回顾性分析2013年6月~2014年3月我院同一名医师完成的腹腔镜肾部分切除术73例临床资料,R.E.N.A.L评分均≤6,其中肾动脉阻断组54例,肾动脉无阻断组19例。比较两组患者一般资料、围手术期及手术前后肾功能变化等指标。结果:手术均顺利完成,无中转开放。阻断组术中肾动脉阻断时间为(18.5±8.5)min。阻断组较无阻断组手术时间长(130.1±20.5vs.104.2±13.6min)、术中失血少(153.3±56.6vs.223.4±92.7ml),差异均有统计学意义(P0.05)。两组间输血率、切缘阳性率、术后并发症发生率及术后住院时间差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。两组间术后1周血肌酐变化值的差异无统计学意义(15.3±4.1vs.14.3±4.2μmol·L-1,P0.05),术后1个月阻断组患肾GFR较后者差(40.1±5.6vs.44.2±7.2ml·min-1),差异有统计学意义(P0.05),两组间术后1年患肾GFR的差异无统计学意义(46.5±5.7vs.47.0±7.1ml·min-1,P0.05)。术后随访16个月,无复发病例。结论:对于R.E.N.A.L评分≤6分肾肿瘤行腹腔镜肾部分切除术,阻断肾动脉可减少术中出血且不增加切缘阳性率。阻断和无阻断肾动脉对短期肾功能的影响有差别,而对长期肾功能的影响无差别。     

高选择性肾动脉分支阻断术在腹腔镜肾部分切除术中的应用

目的探讨高选择性肾动脉分支阻断技术在腹腔镜肾部分切除术中的临床应用及价值。方法 2012年6月至2016年6月期间,江门市中心医院对18例肾肿瘤患者行腹腔镜肾部分切除术,术中采用高选择性肾动脉分支阻断术。其中男10例,女8例,平均年龄(49±14)岁,平均肿瘤直径约(3.2±0.7)cm。观察手术时间、肾动脉分支阻断时间、术中出血量、留置引流管时间、术后住院时间、肾功能改变情况、并发症及手术效果。结果手术均顺利完成,手术时间(102±12)min,术中出血量(89±13)ml,术中肾动脉分支阻断时间(28±5)min,无输血、中转开放手术病例。术中、术后无重大并发症,肾周引流管留置时间(4.3±1.0)d,术后住院时间(6.0±1.5)d,手术前后患肾肾小球滤过率(GFR)无明显变化,术前为(44±4)ml/min,术后1个月为(42±4)ml/min,差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。术后随访4~51个月。结论高选择性肾动脉分支阻断技术是一种新的肾动脉阻断技术,在腹腔镜肾部分切除术中安全有效,但需要长期随访及大宗病例研究。     

后腹腔镜下高选择性肾动脉阻断与肾动脉全阻断治疗T1a期肾透明细胞癌的临床分析

目的 比较后腹腔镜下高选择性肾动脉阻断与肾动脉全阻断治疗T1a期肾透明细胞癌的有效性和安全性.方法 选择本院泌尿外科住院行肾部分切除术的患者42例,其中21例患者的肾门处理方式为高选择性肾动脉阻断治疗,作为高选择组,21例患者的肾门处理方式为肾动脉全阻断治疗,作为全阻断组.比较两组患者的肾动脉平均阻断时间、平均手术时间、平均术中出血量、平均术中输血率、手术切缘的阳性率、平均术后住院天数,术后并发症情况,术后患者的肌酐变化情况等.结果 高选择组患者在平均阻断时间、术后肌酐变化百分率等指标均明显优于全阻断组患者(P＜0.05),手术时间明显长于全阻断组患者(P＜0.05),而在平均术中出血量、平均术中输血率、手术切缘阳性率、平均术后住院天数、术后并发症等观察指标比较,两组患者间的差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).结论 与后腹腔镜下肾动脉全阻断治疗比较,后腹腔镜下高选择性肾动脉阻断治疗具有阻断时间短、术后肾功能损害小的特点,值得临床推广.     

Balloon occlusion and hypothermic perfusion of the renal artery in laparoscopic partial nephectomy

Objectives: We describe our initial experience with renal arterial catheterization for temporary balloon occlusion of renal artery and hypothermic perfusion during laparoscopic partial nephectomy and compare the preoperative and postoperative nephron function. Methods: Fifteen patients received laparoscopic partial nephrectomy from September 2005 to December 2006. During the operations, the balloons of the arterial catheters were filled with distilled water to achieve pedicle control. Chilled Ringers lactate was continuously infused into the catheters for renal hypothermia. Postoperative Tc‐99m diethylenetriamine pentaacetic acid (DTPA) renal scintigraphies were carried out to estimate differential renal function. The volumes of the renal tumors, tumor‐bearing and contralateral kidneys from CT scans were measured using commercial software. Estimated creatinine clearance was calculated with Cockroft Gault formula. Results: All procedures were successfully completed. Mean tumor size was 18.4 mL (range 2.14 to 59.0). Estimated mean intraoperative blood loss was 287 mL (range minimal to 1200). Mean estimated creatinine clearance per unit volume of functional renal parenchyma did not change statistically after the operation. Multiple regression analysis revealed that ischemic time was a significant variable which correlated with the value of lost total estimated creatinine clearance of the tumor bearing kidney. Conclusions: The initial experience shows that renal arterial catheterization for temporary balloon occlusion and hypothermic perfusion of the renal artery in laparoscopic partial nephectomy is safe, feasible and effective. The postoperative kidney function measured by mean estimated creatinine clearance per unit of functional renal volume was similar to the preoperative measurement.     

后腹腔镜保留肾单位的肾部分切除术治疗T1期肾肿瘤（附22例报道）

目的探讨后腹腔镜保留肾单位的肾部分切除术治疗T1期肾肿瘤的手术方法及临床疗效。方法回顾性分析22例行后腹腔镜保留肾单位的肾部分切除术的T1期肾肿瘤患者的临床资料,其中男8例,女14例,平均年龄48岁。双侧肾肿瘤1例,单侧双瘤灶1例;左侧13例,右侧10例。肿瘤平均直径3cm。所有患者均行后腹腔镜保留肾单位的肾部分切除术。结果 22例手术均顺利完成。平均手术时间135min,平均肾动脉阻断时间29min,平均出血量55ml,平均住院时间10d。术中未见外科并发症,术后仅1例发生漏尿。术中切缘组织病理均阴性。24个瘤灶术后病理证实为肾透明细胞癌19例、多房囊性肾细胞癌2例、肾嗜酸细胞瘤2例、肾嫌色细胞腺癌1例。随访时间1～28个月,平均10个月,肿瘤无局部复发及远处转移。结论后腹腔镜保留肾单位的肾部分切除术治疗T1期肾肿瘤安全、可行,其远期疗效尚待长期随访。     

腹膜后入路腹腔镜肾段动脉阻断肾部分切除术治疗早期肾癌(附39例报道)

【摘要】〓目的〓评估腹膜后入路腹腔镜肾段动脉阻断肾部分切除术治疗早期肾癌的疗效、安全性。方法〓选择39例肾肿瘤患者,其中男28例,女11例,年龄39~86岁,平均58±3岁。其中左肾肿瘤20例,右肾肿瘤19例;所有均为单发。肾上极肿瘤 18例,下极肿瘤 12例,中部肿瘤9例。肿瘤最大径2.0~5.0 cm,平均3.5±0.6 cm。所有病例在临时阻断肾段动脉后,行腹膜后入路腹腔镜下肾部分切除术。统计手术时间、术中出血量、肾段动脉阻断时间及围术期并发症。结果〓39例手术均于后腹腔镜下顺利完成,手术时间65~110 min,平均85±16 min;肾段动脉阻断时间20~42 min,平均26±5 min;出血量10~50 mL,平均25 mL。无术后继发出血、尿外渗、种植;肾功能无显著变化。结论〓腹膜后入路腹腔镜肾段动脉阻断肾部分切除术治疗早期肾癌安全、效果确切;最大限度保护了肾功能,具有术野清晰、创伤小的优势。     

Novel technique for in situ cold perfusion in laparoscopic partial nephrectomy

Background  Following clamping of the renal hilus, warm ischemia is an issue in laparoscopic partial nephrectomy. If ischemia longer than 30 min is anticipated, special protective measures are needed. The aim of this study was to develop a solely laparoscopic technique for in situ cold perfusion of kidneys during laparoscopic partial nephrectomy to increase the tolerance of renal parenchyma to ischemic damage in a porcine model. Methods  Six animals were used in this study. We tried to develop a technique that allowed us to cannulate the renal artery, introduce a catheter to perform an in situ cold perfusion and—the most important feature—secure the catheter throughout the laparoscopic partial nephrectomy. Results  A modified laparoscopic vascular bulldog clamp was ultimately ideal to fulfil expectations. In five pigs, a successful partial nephrectomy in in situ perfusion was performed. The median warm ischemia time, starting from occlusion of the renal artery and vein to the commencement of cold perfusion, was 130 s (range 75–165 s). The subsequent median cold ischemia time in which a partial nephrectomy was simulated was 42 min (range 26–52 min). Conclusions  The newly developed technique expands the armamentarium of the urologist in laparoscopic partial nephrectomy, if the anticipated time of ischemia exceeds 30 min and renal hypothermia is indicated.     

Beagle犬腹腔镜活体供肾-移植模型的建立

目的 探讨Beagle犬腹腔镜活体供肾-移植模型建立的安全性和可行性。方法 8条beagle犬随机分为两组,实验组行腹腔镜左肾供肾切取术,对照组行开放左肾供肾切取术,两组分别行组内同种异体肾移植术并置于左侧髂窝,同时切除白体右肾。统计两组取肾手术时间、术中失血量、热缺血时间、切口长度,肾移植手术时间、术中失血量、供肾动静脉吻合时间等手术指标及术后实验犬肌酐、尿素氮变化情况。结果 实验组腹腔镜供肾切取术均成功完成,无一例中转开腹,其中供肾切取手术时间(61.5±11.0)min,术中失血量(13.9±6.8) ml,供肾热缺血时间(81.4±9.3)s;对照组开放供肾切取术,无一例失败,其中供肾切取手术时间(66.1 ±13.5) min,术中失血量(32.7±4.8) ml,供肾热缺血时间(28.5±5.6)s;8例次同种异体肾移植术,全部成功,受体移植手术时间(87.3±13.9) min,术中失血量(13.5±5.2) ml,动脉吻合时间(19.8±6.7) min,静脉吻合时间(22.8±3.5) min,术后1个月观察期间内,无漏尿、出血、感染等并发症发生,术后第3天实验犬肌酐、尿素氮指标恢复正常。结论 Beagle犬腹腔镜活体供肾-移植模型的建立操作相对简便、容易掌握,成活率高,安全、可靠。     

后腹腔镜下肾部分切除术23例报告

目的 探索后腹腔镜下肾部分切除术的应用范围和经验。方法 2001年12月至2005年10月，对23例患者施行后腹腔镜下肾部分切除术，其中肾细胞癌14例、错构瘤5例、重复肾4例，孤立肾1例。结果22例手术顺利完成，1例肾肿瘤因仅阻断肾动脉前支时出血而行腹腔镜肾切除．手术时间60～240min，平均121min。肾动脉阻断时间20～55min，平均32min。术中出血量100～300ml，均未输血。病理报告肾细胞癌14例，切缘均阴性；错构瘤5例。1例重复肾因切除不彻底，术后发现肾上极囊性肿块而再次开放手术行肾部分切除。结论 后腹腔镜下肾部分切除术对选择性的肾脏病变是一种有效和微创的治疗方法，远期效果有待进一步观察。     

Periarterial papaverine application improves intraoperative kidney function during laparoscopic donor nephrectomy

BACKGROUND: Laparoscopic donor nephrectomy decreases disincentives to donation frequently associated with the disadvantages of open surgery. However, concerns have been raised regarding graft quality, since the incidence of delayed graft function is higher when compared with open procedures. This may be caused by amelioration of kidney perfusion due to the elevated intraabdominal pressure and to a mechanically induced renal angiospasm during donation. This study was addressed to reveal whether the renal periarterial application of papaverine is able to enhance renal blood flow during laparoscopic nephrectomy. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Twelve male piglets underwent left laparoscopic donor nephrectomy after endoscopic occlusion of the right renal vessels and ureter. Urine output and creatinine clearance were determined as indicators of renal blood flow. In the treatment group (n = 6) papaverine hydrochloride was administered to the tissue surrounding the renal artery prior to preparation of the vessels and results were compared with those of controls (n = 6). Free sodium excretion was measured to preclude prerenal failure. RESULTS: In the control group the mean urine output was 0.015 ml/min/kg and the mean creatinine clearance was 0.95 ml/min/kg. In pigs treated with papaverine the mean urine output was 0.052 ml/min/kg and the mean creatinine clearance was 2.22 ml/min/kg. The differences were significant (urine output, P = 0.02; creatinine clearance, P = 0.038). CONCLUSIONS: Papaverine improves renal function during laparoscopic kidney harvest when applied in the vicinity of the renal artery prior to vascular preparation.     

腹腔镜肾切除术中钛夹处理肾蒂的体会

目的:介绍腹腔镜肾切除术中单纯采用钛夹处理肾蒂的术式与经验。方法:腹腔镜肾切除术7例,其中肾积水无功能肾6例,肾结核1例。经腹腔镜操作,分离出输尿管显露肾蒂,肾动脉、肾静脉钛夹夹闭后切断,单纯采用钛夹处理肾蒂切除肾脏。结果:手术均获成功,术中和术后无肾血管出血发生。手术时间130~220m in,平均150m in;术中出血80~150m l,平均120m l;术后住院时间5~7d。结论:腹腔镜肾切除术中单纯采用钛夹处理肾蒂,效果确切,经济可行。     

Impact of microwave tissue coagulation during laparoscopic partial nephrectomy on postoperative renal function

Laparoscopic partial nephrectomy for small renal tumors has been performed with increasing frequency over the past few years. We prospectively evaluated preoperative and postoperative differential renal function in patients with functioning contralateral kidneys who underwent laparoscopic partial nephrectomy using a microwave tissue coagulator without hilar clamping. Seven patients (five men and two women) in this prospective protocol underwent laparoscopic partial nephrectomy for exophytic tumors using a microwave tissue coagulator when the tumor was 2 cm or less in diameter. Renal scanning with ⁹⁹technetium-labeled diethylenetetraminepentaacetic-acid scan was performed preoperatively and postoperatively at 7 days and 6 months after surgery in all patients. The mean tumor size and surgical duration were 17.0 ± 2.3 mm and 161.1 ± 20.5 min, respectively. Intraoperative blood loss was 35.6 ± 40.7 ml. The preoperative glomerular filtration rate (GFR) and differential split renal function (SF) in the affected kidney were 45.7 ± 12.8 ml/min and 50.5 ± 3.3%, respectively. On postoperative day 7 and at 6 months, GFR and SF in the affected kidney were 36.2 ± 9.0 and 36.8 ± 10.9 ml/min and 44.3 ± 4.1 and 45.0 ± 5.1%, respectively. No postoperative complications occurred. Laparoscopic nonischemic partial nephrectomy using a microwave tissue coagulator has the advantage of technical ease and adequate hemostasis. However, its indication should be restricted to small exophytic renal tumors due to the expected collateral damage causing renal impairment.     

Laparoscopic partial nephrectomy in cold ischemia: renal artery perfusion

PURPOSE: Laparoscopic partial nephrectomy represents a feasible option for patients with small renal masses. We describe our initial experience with laparoscopic partial nephrectomy in cold ischemia achieved by renal artery perfusion. MATERIALS AND METHODS: From November 2001 to March 2003 laparoscopic partial nephrectomy in cold ischemia was performed in 15 patients with renal cell carcinoma. Cold ischemia was achieved by continuous perfusion of Ringers lactate at 4C through the renal artery, which was clamped. Tumor excision was performed in a bloodless field with biopsy taken from the tumor bed. The collecting system was repaired if needed. Renal reconstruction was performed by suturing over hemostatic bolsters. RESULTS: All procedures were successfully completed laparoscopically by our new technique. Mean operative time was 185 minutes (range 135 to 220). Mean ischemia time was 40 minutes (range 27 to 101). Estimated mean intraoperative blood loss was 160 ml (range 30 to 650). Entry to the collecting system in 6 patients was repaired intraoperatively. Additional vascular repair was done in 2 patients. There were no significant postoperative complications. Postoperative followup in 8 patients showed that the renal parenchyma was not damaged by the ischemic period. CONCLUSIONS: Our initial experience of incorporating cold ischemia via arterial perfusion into laparoscopic partial nephrectomy shows the feasibility and safety of the technique. We believe that this approach has the potential to make laparoscopic partial nephrectomy for renal cell carcinoma safe and reliable.