福州市气候变化特征及其对农业的影响

以福州市34年的降水和气温基本气象资料,分析了气候变化的特征和规律。福州市年平均气温呈现上升趋势,主要集中于春、冬季;年降水量主要集中在春季和夏季,近期呈现减少趋势。文中并指出了气候变化对农业产量、气象灾害等方面的影响。     

Impacts of Climate Change on Agriculture and Adaptive Strategies in China

China is the world’s most populous country and a major emitter of greenhouse gases. Consequently, China’s role in climate change has received a great deal of attention, whereas the impact of climate change on China has been largely ignored. Studies on the impacts of climate change on agriculture and adaptation strategies are increasingly becoming major areas of scientific concern. However, the clear warming that has been sounded in China in recent decades has not been matched with a clear assessment of the impact of climate change on China’s water resources and agriculture. In the present study, we review observations on climate change, hydrology, and agriculture in China and relate these observations to likely future changes. We also analyse the adaptive strategies in China’s agriculture.     

近50年中国东北地区气候变化对农业的影响

在回顾中国学者关于东北地区气候变化及对农业影响研究成果基础上,系统概括分析了近50年东北地区农业气候资源和灾害的变化特征及气候变化对农业的影响特征。近50年东北地区升温明显,生长季热量资源增加;农业可用水资源和光能资源呈不同程度减少趋势,且时空分布不均。霜冻害、低温冷害、寒潮、洪涝、冰雹等农业气象灾害减少,旱灾增加。东北地区气候变化对农业影响总体有利,表现为作物适宜生育期延长,发育进程加快,全生育期缩短;积温增加且积温带北移东扩明显,主栽作物适宜种植区域扩大;作物品种由中晚熟替换早中熟;作物种植格局的变化为玉米、水稻、马铃薯等喜温作物种植面积扩大,春小麦种植面积减小。在水分为非限制因子的农区,作物气候生产潜力和产量为增加趋势。气候变化对农业影响的研究存在较大的不确定性,有必要针对农业气候变化及其对农业影响等开展系统性研究。     

Climate change and Chinese farmers: Perceptions and determinants of adaptive strategies

Farmers' perceptions, beliefs, adaptive strategies, and barriers regarding climate change are critical to promoting sustainable ecosystems and societal stability. This paper is based on an extensive survey of 1 500 farmers and their households in Henan Province in China during 2013–2014. Henan is the largest agricultural province in China with over 51 million farmers. The survey results showed that approximately 57% of the respondents perceived the direct impact of climate change during the past 10 years, with 70.3% believing that climate change posed a risk to their livelihood. Not surprisingly, most farmers reported that they have adopted new measures to mitigate the negative impacts of climate change. The main barriers hindering farmers' adopting adaptation measures were lack of funds and timely information. A multinomial logit model revealed that land ownership, knowledge of crop variety and the causes of climate change, as well as the belief of climate change, were all positively related to the likelihood of employing adaptive strategies. Moreover, the percentage of households engaging in agriculture activity, and years of engaging in farming were both negatively correlated with famer's likelihood of adopting adaptation strategies. More importantly, farmers with high incomes were less likely to adopt adaptive strategies and more willing to engage in other business activities. In conclusion, it is important to communicate climate change related information and government policies in rural areas, promote farmer associations and other educational outreach efforts to assist Chinese farmers to deal with climate change.     

Impacts of Climate Change on Water and Agricultural Production in Ten Large River Basins in China

The overall goal of this paper is to examine impacts of climate change on water supply and demand balance and their consequences on agricultural production in ten river basins in China. To realize this goal, China Water Simulation Model (CWSM) is used to analyze three alternative climate scenarios (A1B, A2 and B2). The results show that the impacts of climate change on water supply and demand balance differ largely among alternative scenarios. While significant impacts of climate change on water balance will occur under the A1B scenario, the impacts of climate change under the A2 and B2 scenarios will be marginal. Under the A1B scenario, the water shortage in the river basins located in the northern China will become more serious, particularly in Liaohe and Haihe river basins, but the other river basins in the southern China will improve their water balance situations. Despite larger impacts of climate change on water balance in the northern China, its impacts on total crops’ production will be moderate if farmers would be able to reallocate water among crops and adjust irrigated and rainfed land. The paper concludes with some policy implications.     

Adaptation Strategies to Climate Change in China-A Case Study of Heilongjiang Province

Climate change is one of the most significant environment issues in the whole world today. And it is one of the most complex challenges of the humanities faced in the 21st century. Climate Change is impacted on our global; nobody can avoid the influence of climate change. The local adaptation strategies on climate change are very important to contribute the mitigation and poverty stricken situation, both in China and in the world. We chose a typical China’s province as a case to analyze the impact of climate change on the region (such as agricultural, natural ecosystems, water resources, as well as local people healthy condition), and how the local government and local residences face the impact of the climate change influence, and summarized several strategies on climate change of the area in a sustainable development way.     

气候变化与中国荒漠化防治

全球气候正在变暖 .过去 10 0多年中 ,全球平均气温上升了 0 6℃ .根据全球多种气候模式的预测 ,到 2 1世纪中期 ,全球年平均气温将要升高 1～ 3℃ ,全球降水量增加 3 %～ 15 % .对我国未来气候变化的预测 ,到 2 0 5 0年我国大部分地区将增暖 0 5～ 1 0℃ ,年降水量有所减少 ,2 0 5 0年以后年均温可能增加 2～ 3℃ ,降水量减少 1%～7 5 % ,未来我国气候变化趋势呈变暖变干 ,我国西北广大地区与东部相比将更暖更干 .因此 ,在西部大开发 ,从事生态建设和防沙治沙过程中 ,要充分考虑未来我国气候的这种变化 ,做出具体的战略部署 ,采取强有力的战术措施 ,在立足于保护好现有绿洲和植被的前提下 ,进一步搞好西部生态建设 ,促进防沙治沙和沙产业的发展     

全球气候变化对农业生态系统的影响及研究对策

全球气候变化在不同时间和空间尺度上对农业生态系统产生深刻的影响,并引起了世界各国科学家、政府的极大关注。本文从CO2浓度和气温升高、UV-B辐射增强等方面综述了全球气候变化对作物、土壤、畜牧业、病虫害以及气候灾害的影响,提出了全球气候变化下未来应加强研究的领域。     

Climate Change Modelling and Its Roles to Chinese Crops Yield

Climate has been changing in the last fifty years in China and will continue to change regardless any efforts for mitigation.Agriculture is a climate-dependent activity and highly sensitive to climate changes and climate variability.Understanding the interactions between climate change and agricultural production is essential for society stable development of China.The first mission is to fully understand how to predict future climate and link it with agriculture production system.In this paper,recent studies both domestic and international are reviewed in order to provide an overall image of the progress in climate change researches.The methods for climate change scenarios construction are introduced.The pivotal techniques linking crop model and climate models are systematically assessed and climate change impacts on Chinese crops yield among model results are summarized.The study found that simulated productions of grain crop inherit uncertainty from using different climate models,emission scenarios and the crops simulation models.Moreover,studies have different spatial resolutions,and methods for general circulation model(GCM) downscaling which increase the uncertainty for regional impacts assessment.However,the magnitude of change in crop production due to climate change(at 700 ppm CO2 eq correct) appears within ±10% for China in these assessments.In most literatures,the three cereal crop yields showed decline under climate change scenarios and only wheat in some region showed increase.Finally,the paper points out several gaps in current researches which need more studies to shorten the distance for objective recognizing the impacts of climate change on crops.The uncertainty for crop yield projection is associated with climate change scenarios,CO2 fertilization effects and adaptation options.Therefore,more studies on the fields such as free air CO 2 enrichment experiment and practical adaptations implemented need to be carried out.     

气候变化对中国农业的影响

从种植制度、作物生产潜力、作物产量、气象灾害以及病虫害等方面阐述了气候变化对中国农业的影响．分析了应对气候变化的对策,并对未来研究作出展望。     

气候变化对农作物适宜度影响研究进展

主要结合我国农业领域发展以及气候条件变化情况研究,对于气候变化对农作物适宜度的影响研究进展进行论述。     

四川省农业资源开发利用变化特征

研究结果表明:近年来全省建设用地总量仍呈增加态势,人地矛盾依然十分尖锐,粮食安全问题压力增大;农业结构调整减少耕地量和生态退耕面积减少;水资源质量和生态环境状况有所改善。     

作物需水量与灌溉农业、气候变化的关系

本文论述发展灌溉农业的重要性和发展途径,把作物需水量的规律作为灌溉农业的科学依据,而作物需水量又受控于气候条件,特别是受人为气候变化的影响,需要引起重视。     

近三十年来厦门市气候的变化

依据厦门市1971-2004年34年的基本气象资料,研究分析了该市年均气温和年降水量的年际变化特征,并确定了各自的气候突变点,据此分析了该市的气候类型。结果表明:(1)从20世纪80年代以来,该市年均气温以每年0.0631℃的速度在升高,年均气温出现2个气候突变点,分别为1981和1998年;(2)年降水量多年变化趋势不明显,呈随机变化,年降水量出现2个气候突变点,分别为1977和1990年;(3)34年的气候类型分为暖湿、暖干、冷湿和冷干4种类型。     

Overview of Impacts of Climate Change and Adaptation in China’s Agriculture

The purpose of this paper is to document the likely impacts of climate change on China＇s agriculture and the current adaptation efforts made by government and farmers. The review of literature shows that climate change will have a significant impact on agriculture, primarily through its effect on crop yields. The extent of predicted impacts highly depends on the crop, the CO2 fertilization effect assumption and adaptation abilities. Market response to the production shocks resulting from climate change will lessen the impacts on agricultural production predicted by natural scientists. On adaptation, the government＇s major efforts have been in the developing new technologies, reforming extension system and enhancing institutional capacity. Farmers do adapt to climate change, but their adaptation measures cannot fully offset the negative impacts of climate change. The paper concludes and makes implications for future studies.     

气候变迁对农业的冲击与调适

工业革命以来,随着大量能源和自然资源的消耗,导致大气中温室气体增加,全球暖化,海平面上升;气候变迁对人类生存环境产生了巨大的影响和冲击。本文从气候变迁与农业生产关系入手,分析了气候变迁对农业正负两面的效应,并着重分析气候变迁对农业生产面和农村经济社会的负面影响,最后从生态保育与绿色农业的发展思路出发,提出调整农业资源利用和生产方式,以应对气候变迁对农业的冲击。     

气候变化对嘉荫县农业生产可持续发展的影响

分析全球气候变化对黑龙江省嘉荫县农业生产的影响,从气象角度提出嘉荫县农业生气调整角度,确保嘉荫农业生产的可持续发展。     

长沙市近56年气候变化趋势及突变分析

利用长沙1959—2014年的气象台站观测资料,经整合订正分析,结合线性回归、Mann-Kendall、滑动T-检验和累计距平等方法对气候趋势变化及气候突变进行了分析。结果表明,近50年长沙气温度呈现上升趋势,且在近20年较为明显,其中最低温度增加幅度最大,年平均最低温56年来增幅为0.25℃·10a-1,近15年来增幅为0.92℃·10a-1;春冬两季温度上升相对明显;降水量无显著变化;相对湿度56年来呈现1.2%·10a-1的显著减少趋势。气温由冷转暖的突变在季节上最早发生的是冬季(1991年),其次是春季(1996年),夏季(2002年)和秋季(2000年)突变时间较为接近,较好地符合全球变暖的时间规律。